جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "فلسفه تاریخ" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

From the very beginning of the eighteenth century, the "Enlightenment" became the center of European reflections. Reactions to the Enlightenment have varied. In the first half of the twentieth century in Germany, anti-Enlightenment discourse through thinkers such as Heidegger, Schmitt, Adorno, Horkheimer and Karl Löwith, raised radical criticisms of the Enlightenment in various philosophical, political, and historical fields. In this essay, based on Skinner's approach, we interpret Karl Löwith's idea about the historical-political thought of the Enlightenment. The question of this article is "in what context was Karl Löwith's idea about the theological implications of the Enlightenment historical-political thought formed and what is the author's intention?" It can be said that Löwith's idea originated in the German anti-Enlightenment tradition in the first half of the twentieth century. He sees modern philosophy of history and the concept of progress as a secularized form of the theology of history and the concept of providence. With this claim, Löwith tries to introduce the Enlightenment as illegitimate by proposing theological roots for it. It seems that the consequences of accepting Löwith's idea could challenge the assumptions of modern thought, especially about the concept of "progress", as a secularized theological concept. In the sense that modern thought cannot be considered an independent thought. In contrast, Santo Mazzarino, Hannah Arendt, and Hans Blumenberg have fundamentally criticized Löwith's theoretical-methodological foundations and challenged him.

Following to their inquiry into the history of philosophy with a lot of vicissitudes, philosophers and scholars are almost unanimous over this point that the world has witnessed three great philosophers in the west countries since the start point of the history. These philosophers are Plato, Aristotle and Kant. It has been frequently discussed about Plato and Aristotle and their political and non-political doctrines so that these two philosophers are well-known even among all the people today. Inter alia, despite existing unique richness and impact of Kant and his political philosophy on subsequent philosophers and even use of them in codification of international documents, this issue has been overlooked for several reasons. One of foremost Kant’s paradigms that have highly influenced in formation of governments in the west is type of human’s approach toward the government and the present paper has been written for familiarity with this doctrine.

This study is an applied research in terms of objective and descriptive in terms of method (content analysis).

Taking human’s position into consideration, Kant argues that the government should be formed and founded on primary principles e.g. freedom, independence and equality of humans and the republic is the only legitimate government. Law and freedom as a natural right are coordinated with each other only at this type of government.

Political power should be reflected by public will and this is possible only in the republic system.