جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ارتش » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

Before the victory of the Islamic revolution, the army played an important role in ensuring the country's national security due to its structural characteristics (discipline, hierarchy and loyalty to the first person of the government) and its sovereign affiliations with other security institutions. With the occurrence of the Islamic revolution, due to the same sovereign and loyal ties to the former regime and the distrust of the forces of the revolution - which were influenced by the Marxist leftist movements in sync with the former Soviet Union (Tudeh party, Chezikhas of the People's Fedayees and the People's Mojahedin Khalq) - towards it, In the beginning, it was marginalized to ensure national security. After the revolutionary purges and purges and the declaration of support for Imam Khomeini, the great founder of the Islamic Revolution, and becoming a school-based and revolutionary army, it gradually entered the security equations of the Islamic Republic. The issue of this research is "What role did the army of the Islamic Republic of Iran play in ensuring the national security of the country during the first decade of the Islamic revolution and within the framework of various security strategies?"

This article has been compiled with a descriptive-analytical method and its data has been collected in a library form. Discuss The army in the era of expansion-oriented security strategy: dissolution or continuation In the Pahlavi patrimonial system, the imperial army of Iran considered it their duty to blindly obey their superiors without question. For this reason, the army was hierarchically connected to the king and was under his command. Based on the principle of loyalty, the orders and plans of the army were taken from the king and he acted accordingly. Such a system of loyalty was created as a result of the regime's extensive propaganda (reading collective prayers in the morning for the king's health and survival, or the slogan "God, King, Motherland") and, of course, the payment of rewards to the military. The army was completely dependent on the king. The king's autocratic and autocratic culture and relations had made the army so obedient and follower that in the absence of the king, independent and coherent decision and action on its part was completely ruled out. The king was like a country for the army. This degree of loyalty and dedication made the army chiefs not to surrender to the revolution as much as possible, and only declared neutrality when they felt that the revolution was on an irreversible path. Before the victory of the revolution, the leader of the revolution always tried to create a separation between the army and the king. In his messages, he asked the people not to insult the army and not to attack them, and in return he asked the army. Abandon the spirit of dependence on Shah and America and stop killing people. The Imam advised the people to welcome the free and independent soldiers, "The people of Iran are obliged to respect the honorable officers and officials. They should note that a few traitorous army people cannot infect the majority of the army." This peaceful approach of the leader of the revolution played an important role in dissociating the discipline and obedience of the army body to the orders of the superiors and ultimately declaring its neutrality.The position of the army in providing security in the period of defense strategy (war period) Considering the issues caused by the war for the country's security considerations, the government of the Islamic Republic should focus all its efforts on dealing with itssecurityconsequences. For this reason, the preservation and protection of the country's territorial integrity and the preservation of the newly established political system against the objective threats caused by the war had occupied the attention of the system. The national security of the country prevailed. For this reason, an effort was made to establish a reconciliation between "values" and "realities" and between "beings" and "musts". It is for this reason that some talk about the "cycle of idealism and realism" in the analysis of different stages of the war. The army and providing national security: defensive operations (September 1959 to May 1960) During this period, it was decided that instead of a general mutual confrontation with the Iraqi army, the army would limit itself to "local, temporary, local and small attacks". The ultimate goal of these defensive operations was to stop the enemy's war machine from advancing further. All the efforts of the army headquarters in the first six months of the war prevented the fall of the cities of Abadan and then Ahvaz. Especially after the fall of Khorramshahr, the protection of Abadan was paid attention to. The army forces succeeded in doing this with the help of the people's forces, and with a few limited operations, they forced the aggressor forces to stop and take a defensive position, which was an important achievement in the way of securing security. and maintaining the territorial integrity of the country was considered.

 The army, which could not play a significant role in the country's national security equations at the beginning of the victory of the Islamic Revolution, after the purges and the efforts made to make it academic and revolutionary with the all-round support of Imam Khomeini. Reh), the great founder of the revolution, since its existence, has played an irreplaceable and effective role in ensuring the country's national security, maintaining the system and territorial integrity of the country. In addition, the three forces of the army in cooperation and coordination with the forces of the Revolutionary Guards and with the blessing of the revolutionary spirit existing among the young officers, the spirit of self-reliance, self-reliance and confronting the comprehensive sanctions of the enemy during the first decade of the revolution to the general society. And even some of the officials spread it and it was the source of many huge works in different economic sectors that prevented the country's economic breakdown at that time. With their sacrifices on the battlefield and the liberation of the occupied areas of the country, the army forces contributed significantly to the defense diplomacy of the country, as after the liberation of Khorramshahr, the diplomatic exchanges to stop the war and Iran's superior position in this field are clearly visible. Is. In this way, the army of the Islamic Republic of Iran despite all the bottlenecks and shortages

Today, the issue of cognition and perceptual structure of society is very important and the possibility of changing the perceptual structure of societies, the ability to make many changes in social, political, cultural and other dimensions. The military is of great importance in societies and systems of government, especially authoritarian regimes. The present study is in the category of applied research in terms of purpose and in the category of historical research in terms of method. The data were collected by documentary method using fish capture tools and then analyzed with a qualitative approach based on discourse analysis. According to the results, the change in the social origin of the military personnel, their familiarity with the armies of Western countries, the dictatorial leadership, as well as facing a new discourse based on complete national independence, caused the army not to support the king as expected and even Actively accompany the revolutionaries in overthrowing it. How to change the dominant discourse structure of military perception is a topic that seems to have not been explored yet and could reveal new horizons in the evaluation of the armed forces.

After about four decades since the initial step, the Ankara agreement, the relations between Turkey and the European Union are still in a state of struggling over Turkey's eligibility to join the EU. In recent decades, this relationship has seen many changes, and there is still ambiguity and uncertainty about the end of this relationship. Turkey that has been considered one of the strategic allies of the European Union, is in the process of becoming a member of the EU, and sinusoidal negotiations of the parties have been the dominant framework in bilateral relations. In this regard, the current role of the army in Turkey's policies has been as the most important part of the EU membership process, as the army considers itself to be the protector of the republic and its principles in Turkey that is result of the past years. Because it is completely against the principles of the EU and opposing the interference of the military in politics, this feature has become a complex puzzle in the Turkey-EU bilateral relations. On this basis, in the process of Turkey's membership, the European Union has strongly sought to reform military-civilian relations in Turkey, and civilian control on military organizations. Democratization of military-civilian relations and control of civilians in military institutions has been one of the most important political issues raised in this process. With the coming to power of the Justice and Development Party, AKP, this process has continued at a faster pace in the domestic and foreign spheres.

Today, the influence and interference of the Pakistani military in politics has become a normal process. During the 75-year history of this country, no government has been able to complete its five-year term. This indicates the high position of the military in the political structure of this country. The purpose of this article is to investigate the influence of the military on Pakistan's foreign policy strategies. (Target) On this basis, this research by using a qualitative method and a descriptive analytical approach, seeks to answer the question of how the Pakistani army has influenced the foreign policy strategies of the country? The hypothesis of the article is that “By controlling the three main strategies of foreign policy, i.e. the necessity of internal and external balancing against India, the Durand problem and the necessity of not forming a strong government in Afghanistan and the fight against terrorism, the Pakistani army has been able to maintain its high position in the political structure of this country and become a key actor in Pakistan's foreign policy.” The collection of sources has been in the form of a library and the use of specialized magazines and reliable internet sites.

Charles Tilly is one of the most influential theorists in the field of macro-comparative sociology, which considers "war" as the origin and main source of social change and transformation, and especially the "state-building" project. According to Tilly's Theory, "violence" and its practices became an effective, efficient and legitimate element in the political society only when it became "political", that is, when it was used as a tool in the hands of the "absolute state" in line with the nation-building policies. For "accumulation and monopoly of power", fighting and suppressing domestic and foreign rivals and applying "social control" were used. Based on this, the main question of the present research is how war-making and politicization of violence (or the control and monopoly of illegitimate violence by the absolute ruler) in Iran during the era of Reza Shah provided the necessary foundations for the formation of the modern state and what position And did it have a function in the first Pahlavi state-building project? The findings of the research using the historical sociology approach of "Charles Tilley" and his central idea regarding the connection of "war and state building" show that the first Pahlavi government by implementing the four mechanisms of "removal and integration" such as; "War making", "institution building", "protection" and "extraction", through the development and strengthening of new forms of government institutions (political, administrative, cultural, judicial, etc.), effective steps were able to create Political centralism and in general the advancement of the modern state building project.

One of the issues raised against the Islamic Republic of Iran Army in many of the works produced about the war with Iraq is the surprise in front of Iraq's general invasion of Iran in September 1980. Therefore, this article tries to investigate this issue by using some documents in the stagnant archives of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army in 1979-1980.This research, using the method of historical description, finally confirmed that in the considered period of time, the Islamic Republic of Iran Army, by closely monitoring the movements of the Iraqi armed forces and a realistic estimate of Iran's lower military power, following the disruption of the balance of power, at least since June 1979, continuously predicted the possibility of an attack. He predicted the neighboring country and reported it to the strategic levels of the country and even as much as possible, he had designed plans to deal with the occurrence of an attack.

The popular uprisings that started in Tunisia at the end of 2010 and soon spread to several Arab countries caused a huge change in the structure of these countries. Tunisia and Egypt, which were at the center of these protests, said goodbye to the lifetime governments of Zain al-Abidin bin Ali and Hosni Mubarak, and a new path for society and governance was created in these two countries. This research aims to investigate the role of civil society in the post-revolution era in Tunisia and Egypt and tries to answer the question of how to compare the functioning of civil society in these two countries. In this research, descriptive-analytical method and Habermas' theory of civil society were used. The findings of the research show that historically, civil society in both Tunisia and Egypt has had a relative dynamic, however, the roots of civil society in Tunisia are deeper than in Egypt. In the post-revolution era, Tunisian civil society played the role of mediator and resolution of differences between political groups, and in the crises created for Tunisia, this civil society had the necessary cohesion and strength to solve problems. But the civil society in post-revolutionary Egypt became a side of the conflict and by consolidating the rebellion movement, it created a favorable opportunity for a military coup. In addition, unlike Tunisia, civil society was fragmented and incoherent both before and after the 2013 coup.

Investing in the field of manpower training is necessary to improve the level of organizational performance, considering the role of the J.A. Army in the defense and preservation of the entity and the territory of the country, training in the individual and unit dimension has been officially implemented years ago, the correct implementation and improving the efficiency of in-service training requires a strategy based on which these trainings are designed and implemented. Therefore, in this article, it was tried to compile and present the strategies of training while serving in the army using the process of scientific research.The type of applied research and its method is descriptive with a mixed approach, and the research data with inferential and descriptive statistics are entered in SPSS software and analyzed. The method of collecting information was field and library, and it was collected through interviews, questionnaires, documents and documents. Elites and experts who had enough experience in the research topic were selected for the interview.Using the improved SWOT method, 5 strategies were formulated. The results of the TOPSIS technique show "the development of a comprehensive educational needs assessment system according to the existing threats and with the approach of applying in-service training and creating a platform for the freedom of action of commanders and managers to make the necessary changes in the existing educational programs or to design and implement the program. New in-service training based on the results of the needs assessment and the actual training needs of employees, as well as the development of a comprehensive system for selecting and employing trainers with combat and operational experience in the units to plan and implement in-service training in a practical manner and in accordance with the operational needs The proximity of 0.81269 is the best strategy for training while serving in the army.

The Muslim Brotherhood is one of the oldest Islamist groups in the political arena of Egypt, the Arab world, which has influenced and being influenced by the social and political trends of Egypt during its lifetime. With the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak in 2011 due to the popular uprising of January 25, this group gained a very important opportunity to enter the field of political competition by giving a legal aspect to its activities, without fear of being targeted, and succeeded to obtain the majority of Egyptian parliament and the position of the president of Egypt.  Nevertheless, the remaining of the deep state in power and the inability of the Muslim Brotherhood to adopt a suitable strategy with the revolutionary socio-political environment of Egypt caused this group to adopt a strategy of passive interaction with the deep state and set the stage for the downfall of its administration within a year and the occurrence of some other social and political consequences. In this research, an attempt is made to answer the question, what are the consequences of these interactions at the level of the Brotherhood as well as the Egyptian society? it can be said that the interaction of the Muslim Brotherhood with the deep state led to the emergence of various divisions within the Muslim Brotherhood, especially the activation of the generational fault, the reduction of the social capital of this group among the Egyptian people, and the increase of mistrust among the group and other political factions there.

The defeat of the Iranian army in the war with the Russian forces during the reign of Fath Ali Shah made clear the need for a regular and modern army in Iran. Although steps were taken to reform the army and armed forces through statesmen such as Abbas Mirza, Ghaem Magham Farahani, Amir Kabir, and Hussein Khan Sepahsalar, and the Dar al-Fonun, which was instrumental in forming a new army, was limited. World War I and the occupation of parts of Iran by Russia, Britain, and the Ottomans made the need for reform and the formation of a regular army even more apparent. Eventually, Reza Khan ordered the formation of a united army, abolished the words gendarme and Kazakh, formed a joint headquarters, and in the army council, divided the country into five military districts and assigned a division to each district. Weapons and ammunition factories were established. But in September 1320. With the attack of the Allied forces, the Iranian army collapsed and Reza Shah withdrew. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure and organization of the Iranian army during the Pahlavi era. The method used in the study was library method and analytical method. The results of studies show that in the late Pahlavi period and especially after the coup d'état of 28 August, convulsions and disorder increased in Iranian army units, divisions between non-commissioned officers and officers caused the military to lose their discipline and as a result the system The Iranian army collapsed.

Iraq and Egypt are known as two important countries in the Arab world. With the formation of the developments in Iraq in 2003, which led to the overthrow of the Ba'ath party, as well as the developments in Egypt in 2011, which paved the way for the revolution in this country, the concept of authoritarianism became more and more important in these countries. The main question of the present study is that what are the most important aspects of authoritarianism in Iraq and Egypt after the change of political systems in these two countries? In response to this hypothesis, although, unlike Egypt, Iraq has had more relative success in reducing the role of the military in the structure of the new political system and strengthening public participation in its policy towards transition to democracy, Egypt after the change of political system There has been more political stability in that country. The results show that in the Egyptian political structure, the military has always been recognized as one of the main pillars. With the developments that led to the revolution in this country, the military continues to play an important role in managing affairs in this country. On the other hand, Iraq has been able to greatly reduce the role and influence of the military in the political structure of this country. Another important point is that the developments in the two countries show the importance of the fact that with the events of 2003 in Iraq,

The Islamic Awakening and the beginning of the popular uprising that led to the overthrow of Mubarak marked the beginning of a new phase in Egyptian politics, which was expected to see the tyranny and dictatorship removed from the country forever and replaced by a democratic government based on a new political order. As president, the process of democratization continued, but in a short time, General al-Sisi arrested Morsi in a creeping coup and continued to seize power personally. What is the main question in this article is that; What have been the consequences of the uprising of the Egyptian people in 2011 so far? And which forces have influenced the process of democratization of the Egyptian people? The results of the investigation show that the pro-democracy uprising of the Egyptian people has failed with the intervention of the army and the removal of Mohamed Morsi from the presidency. The most important influential forces in the process of democratization of Egypt are: the army, the Muslim Brotherhood, secular nationalist parties and groups. The research method is qualitative, documentary and library, with the help of filing tools from Persian and English books and articles.

The importance of the role of manager and commander and its impact on the construction of human societies and the development of the world has nowadays been proven more than ever. It has been proven by experience that among human societies, the one that has been able to grow and develop more and more and gain better achievements has profited from the presence of more competent and knowledgeable managers and commanders. This study has been conducted with the aim of providing a model of a successful commander and manager in the Army of the I. R. of Iran based on the philosophies of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces. The present research is of an applied one and has been done by studying the thoughts of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces, reliable documents and sources, religious sources and teachings, as well as using the opinions of experts and intellectuals. The collected data from the study of the mentioned sources were analyzed in a qualitative manner using open coding tables, axial coding and selective coding based on data-based theory. Using the two descriptive and inferential ways of "Student T" and "Chi-square" tests, the quantitatively collected information through questionnaire have been analyzed in in order to measure the final pattern. The results obtained from this research were provided in the form of six dimensions of: (1) Intuitiveness and spirituality, (2) organization management and administration (3) leadership, (4) individuality, ethical and perceptual, (5) experimental, knowledge and skills and (6) social relations with 24 components and 180 indices.

In political science there are a great afforts for studing the causes of events and analyzing them. For analyzing internal and international systems, in classic theories, the main and formal actor inside and outside of the countries are "states". One of the most important regions which states has a special role is Middle East. One of the characters of states in most West Asian countries is the existence of institutions beyond the formal government that hold a large share of power and manage the vicissitudes of their countries, which named as "Deep State". The main question of this article is what is the deep state and what is it's quiddity in middle east.This article is an effort for describe the deep state as a political term. So we count 5 main pillars include army, economy, juridical system, society and covert and organized activity as main columns of the deep state. then we will survey the deep state coordinates in middle east and will study deep state in Turkey and Egypt as case studies.

This study attempts to ask why moderate political forces allied with radicals in the process of 1979 revolution in Iran. Researchers have cited factors such as "society's united rebellion against the state", "the class coalition", "the weakness of political and state institutions" and "the appeal of the revolutionary leader's discourse." In this research, the authors, in the framework of Richard Snyder's theory, using the qualitative method and the technique of documentary study, examine three independent variables of the king's relationship with the (main) army, the king with the elite, and the system's relations with the major powers as the causes of coalition formation. They have paid. The results show that the patrimonial and brave behavior of the Shah deprived the army of independence, control of its equipment and facilities, dissemination of mistrust, channeling upgrades, and ultimately obedience and devotion to both the soldier and the commander. As a result, the army's surrender and devotion to the Shah, the Shah's stalemate to the elite, and the Shah's devotion to the United States, undermined moderation's desire for intra-disciplinary conflict to form a coalition between the moderates and the redicals for a greater purpose.

In the current conditions of the country and in the path of achieving maximum efficiency and effectiveness in various defense fields, it seems necessary to use management tools. One of these tools is project management knowledge. The subject of the present research is the application of project management in the maturity of exercise management. The current research is of applied type. The statistical population of this research included commanders, deputies and managers of the Air Defense Force (108 people) and the sample size was 84 people. Library and field methods were used to collect data. The existing findings were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and the results of the hypothesis test are as follows: the application of project management knowledge leads to a positive and significant improvement in the maturity of the exercise management; Based on the findings of the research, it was determined in order: project time management with (90%), project integrity management with (78%), human resources management with (70%) and project procurement management with ( 70%) had the most improvement in the management maturity of the exercise. The result of the analysis of the research data and the opinions of the experts shows that it is important that in order to mature the management of the exercise, it is possible to use the knowledge processes of project management in the exercises of the Air Defense Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.

egypt is one of the most important countries in the Islamic world. With the formation of the 2011 revolution, the people of this country had high hopes that the former authoritarianism would move towards democracy. However, the existence of various causes and factors, including the role of the army in the political structure of this country, left the path of democracy in this country half-finished. Given this, the main question of the present article is how the role of the army in the process of authoritarianism and democratization in the developments in Egypt before and after 2011? In response to this pivotal hypothesis, the military has been the main obstacle to the transition to democracy in Egypt before and after 2011, due to its efforts to strengthen the authoritarian process. In the time of Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, he has followed the same trend of authoritarianism in the time of Mubarak and is trying to control the country in different dimensions. This has severely weakened the transition to democracy along the way. The type of research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies.

Since all currents of thought in different generations of revolutionary theory are only able to recognize and interpret the dimensions of those revolutions that they have sought to recognize, it does not seem reasonable to use them to theoretically justify future revolutions. Accordingly, the main structure of revolutionary theories during previous four theoretical generations is based on a set of predetermined factors and components as factors promoting the revolution, which are necessary in all revolutions, especially revolutions that occur after their presentation. Given these explanations and the title of the present article, the question can be asked, can all the dimensions of the Arab revolutions be theoretically justified and explained by the views of the four generations of the theory of revolution? The results of the studies show that in at least three areas, namely the process connection of domestic and international levels in a specific historical framework, the neutral role of the army in turning unrest into revolution and ultimately the victory of revolutions in the absence of leadership with the factors mentioned in previous theories have deep differences.  In this work, the author intends to investigate the mentioned differences based on the method of matching the factors influencing the occurrence of Arab unrest in the three mentioned areas with the factors mentioned in the four theories of the revolution.