جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « norm » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

This article deals with the place of psychological development in Iran's public policy. The necessity of this issue is because the explanation of a series of psychological factors will determine the reasons for the realization of development policy. The purpose is to explain the indicators of psychological development and in the general policy of development. In the importance of the present discussion, it should be said that value, belief, norm, behavior and rationality play a fundamental role in examining the results of the public policy process in Iran. The question here is what is the place of psychological development in public policy making? The hypothesis states that psychological development by institutionalizing indicators such as value, belief, norm, behavior and rationality in Iran can lead to sustainable development of the country. The theoretical framework, inspired by the theories of psychological renewal, seeks to consolidate the proof of the hypothesis. Therefore, with the help of descriptive and analytical method, the desired indicators have been explained. The results showed that the development of psychological indicators and good governance lead to the realization of general development policies in Iran.

Legislation and creating an institution for legislation in Iran has a long history; And it refers to the processes and stages in which rules and regulations are formulated and regulated and finally becomes a law in the framework of a legal system and shapes the beneficiaries, citizens and institutions and regulates their behavior. Legislation, as a general matter, is also affected by the structures and norms of the context in which it is located, and on the other hand, through its legislation, it affects the same structure and norms. Therefore, knowing the obstacles to the realization of a good and desirable legislative system as a part of the structure of good governance can help to improve the legislative process in Iran and achieve good governance in this field. The question of the current research is, what are the priorities and requirements of the legislative process in Iran? In response to this question, the current research using the descriptive-analytical method and in the form of the theory of governance, the structural priorities of the legislative process in Iran, including the quality of legislation, the monitoring program of laws and regulations, revision policies and the formulation of laws and regulations, Reforming the system of monitoring the executive branch and increasing the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms and citizenship has been considered.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the components of social capital in law enforcement and its impact on the sense of social security in Mazandaran province. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of descriptive method. The statistical population of the study included the citizens of Mazandaran province in 1398. The statistical sample size was 458 based on Cochran's formula and according to the population of the population, the research tool included a researcher-made questionnaire. After converting the concepts into reagents, appropriate items were prepared for each of the reagents and were compiled in the form of a questionnaire which was distributed by cluster sampling. The questionnaire had face and content validity. In order to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, two methods of internal consistency and retest were used. To determine the relationships between variables, the method of analysis of structural equation models using AMOS software has been used. Findings showed that social capital and its dimensions are effective on social security. Among the components of social capital; Social norms and trust had the greatest impact on social security.

Constructivism is one of the most widely used theoretical approach for analizing foreign policy. But this approach has failed yet to provide the researches with a coherent and modeled framework. Therefore, many studies have not been sufficiently aware of the theoretical, methodological and conceptual necessities that should have been considered in foreign policy analysis. For this reason, they have undergone superficial analysis and "theoretical reductionism". For example, constructivists in ontology have not addressed "anthropology" and "socialization." Such a "problem" stems from the nature of constructivism; because constructivism is a buffer and synthesis of positivism and post-structuralism, has included a paradoxical combination of objective and subjective elements in foreign policy analysis. Therefore, empirical studies require methodical theoretical studies. With the aim of compiling a research guide for constructivist researchers, the question is addressed: based on constructivism what are the theoretical foundations and requirements of research in foreign policy analysis. According to our findings, the study of foreign policy requires the analysis of constructivism in the five dimensions of ontology, epistemology, methodology, typology and conceptology. In ontology, "level of analysis" and "units of analysis" must be specified: micro level (anthropology, socialization and stateology) and macro level (international system, international organizations, international law, international structures and agents). In epistemology, the relationship between knowledge and value, subject and object, explanation and interpretation, reality and truth, material and meaning are analyzed. Ontology and epistemology determine the method of research: quantitative or qualitative. Then the type of constructivism is chosen: interpretive, critical, and post-modern or positivist. Finally, the basic conceptual constructs are extracted and defined: inter-subjectivity, constructivism, culture, identity, idea, knowledge, norm, and socialization. These five requirements indicate the complexity and difficulty of constructivist analysis of foreign policy.

In the model of good governance, the three sectors of public, private, and civil society work together with separate boundaries and in an interactive relationship in order to achieve development goals. This model is inconsistent with the current approach of civil society based on the Hegelian conception, which is based on political economy and conflict. Now the question can be asked that in the absence or diminishing role of economics and politics in the definition and explanation of civil society, with what basis and approach can this concept be explained in the model of good governance? The present article argues that cultural approaches to civil society, including Jeffrey Alexander's approach, can further explain civil society in terms of good governance. In this article, the writers discuss some aspects of this explanation by a descriptive and analytical method. The method of data collection is documentary and library, and by referring to reliable sources and analyzing them, documents have been provided to test the hypothesis of the article.

One of the main questions of political thought is how power is limited. In ancient times, the way of governing was that tyranny was the common denominator of all governments in any form and form such as monarchy, kingdom and empire. The political structure in the Shahnameh, as a source of narration of the history of political thought in ancient Iran, was based on the power of a benevolent individual, following the political structure of other empires. But in the political structure of Shahnameh, the methods and methods of exercising power have a specific form that very limited the circle of power of the rulers and provides a new narrative that is very important in terms of political issues. In this regard, by studying the Shahnameh, we seek to answer the question of what limitations the exercise of power as the main factor in maintaining the kingdom in the Shahnameh has faced? What are the factors affecting the limitation of power? Our hypothesis in this study is as follows. Despite the fact that the power structure in the Shahnameh is in the hands of the Shah himself, but the power of the Shahriars has been limited by religious force, norms, high social classes and the people.

Identifying, understanding and explaining the concern and the issue is of great importance to Saadi time and the article tries to text pattern of a central area of the most important political issue in pattern of the text-context Hermeneutics Skinner. So after explaining the method and with reference to Saadi's Bustan and Gulistan will focus on two important texts And explain political issue Saadi to discuss theoretical and practical issues. And political issue them according to the text and examine the theoretical and practical aspects of the introduction to explain issues to be society. In my opinion and according to the method according to the texts and theoretical and practical aspects Saadi time, it seems that the most important thing in thoughts of Saadi is the issue of social and political justice.

Establishing a balance between the two norms of humanitarian intervention and sovereignty (non-intervention) is the most serious challenge the responsibility to protect faces. Although the United Nations Security Council is the main promoter of the responsibility to protect, numerous goals and interests of the permanent members of the council prevents a comprehensive understanding of the concept of sponsored responsibility. The question of the current research is: “how the recent statuses and actions of the permanent members of the UN Security Council have affected the normative power of the responsibility to protect and transforming it into a global comprehensive regime?” The primary response is that, despite of the initial consensus in the Security Council on the responsibility to protect, different priorities of the permanent western (United States, England and France) and eastern (Russia and China) members of the Security Council in favor of sovereignty or humanitarian intervention not only has deviated responsibility to protect from its main route toward turning into a global inclusive regime, but it also shows that this concept remains as a common public debate in the international community and has not turned to be a behavioral pattern of states. Therefore the norm of responsibility to protect has not even reached to the internalization level. The research methodology utilized in this paper is descriptive-analytic descriptive-analytical based on objective-historical data.

The Islamic Republic of Iran as normative player has a norm-building in the international system. This role is owed to the features of the Islamic Revolution and has provided the bases of the formation of a new, revolutionary, and Islamic political system, the political system that has interpreted the domestic and foreign policy newly and has gradually led to certain behavioral expectations in the international system. Accordingly, the main question in this regard is how has the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran influenced the process of international norm-building? The hypothesis to be investigated is that the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the basis of Islamist ideology has created norms about peace and security, identity and resistance, independence and non-alignment, and human rights and humanitarian law at the international level. The method used on the constructivist approach is a descriptive-analytic one that uses ideal constructs as a framework for the analysis of normative changes in the international system in order to study and deducting the norm-building role of foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The international system as a theoretical and practical space of international actors, has always evolved and changed in different ways throughout history. The international system consists of two basic dimensions of the structure and the norm, which as a cornerstone of the global system, will change the international system if they are transformed. Changing the system from a multipolar to bipolar state due to the change in the two basic principles mentioned above is an example of this in the historical arena. After the end of the bipolar system, the international system was placed in a transitional phase, relying on a structure and normative distinction from the past. The question of the leading article is why the bipolar international system has undergone a long process after the collapse of the Soviet Union during the transition phase or the transition to an institutionalized system? In response, it is assumed that with the collapse of the bipolar system in 1991, what was evolving was the only normative dimension of the bipolar system, and the structural dimension of the system, despite its damage, still exists, because Moscow relied on the power of nuclear deterrence and as a result of survival the nuclear balance between two actors system maker, Russia and the United States.

Cultural relativity means that all of the cultures are valuable and also refers to the belief based on which the cultures are incomparable, since the conditions in which the cultures are formed are different. Therefore, the culture of no nation is comparable with the culture of other nations. The antithesis of cultural relativity is ethnicity which believes in the superiority of its own culture over the other cultures. The subject of this paper is theoretical clarification and validity testing of cultural relativity in view of the principles of the Islam true religion.
The main question of this research is that whether a criterion and standard can be considered for the cultures in terms of the truth and correctness or falsity and incorrectness and also all of the cultures enjoy the same level of valuation or not.
Considering the research topic in this study, the research method is followed in a library-based manner and the topic of discussion is examined by the descriptive and analytical method. while clarifying the beliefs of relativists is considered absolute relativism nor absolute ethnicity, but it is right-orientation in Quran's view and so absoluteness governs in some affairs and relativity in some others.

Critical discourses of IR has always tried to replace realism with an alternative approach by bolding it’s weak points, but these theorizations have not been able to weaken realism role in explaining international affairs. Even it can be argued that critics have strengthened the basis and status in academic sphere. Nevertheless, the most important achievement of critics of realism is to turn light on this fact that realism and its assumption are social constructs. So realist assumptions could have different meanings in various cultures and societies. In other words, realism is not a unitary and universal theory. This article based on this claim tries to show that realism has a different construction in Iranian culture. The question of research is how realism is perceived in Iranian tradition. Based on Shahnameh and Golestan as the main sources of national cultural discourse, Authors argue that there is an Iranian concept of realism with the same assumption as main stream realism in IR. They claim that significance of power in Iranian tradition is a normative affair. And even the power itself is a social norm. There is also a sharp difference between realistic power and Iranian perception of power which is reflected in fundamental contrast between Pahlavan (hero) and Gahraman (champion, both using to point a different kind of power, the latter realistic and the first a praised power which is used to maintain social norms and values.

Considerable Development of Realm of International Law Causes to Claim some of the Thinkers that is fragmenting this Legal Order and Remarks Subjects which Facilitate this Process such as Norms Conflict, Institutional Proliferation, Self-Contained Regime, and Regionalism. Since 2000, International Law Commission Placed on the own Program Topic of Fragmentation. In addition to accepting this Fact which Fragmentation is Essence of International System, Commission Declare Problems caused by Fragmentation have not such Nature which International Lawyers can’t obviate those by using of Instruments which used to obviate Norms Conflict in the past. after the Emphasis on the Harmonization and uniform Interpretations of Norms in order to prevent this situation, Commission Present Instruments for Obviation of Probable Conflict such as lex specialis, lex posterior, lex superior. With Consideration of Causes which Arise in relation with Fragmentation of International Law, this Article is to Endeavour to Responses this main question whether this Causes truly can Fragment International Law?

Social capital (SC) is important as much as physical capital and theorists discussed its functions in enhancement of countries. Successfulness in international fields is far behind reach without due attention to capacity of countries. These capacities are known as competitiveness capacity (CC) in political literature. 12 indexes have been recognized for the CC which covers different dimensions of countries’ capabilities. Due to، extend of the CC issue، this research only focuses on four main indexes of CC، then studies the impacts of SC and these indexes on CC. Existence of meaningful relation between SC and international CC indexes is the main question of the research. Data gathering and literature studies have lead to a model-making and the structure of the research. Research method is based on quantitative approach with applying T test and hypothesis test via SPSS. Result of the research illustrates that there is meaningful relation between SC and international CC indexes.

The aim of current research is examining the quality of maintaining order and stability of society through social control. For this purpose, various types of orders and elements or factors of social disorders are studied. In a categorization, the different types of orders are stationary, annihilating and dynamic orders and change is both sides of same coin. Necessarily, neither any order is desirable nor any change is undesirable. Desirable order has potential to change free energy and changing elements into controlled energy and elements. In other words, change is constructive and evolutionary and nor unchangeable and solided order, this is social development.The elements of social disorder and disruption include: norm; symbolic; relation and distributive disorders. The social norms are most significant factors of social ties and interactions. And disorder in the norms of society is considered as one of the most significant elements of social disorder.Social relations is the main pillar of “we” and community. Without social relations, the existence of “we” and community and subsequently society is unimaginable. The purpose of relation disruption is lowing of density, symmetry and multiplicity as well as the intensity of social relations.The purpose of symbolic disorder is inefficiency in symbols and common understanding and statement symbolism at the level of society such as language, flag, champions, proverbs, etc. One of the basic requirements for order of society is symbolic unity.The system of opportunity or distribution of valuable sources is one of the pillars of society construction. And if such system lacks of balance or proportionality then social inequality and subsequently, social disorder would happen.

According to the known definition, Political Cinema is the one for which special political issues, as a political event, biography, or process is the matter. However, it seems that such a definition is not inclusive enough to cover the films which focus on the normative aspects of politics, while not necessarily narrating a special political matter. Thus, reflecting on this definition, it is needed to discover and categorize the characteristics of normative political cinema. Reviewing Abbas Kiarostami’s films, the present study attempts to identify such characteristics.

The foreign policy of different countries can be evaluated on the basis of several approaches. According to constructivist approach the structure of international system and the foreign policy behavior of the countries are not something predetermined but it is the outcome of constant interaction of structures and actors which act according to their subjective value system and eventually create a reality in a common mentality. In reply to the question that the relation between constructivism and foreign policy can be analyzed one can say that the relations between identity and interests in foreign policy behavior or Islamic Republic of Iran can be studies within the framework of the triple orders viz. realistic, liberalistic and constructivist. The finding of the study shows that among the foreign policy behavior of the Islamic Republic of Iran indexes and the triple orders, the constructivist approach is more prominent due to her normative and revisionist behavior.

Security Norms is a section of Institutionalism and Expanding of International Regimes in global System. Generally The countries who have ability, for regional and international power, attempts for global security norms, like as arms control and disarmament. This process shows that globalization and global Security depends on Economic, Ecologic, communicative and asymmetrical action. The process of power unitarily needs Cohesion, consolidation and security norms the forming of global security need common goals among the regional and international Actors. Normative consolidation depends on compromising policy in this process the security policy needs cooperative and coexistence policy.Barnet in his security approaches emphasized on the complexity of power. In this process each state need common interest and responsibility mutual So, Each form of Security Building in post-cold war Era, need some flexibility for International cooperation. This process needs promotion of Security consolidation. The main question of this article is about “the role of International norms on the process of security building.” The Hypothesis of article is about “the role of states and international institution on global security, because this process need to form security complexity diversity of power”.

Martyr Seyyed Muhammad Baqer Sadr is one of the scholars who have offered a relatively comprehensive theory regarding the nature, possibility, necessity and conditions of a revolution with the leadership of Islam and how this type of revolution can be implemented. His theory about revolution is not of post-revolutionary or analytic type but is pre-revolutionary and norm-based or guiding and denotative. Therefore it determines the worldview and ideology of revolution. Along this and emphasizing the theoretical pillars and foundations of history's norms and human's freedom, he explains the feasibility of revolution and its necessity for Islamic societies at this age. Then considering factors such as ideology and school of thought, chronological conditions and preparedness, familiarity with the school of thought and necessities, leadership capability, willingness, facilities and capabilities, he tries to answer how a revolution with Islamic leadership can be implemented.

In the past decade, the concept of social capital has been extensively discussed in management, psychology, sociology, and some other disciplines of the humanities. This concept deals with the bonds and relationships among the members of a network as a valuable source which leads to the fulfillment of their goals through establishing norms and mutual trust. In the Islamic teachings, especially in Quran, the concept of social capital, as a complex social construct, with various aspects and elements, has been discussed both explicitly and explicitly, in various places; a close study of the Holy Quran reveals interesting points about this concept. The present article seeks to examine the concept of social capital and its different aspects in the sura al-Baqarah, as the longest sura of the Holy Quran.