جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "cost" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

The discussion of externalities occurs when economic action has an impact on people who had no role in making the decision to do so (outside of the exchange or outside the price mechanism). The optimal solution to the problem of externalities created by the ownership of individuals is one of the topics of economics and law, so that externalities can be considered as a bridge between ownership and the economy. There are two categories of theories in solving the externalities problem. The first group of Pigo supporters believes in the use of public mechanisms and government intervention to control externalities. The main tool used by this group is the tax, which causes problems such as the cost of implementation. But the second group of Coase proponents, who believe in resolving externalities with the help of property rights and the use of bargaining tools, believe that by providing a clear and simple definition of property rights, the cost of externalities can be reduced and thus appealing to the courts. Which of these two theories is optimal in terms of law and economics? In this article, these two categories of theories are examined and the external effect is seen as a problem in the world of law and economics. Finally, the position of the proposed solutions has been studied by analyzing the materials related to ownership and liability in Iranian law.

The US Foreign Policy towards Israel is based on an unconditional and comprehensive support for Israel. This strategy of offering absolute support for Israel has interests for the United States and has also brought huge costs for Washington. It is the purpose of this article to analyze the costs and benefits of this strategy and to answer this question that what are benefits and costs of the US support of Israel for this country? Based on Rational Decision Theory this article argues that the costs of this support includes the financial burden over the US economy in terms of loans and assistances, altering America's relationship with the Muslim World and the Arab world, also other social and political costs of conflicts caused by various wars in the Middle East, such as 33 and 22-days war of Lebanon and Gaza and also the occupation of Iraq, and finally the rise anti-Americanism around the world. The benefits of such a support can be: the vast support that the US administrations receives from Israel and the Zionist lobbies, and also the huge and overwhelming Profits made by US arms companies through their arms sale to the Middle Eastern countries due to the Middle East security situation.