جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « قرون وسطی » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

The main function of public law is to explain how to apply the concept of authority and determine its relationship with other concepts, including fundamental rights and freedoms. Therefore, how it is used in society is very important and therefore it is closely related to concepts such as acceptability and legitimacy. The best manifestation of authority is the exercise of sovereignty to guarantee their rights, which is somehow related to the characteristics of management and leadership of the political community. This leadership has revealed various faces of authority over time. In other words, the meaning of authority has undergone a conceptual change in different historical periods, i.e. the medieval, modern and postmodern periods. In the medieval period, authority meant the tyranny and absolute power of the king. The result of the reflections on the retrieval of the concept of absolute power by legal thinkers was the presentation of a new reading of sovereignty under the title of conditional sovereignty. In this new concept of sovereignty, any total and centralized individual authority was denied, and instead, the sovereignty of the people (people sovereignty) and their representatives (national sovereignty) were introduced in the form of law (rule of law). This development itself has been so effective that the historical course of sovereignty from the medieval period to the postmodern era goes back to the perception of public authority and its legitimacy. Today, with the emergence of the idea of globalization and Post-Regulatory State that have led to the expansion of social relations and communications at the national and transnational levels, various political, economic, cultural and social powers have emerged, some of which are outside the scope of state power and have emerged as spontaneous, popular and non-governmental powers in society.

We have a long history of religion in the West (ie, during the Middle Ages) has played a central role determining the institutionalized way, the various spheres of life, political, social, economic, and so it legitimized the land. But Dean withdrew from most of its former territories influential, especially to avoid the appearance of interfering in the sphere of politics and the institutionalization of secularism and its teachings, which began with the new century Can not be regarded as a purely historical accident, but is in need of explanation and scrutiny of the study was devoted to it. The result of this effort, the essential point is that awareness of the theoretical context of Christian theology or the necessary conditions for the adoption of institutionalized secularism and facilitated. Secularist reading of Christian theology so favorable a priori grounds that all the conflicting religious groups - including Orthodox and reformers - persuaded to accept it as a political interpretation of religion is paramount. It was not the social background of embracing secularism Tadydh that deserves a separate effort.

Modern political theory is of great value for its inner authenticity and outer implementations; but how this theory has been formed? The hypothesis of this study is that the modernity invented and formed the forces which caused dramatically changes in foundations and implementations of modern theory. Two primary factors are important here: scientific thinking as grounding factor, and new politics (modern state), which emerged aftermath the collapse of medieval ages as outer factor. New scientific thinking prepared the context for such an evolution by transforming the concept of nature, and in the realm of politics by concentrating on power and distancing form the idea of “excellent city”. So, the modern political theory emerged as an effective and referential framework for illustrating the political life and offered solution for political problems. By separating between new and old political theories in a historical sense, this paper attend to show the formation of modern political theory in modern era and how it separated from old world; it also illustrate the characteristics of modern political theory and its new practical implementations; the results indicate that modern political theory was credible and successful for relationship between its theoretical ideas and values and its practical implementations in socio-political life; a task of modern theory which is in danger and doubt, in the ear of globalization.

There were fundamental differences in political philosophy and culture between Islamic and westem-Christian or European civilization in the period up to c. 1500, notably concerning the nature of the political community, of religious law and of the mode of political discourse. These differences are mainly rooted in social rationality, public opinion, and notable works by philosophers, lawyers, and theologians. An important point in that era was that Europe was open to Greco-Roman influences and thus developed, as Islam did not, a notion of the legitimate secular state. Finally, the writer comes to the conclusion that through the passage of time the gap between Islam and the Christian West increased and, instead of converging toward each other in the course of modernity, each culture went its own way and distanced from the other.