جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « us sanctions » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

And by studying the events and opportunities of recent interactions and political behavior between the Islamic Republic and the United States, this article tries to answer the question that the challenges and opportunities related to the economic and strategic embargo of Western countries, especially the United States. What challenges and opportunities did it have against the Islamic Republic of Iran? In order to answer this question, this hypothesis is proposed that in the level of challenges, the American economic sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran have led to restrictions on Iran's financial, banking, commercial and strategic activities, and in terms of opportunities, Iran has The initiatives resulting from the restrictions created by the sanctions, on the one hand, were able to identify and realize their strategic capacities in various economic sectors, and on the other hand, increase their flexibility against the initial level of sanctions. But it seems that in order to deal with the second level of sanctions in the long term, it is necessary to formulate a coherent and effective strategy for the sustainable growth and development of the country in the atmosphere of sanctions.

Alinqipour and Guderzi (1401) in an article entitled "The impact of American sanctions on the orientation of Iran's economic diplomacy towards the East during the presidency of Hassan Rouhani (case study of Russia)" have shown that policies based on sanctions and Western pressure has caused foreign policy c. A. From the beginning of the revolution, Iran should be designed based on looking to the East in different dimensions; The authors have come to the conclusion that during the era of Hassan Rouhani, the government's policy in dealing with sanctions in the economic dimension was based on Iran's dependence on economic imports from Russia. The Caspian Sea and Eurasia have been implemented against the policies of the West.Mohibi Hare Dasht and his colleagues (1400) in an article entitled "Countering financial and economic sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran with timely warning tools of banks' helplessness" addressed the issue of the impact of American sanctions on Iran's banking system. In response to this question, the authors asked how the position of the timely warning model of banks' helplessness can lead to the reduction of the effects of sanctions. have concluded that with the help of annual calculation of these indicators, the banking system can predict financial helplessness and bankruptcy before it occurs and take the necessary measures regarding the revision of the control of its collection and prevent the occurrence of bankruptcy.Alavi and Amiri (2015) in their article entitled "The role of the US Congress and the Treasury Department in applying economic sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran (2010-2014)" emphasized the role of the US Treasury Department in implementing the sanctions system of this country. The United States government, with the influx of primary and secondary sanctions, especially from 2010 to 2014 in the form of congressional laws and executive orders of the president with the executive arm of the Treasury Department and under it the "Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), with its full-scale economic war, It has put the country's economy under pressure.Bajgholi et al. (2024) in the book How Sanctions Work: Iran and the Effects of Economic War tried to analyze the effects of extensive and long-term Western sanctions led by the United States against Iran. This book is mentioned as the first extensive and systematic study about the effects of sanctions on Iranian society. The authors in this book have concluded that the sanctions of the United States of America against Iran have not been able to achieve their goals, because on the one hand, not only did it not change Iran's behavior, but it has made it more aggressive, and on the other hand, the maximum pressure sanctions of many It has plunged Iranians into poverty, both in rural and urban areas, and has exacerbated economic and class inequality.Ghasemi-nejad and Jahan-parvar (2021) in an article entitled "Effect of Financial Sanctions: A Case Study of Iran", financial sanctions have had a great impact on the decline and decline of Iran's economy. In this context, the authors believe that sanctions affect politically connected companies more than ordinary companies, have persistent negative effects on profitability ratios, and the stock prices of politically connected companies recover more slowly after sanctions are lifted. Firms targeted by financial sanctions reduce their leverage and increase their cash holdings to manage the perceived increase in their risk profile.Nefiu (2017) in his book titled "The Art of Sanctions: A View from the Field" divides sanctions into four major parts: diplomatic and political, military, technological and economic, and believes that the most widely used and effective type of sanctions is It is the "economic" type, which is divided into two categories: commercial and financial. In this book, the author examines the formation of sanctions considering the conditions and context of Iran; Also, in this book, the author tries to convey to the activists and those interested in the practical implementation of foreign policies the mental framework of when and how they should implement the sanctions.Opinions in the researches conducted in this field show that most of these works and researches have emphasized the negative side and challenges of economic sanctions on Iran's economy and society and have examined their results; On the other hand, some researches have focused on the positive side and the window of opportunity of economic sanctions in order to pay attention to the domestic and indigenous capacities and endogenous development of the country; For this purpose, according to the works compiled in this field, the present research tries to address both the challenges and opportunities of the economic sanctions of the United States of America, and this is the reason for the innovation and innovation of the present article.

The article used the descriptive-analytical method and collected its data in a library form.

American sanctions against Iran refer to the economic, commercial, scientific, human rights and military sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran imposed by the United States government, or under the pressure of the United States on the international community through the United Nations Security Council. American sanctions against Iran It is one of the oldest sanctions in the world. These sanctions started in 1358 at the same time as the issue of hostage taking of American Embassy employees in Tehran with Executive Order 4702 and 12170 by Jimmy Carter and gradually increased its dimensions. Numerous executive orders and various laws are the result of America's hostile actions in the past years. Executive orders 12613, 12957 and 12959, 13382, 13553, 13574, 13590, 13599, etc. are examples of the extensive actions of the United States in the past years to institutionalize and structure sanctions against Iran. Actions that reached their peak during the Obama and Trump eras. US government officials have called the sanctions imposed on Iran the toughest and most crippling sanctions in the history of human civilization. Financial, economic, defense and military sanctions as a tested solution in curbing the economic and military power of J.A. Iran is institutionalized in the strategic document of the United States of America and cannot be ignored easily. The sanctions theory has secured the interests of the United States and its regional allies, such as the Zionist regime and Saudi Arabia, and this group considers the release of financial energy and the rise of the power of the Islamic Republic in the aftermath of the JCPOA against its own interests and in the direction of the complete victory of the axis of resistance and facilitation. They see the fields of domination of the Islamic Republic in the region. According to the mentality of the political elite of the United States, the discourses against the nuclear agreement and the success of the sanctions policy of J.A. Iran in serving the interests of the United States, the continuation of sanctions and the approval of new sanctions by the political elite of the United States will be very likely.But on the other hand, in spite of all these propositions, America's smart and multi-layered sanctions system against Iran in the last few decades has caused challenges and on the other hand many opportunities for Iran. In this article, an attempt was made to address the issue of what were these challenges and opportunities? As discussed, the economic sanctions have placed numerous financial, banking, economic and commercial restrictions on the growth and development of the Islamic Republic of Iran; And he has basically tried to exclude this country from the agenda of global trends and intensify its isolation. Sanctions and various prohibitions in the fields of technology, transportation, money transfer, import and export; Industrial and military cooperation are the most important examples of these challenges. On the other hand, paying attention to domestic and indigenous capacities for the development of military and security technologies (especially in the field of missiles and drones), using local knowledge to improve technology in the fields of medicine and medicine, nuclear knowledge, drafting doctrine New security and military measures in the Middle East region, improving the level of interactions and strategizing them with emerging powers such as China and Russia and the BRICS member countries, a significant increase in human development, etc. have been among the opportunities that sanctions and prohibitions Many have caused them to emerge for the Islamic Republic of Iran. With the initiatives caused by the restrictions created by the sanctions, Iran was able to realize its strategic capacities in various economic sectors and on the other hand, increase its flexibility against the initial level of sanctions. But it seems that in order to deal with the second level of sanctions in the long term, while formulating a coherent and effective strategy for the sustainable growth and development of the country in the environment of sanctions, it should put the following axes in its agenda:- Attention to the capacity of knowledge-based companies in order to diversify the economic structure of the country. Promotion of internal cohesion at the level of elites, officials and society Adoption and promotion of smart support policies by the government Creating hope for the future and managing public opinion The use of the Iranian government's security capabilities in the positive and negative aspects in the Middle East as bargaining levers with Turkey, Russia and especially the European Union Encouraging neighborhood policy through non-governmental organizations from the government.

One of the most important political and economic dangers of the Islamic Republic of Iran is the discussion of sanctions imposed on it. Having a broad insight into these sanctions and prioritizing them in order to find the best strategies is essential. In this article, via an extensive study on the sanctions imposed on the Islamic Republic of Iran, an appropriate ranking of sanctions was done to take appropriate measures according to their degree of effectiveness. The sanctions studied are those imposed from the time of the Islamic Revolution of Iran until now. They include US sanctions, UN Security Council sanctions and EU sanctions. By compiling a questionnaire and referring to the views of 15 experts in the field of economic sanctions, 8 general criteria and 48 sub-criteria related to the sanctions imposed on the Islamic Republic of Iran were developed. In order to rank and obtain results, the Triangular Fuzzy Hierarchical Analysis Method was employed within the MATLAB software. The results of this article showed that, among the eight main criteria, oil, gas and petrochemical sanctions and financial and banking sanctions had the most economic consequences. Furthermore, among the 48 sub-criteria identified in this article, the ban on the purchase of Iranian oil and gas by the European Union in 2012 and the ban on the provision of financial services by international organizations and banks, such as Swift, by the EU in 2012, are priorities and have a greater impact. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt appropriate economic and political policies in accordance with this classification.

Different components are influential in the electoral behavior of any society. These elements can be considered in cultural, economic, geographical and time variables. In this context, the electoral behavior of Iranians can be analyzed. The central question and purpose of this research is the reasons for the decrease in people's participation in the 11th elections of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. In this regard, various reasons have been examined, including the effects of US sanctions during the Trump era, economic challenges, the behavior of election institutions, and the approach of social networks. In this study, according to the theory of functionalism and emphasizing economic dissatisfaction, the effective role of US sanctions in the country due to the negative effects of sanctions on the economy, devaluation, inefficiency of the executive .... has been presented as the main factor in reducing citizen participation in the 11th parliamentary elections.

China's expansionist policies have increased the country's need for energy resources and increased oil and gas imports from around the world, especially from the Persian Gulf. This has drawn China's attention to the two main pillars of energy supply in the Persian Gulf: Iran and Saudi Arabia. However, China-Saudi Arabia and China-Iran's energy relations have had many ups and downs and the main reason can be found in the political issues and specific issues of the region, including the special relations between this two countries with the United States. This research seeks to answer the question of how U.S. sanctions against Iran in 2009-2019 have affected China and Saudi Arabia's oil cooperation. In response to this hypothesis, an explanatory method is used to examine that U.S. sanctions against Iran, by reducing the opportunities for China-Iran's energy cooperation, have led to the expansion of China –Saudi Arabia's oil cooperation in 2009-2019. This research concludes that the U.S. sanctions system isolated the powerful Iran in the economic field and created a golden opportunity for China and Saudi Arabia to strengthen their economic relations, especially energy relations.

By examining the history of the relations between Iran and Russia, we find that the causes and the ups and downs of Iran-Russia relations have been influenced by the differences in the perception of the two countries and the level of perception of the bilateral relations. That is to say, Russia's view of Iran has been tactical and instrumental at many regional and bilateral levels, and Iran's view of Russia has often been based on a strategic level. It should also be kept in mind that Iran-Russia relations have always been accompanied by a security attitude that overshadows and continues to weigh on all aspects of their economic and political relations. Iran and Russia have maintained their relations with each other in spite of disturbing mentalities in different fields. In this regard, US sanctions on Iran have also had an impact on the economic relations of the two countries. The authors of this study seek to answer the question of what effect the US sanctions have had on the economic relations between Iran and Russia? The possible answer to this question is that Russia had been in line with the US before Western sanctions against Iran, but economic relations between Iran and Russia have been strengthened since the United States left the JCPOA. This research is a descriptive-analytic study using library data and electronic resources.