جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « استراتژی » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

Before the victory of the Islamic revolution, the army played an important role in ensuring the country's national security due to its structural characteristics (discipline, hierarchy and loyalty to the first person of the government) and its sovereign affiliations with other security institutions. With the occurrence of the Islamic revolution, due to the same sovereign and loyal ties to the former regime and the distrust of the forces of the revolution - which were influenced by the Marxist leftist movements in sync with the former Soviet Union (Tudeh party, Chezikhas of the People's Fedayees and the People's Mojahedin Khalq) - towards it, In the beginning, it was marginalized to ensure national security. After the revolutionary purges and purges and the declaration of support for Imam Khomeini, the great founder of the Islamic Revolution, and becoming a school-based and revolutionary army, it gradually entered the security equations of the Islamic Republic. The issue of this research is "What role did the army of the Islamic Republic of Iran play in ensuring the national security of the country during the first decade of the Islamic revolution and within the framework of various security strategies?"

This article has been compiled with a descriptive-analytical method and its data has been collected in a library form. Discuss The army in the era of expansion-oriented security strategy: dissolution or continuation In the Pahlavi patrimonial system, the imperial army of Iran considered it their duty to blindly obey their superiors without question. For this reason, the army was hierarchically connected to the king and was under his command. Based on the principle of loyalty, the orders and plans of the army were taken from the king and he acted accordingly. Such a system of loyalty was created as a result of the regime's extensive propaganda (reading collective prayers in the morning for the king's health and survival, or the slogan "God, King, Motherland") and, of course, the payment of rewards to the military. The army was completely dependent on the king. The king's autocratic and autocratic culture and relations had made the army so obedient and follower that in the absence of the king, independent and coherent decision and action on its part was completely ruled out. The king was like a country for the army. This degree of loyalty and dedication made the army chiefs not to surrender to the revolution as much as possible, and only declared neutrality when they felt that the revolution was on an irreversible path. Before the victory of the revolution, the leader of the revolution always tried to create a separation between the army and the king. In his messages, he asked the people not to insult the army and not to attack them, and in return he asked the army. Abandon the spirit of dependence on Shah and America and stop killing people. The Imam advised the people to welcome the free and independent soldiers, "The people of Iran are obliged to respect the honorable officers and officials. They should note that a few traitorous army people cannot infect the majority of the army." This peaceful approach of the leader of the revolution played an important role in dissociating the discipline and obedience of the army body to the orders of the superiors and ultimately declaring its neutrality.The position of the army in providing security in the period of defense strategy (war period) Considering the issues caused by the war for the country's security considerations, the government of the Islamic Republic should focus all its efforts on dealing with itssecurityconsequences. For this reason, the preservation and protection of the country's territorial integrity and the preservation of the newly established political system against the objective threats caused by the war had occupied the attention of the system. The national security of the country prevailed. For this reason, an effort was made to establish a reconciliation between "values" and "realities" and between "beings" and "musts". It is for this reason that some talk about the "cycle of idealism and realism" in the analysis of different stages of the war. The army and providing national security: defensive operations (September 1959 to May 1960) During this period, it was decided that instead of a general mutual confrontation with the Iraqi army, the army would limit itself to "local, temporary, local and small attacks". The ultimate goal of these defensive operations was to stop the enemy's war machine from advancing further. All the efforts of the army headquarters in the first six months of the war prevented the fall of the cities of Abadan and then Ahvaz. Especially after the fall of Khorramshahr, the protection of Abadan was paid attention to. The army forces succeeded in doing this with the help of the people's forces, and with a few limited operations, they forced the aggressor forces to stop and take a defensive position, which was an important achievement in the way of securing security. and maintaining the territorial integrity of the country was considered.

 The army, which could not play a significant role in the country's national security equations at the beginning of the victory of the Islamic Revolution, after the purges and the efforts made to make it academic and revolutionary with the all-round support of Imam Khomeini. Reh), the great founder of the revolution, since its existence, has played an irreplaceable and effective role in ensuring the country's national security, maintaining the system and territorial integrity of the country. In addition, the three forces of the army in cooperation and coordination with the forces of the Revolutionary Guards and with the blessing of the revolutionary spirit existing among the young officers, the spirit of self-reliance, self-reliance and confronting the comprehensive sanctions of the enemy during the first decade of the revolution to the general society. And even some of the officials spread it and it was the source of many huge works in different economic sectors that prevented the country's economic breakdown at that time. With their sacrifices on the battlefield and the liberation of the occupied areas of the country, the army forces contributed significantly to the defense diplomacy of the country, as after the liberation of Khorramshahr, the diplomatic exchanges to stop the war and Iran's superior position in this field are clearly visible. Is. In this way, the army of the Islamic Republic of Iran despite all the bottlenecks and shortages

After the Islamic Revolution, Iran's foreign policy typically underwent a significant transformation. This change was driven by a reassessment of relations with other actors, including Israel. As a result, the previously friendly relationship between Iran and Israel was replaced by a strategic enmity. This has led to a confrontation between the two actors at both regional and global levels. Based on this confrontation, the question that the present study addresses is: What is the basis of Israel's action and behavior in the face of Iran as a regional power?. In response to the question, the hypothesis of the research is that: Israel's inability to wage a full-scale war has caused it to turn to confrontation with Iran within the framework of the gray zone strategy, which means attacking Iran's interests to the limit of tolerance. Through the use of a descriptive-analytical method and deductive reasoning, the research findings reveal Israel has adopted a Gray Zone strategy in its approach toward Iran. This strategy involves tactics like assassination, espionage, propaganda, cyber-attacks, proxy wars, and economic pressure, all aimed at avoiding confrontation and containing the Islamic Republic. The relationship between Iran and Israel can be divided into two distinct periods: before and after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. Prior to the revolution, the two actors had a friendly relationship. However, after the revolution, their interaction shifted to one of strategic differences. The Islamic Revolution, with its support for liberation movements, resulted in the severance of relations between Iran and Israel. Since then, Israel has been unable to directly attack Iran militarily and has instead pursued a policy of containment. With the escalation of Iran's nuclear program, Israel saw a unique opportunity to confront Iran more seriously. Therefore, the question at the heart of this study is: What is Israel's strategy in confronting Iran as a regional power, given the assumptions of no direct war and a policy of containment? The authors have based their analysis on the strategy of the Gray Zone within this framework. It can be argued that since 1991, when the Zionist regime made the decision to enter peace negotiations with Arab nations, its focus has shifted from hostility towards Arabs to hostility towards Iran. This enmity has led to Israel's containment of Iran in the "gray zone," which extends beyond its geographical borders through covert operations in actors such as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen. The current situation reveals that Israel is engaged in a significant confrontation with Iran, utilizing the strategy of the "gray zone" in various domains, including land, sea, air, and cyberspace. This approach is driven by a desire to avoid direct war. From the perspective of Israeli leaders, the Islamic Republic is considered its main enemy, with the intention of destroying Israel. However, due to its inability to engage in direct conflict, Israel has adopted a strategy of the "gray zone," utilizing various tactics to contain Iran. This strategy involves managing a confrontational space with Iran, in order to prevent it from reaching a threshold that could lead to transformation within the Islamic Republic. To achieve this, Israel has employed a range of actions, including assassination, cyber-attacks, intelligence operations, propaganda, sabotage, proxy wars, and economic pressure against Iran. According to Israeli leaders, these strategies not only aim to strike at Iran, but also to prevent direct conflict that could surpass Iran's tolerance threshold, potentially endangering the regime's survival and existence.

This introduction to this special issue discusses artificial intelligence (AI), commonly defined as “a system’s ability to interpret external data correctly, to learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation.” It summarizes seven articles published in this special issue that present a wide variety of perspectives on AI, authored by several of the world’s leading experts and specialists in AI. It concludes by offering a comprehensive outlook on the future of AI, drawing on minor, and macro-perspectives.

Afghanistan is one of the countries where the American had a significant impact on political developments, following the 9/11 attacks by al-Qaeda after the withdrawal of the Soviet forces. The initial goal of the American government was to combat terrorism, but they also played a crucial role in state-building and institutionalizing political structures in Afghanistan. This research examines the role of the United States during the presidencies of Bush, Obama, Trump, and Biden in the political developments of Afghanistan. Searches have shown that the United States has played a significant role in Afghanistan's political developments, from the formation of the government at the "Bonn I" Conference in 2001 to the collapse of the republican system in 2021. The finding of this research demonstrate that American leaders have purposed different policies towards Afghanistan, taking into account national interests, the international system, and internal issues within Afghanistan. These policies have ranged from Bush's preemptive attack to Obama's diplomatic efforts and Trump's withdrawal policy, ultimately leading to Biden's definitive withdrawal and the downfall of the republican system. This research utilizes a descriptive-analytical method, drawing on domestic and foreign written sources and authentic sites, within the theoretical framework of Marshaimer's aggressive realism.

Since the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, relations between Washington and Tehran have been consistently hostile, with the potential for conflict between the two countries often apparent. While the actions of the US in each period have been influenced by the discourse and foreign policy of each president, there has been a noticeable consistency in their overall approach. This approach can be described as a Brinkmanship Strategy (Confrontation to the brink of disaster), with the goal of pressuring Iran into compromising or abandoning its goals and ideals. The research question based on this assumption is that: What has been the main strategy shaping America's confrontation with Iran and the Islamic Republic's strategy against it? The hypothesis of the article is that the root of all American actions stems from the brinkmanship strategy, which includes three aspects: sanctions, military threats, and consensus-building. In response, Iran has employed a strategy of strategic patience, leading to economic resistance, increasing regional influence, and deterring American military action. The approach of this paper is qualitative and its research method is descriptive - analytical.

This study aims to provide an appropriate strategy for cyberspace management with a political participation approach using the SWOT technique. The research method was mixed and exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) that in the qualitative part, the phenomenological method and in the quantitative part, the descriptive-survey method was used. The statistical population of the qualitative section includes all political science and cyberspace experts in Tabriz and purposeful sampling method was used to select the sample. The sample size of 64 people was a semi-structured interview data collection tool and in the analysis of qualitative information, open coding, axial coding and selective coding were used manually. The statistical population of the quantitative section included 7000 experts and executive and political actors and cyberspace specialists of Tabriz in 1400, based on Morgan's table, 364 people were selected by purposive sampling method. Quantitative data collection tools included researcher-made questionnaires of 158 to assess SWOT. Descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS software were used to analyze quantitative data. The results showed that there are 51 strengths, 34 weaknesses, 43 opportunities and 22 threats in the field of cyberspace with a political participation approach. Based on these strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, four strategies including conservative, offensive, defensive and competitive strategies for managing cyberspace with a political participation approach are defined; The results of swot matrix analysis showed that aggressive strategy and competitive strategy are the best strategies for managing cyberspace with a political participation approach.

Turkey does not have a stable position in the Mediterranean Sea and has ups and downs. More than half of Ankara's foreign trade is carried out through the Mediterranean Sea. This article is saying about a correct and better understanding of Turkey's strategic reorientation in the Mediterranean, in the other word change of its tradition strategy to the doctrine of the Blue Homeland, in order to answer the question of what is the basis of Turkey's new sterategic politics in the Mediterranean Sea. The article examines the hypothesis that Turkey's interests and threats in the Mediterranean will cause it to adopt limited aggressive policies. This research is based on the threat balance theory. The method of this research is qualitative data analysis. The findings of the research show that due to the existence of threatening variables in the Mediterranean, Turkey tried to balance the threat against the Mediterranean border countries by implementing its strategic policies in this area, and thereby reduce the threats against it self and increase its security.

Mohammed bin Zayed changed the UAE's foreign policy strategy after coming to power in 2004. Moving away from the traditional strategy of defensive policy, bin Zayed adopted a new strategy towards Iran and the Middle East region. Meanwhile, the changes in coalition patterns of the region in the form of the "Ebrahimi Peace" plan in order to unite with Israel, the Arab NATO plan and efforts to strengthen the US military presence in the region, have threatened the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the fundamental question that what opportunities and requirements has Mohammad bin Zayed's foreign policy strategy in the region created for the foreign policy and national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? In this article, "Neorealism" is used as a theoretical approach by an explanatory-analytical research method while library methods were used for data acquisition. The findings of the present study indicate that the UAE's growing proximity to Israel, its efforts to establish an Arab front with Egypt and Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi's proximity to the United States, and its widespread confrontation with Iran undermine Iran's national security. These wide-ranging impacts have created the need to reconsider the type of engagement with the UAE at both levels of confrontation and de-escalation.

Since the advent of cyber technology until today, this field has made many advances and has affected various fields, so that its absence is problematic in the process of human life, and on the other hand, it can act as a threatening tool. Today, the development of cyber technology has caused new concerns about the national security of countries. Several actors use this technology for various purposes, especially cyber attacks. In this article, an attempt is made to introduce important government players in the cyber arena, and to discuss their influence on the process of changing the strategies of the United States of America and the country's response to maintain its security in the face of such threats and developments. The purpose of this article is to examine the actions of China, Russia, Iran and North Korea as competitors of the United States and active countries in the cyber space in order to understand the process of changes in the strategy of the United States of America and how it reacts as the most advanced cyber player. Therefore, we are looking for an answer to the question of what influence these government actors active in cyberspace have had on the process of changing the country's strategy against cyberspace threats. Therefore, the findings indicate that the increase in the effectiveness of cyber technologies on national security, the emergence of government actors and the growth of their cyber movements have influenced the abandonment of the defensive approach and the adoption of an aggressive approach against cyber threats. The following article is written based on the national security framework and in an explanatory way using library resources.

Real estate is an important asset to individuals and organizations. In addition, the large number of jobs involved in this sector, along with the volume of working capital, has led to it being referred to as an economic engine. Research has shown that new challenges in the industry have increased competition and the need to pay more attention to strategic management concepts. The purpose of this study was to identify specific business strategies in the iran real estate industry and also to explain the core competencies required in the industry in relation to these strategies. In this research, qualitative research method and inductive logic were used to reach the part from the whole and the sample size was expanded until the data saturation was reached. Finally, the research reached saturation level with 23 samples of interviews with experts with at least ten years of useful work experience in the industry. It should be noted that in order to evaluate the questionnaire, the CVR index was used and in order to evaluate the quality of the research, the Creswell approach was used. Finally, using content analysis extracted from the data, eight industry-specific strategies and three core competencies were introduced in relation to these strategies, and the relationship between the need for each of the competencies and identified strategies was presented.

Marketing has expanded in the field of politics as well as business. Political marketing is the process of using tools developed for commercial marketing in political spheres. Parties and candidates have been trying to attract people's attention by using marketing techniques and present their party and representative in the elections as well as possible.In fact, political marketing is a deep link between marketing science and politics. Using the theory of political marketing and using the method of descriptive-analytical research of the type of correlation, the article seeks to answer the fundamental question of what effect did political marketing have on the selection of the winning candidate in the 2020 US election campaign? The hypothesis of the article is that the application of political marketing strategies has had a significant impact on the victory of the winning candidate in the 2020 US elections. The findings of the article show that political marketing has regular processes for assessing the wants and needs of the masses.The results of this study show the effectiveness of the use of political marketing strategies by the winning candidate in the 2020 US elections. Due to the increasing progress of this science in all parts of the world and its emergence in our country, in this article, we have tried to take a brief look at the concept of this science and its practical tools to pay more attention to its practical aspects in the 2020 US elections.

After the end of the Cold War, the United States has gained the most influence as a great power in the Middle East, and for this reason, it has used various strategies for superiority over other regional and extra-regional rival powers, including Iran. Based on this, the main question of the article is that after the withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA, What political and security strategies has this country adopted to protect its interests and security in the Middle East? The research method of the article is a descriptive and analytical method, and the purpose of the article is to determine America's security strategies in the region by examining America's behavior and actions. The general result of the article also shows that the US, after withdrawing from the JCPOA, has adopted aggressive and confrontational strategies in the field of security in the Middle East in order to ensure its interests and security in the region, which has fueled the increase of tension in the region.

The impact of strategy and strategic considerations on the war, whether in decision to implement or not implement the war or how it is implemented, is undeniable. But the answer to the question of which aspects of law of war that is affected by these considerations and what is the effect on each of them. requires careful analysis of both fields of study. Therefore, all categories related to war, especially law of war, have been affected by strategic considerations. The law of war on its totality is shaped by considering these considerations as a principle - based law, trying to balance between the principle of military necessity and the principle of humanity that is why its rules are common and general. Such characteristics, affect the interpretation and implementation of law of war, especially its fundamental principles, more prone to the effect of such considerations. This article aims to identify these influences and reveal the ways and means of these influences on the mentioned principle. The findings of this research showed that although strategic considerations have had a significant impact on the basic principles and rules governing the laws of war; But in explaining the issues related to the law of war, it has been neglected and this issue has led to incorrect conclusions and interpretations of this set of laws.

The present research is trying to verify the anti terrorism and extremism normative strategy of the European Union within the international order. Terrorism is one of the most serious and dangerous menaces against the entire human community and civilization. Terrorism has the potentiality to train a group of individuals which have no consideration for tolerance and for a peaceful coexistence of different nations. The most tangible contact of the European countries with the brutal aspects of terrorism regards the different conflicts in the Middle East where a note vole group of European terrorists that are actually the native citizens of these mostly western European countries that at the end of conflicts could try return to their native countries bring inning with them the extremist ideologies that could destabilize the above mentioned European countries. Inconsideration of such danger the anti terrorism policy of European Union represents a priority for this important international structure and because of that the collaboration with the other countries and between Parliaments of different countries is extremely important especially in consideration of fact to block the financial resources of terrorist organizations.

Aircraft is a high-speed air vehicle and is used for various purposes, the most important of which is the transportation of people and objects. The expansion of the use of aircraft in passenger and freight transport has led to the consideration of aviation law as a separate branch of law. In this paper, we have tried to identify strengths and weaknesses as internal factors as well as opportunities and threats as external factors using the SWOT matrix method for the factors influencing aviation criminal law. Then compatible strategies were identified in each section and finally the best strategies were determined. According to the QSPM matrix, the ST4 option means "implementing a strategic plan to supply the air fleet and increase the execution rate in all companies" with a score of 10.9 as the main strategy and the ST5 option means "return on investment in the transport sector. The presence of the private sector in this field was chosen as the second strategy. ST1, ST2 and ST3 were selected as the next options.

The impact of strategy and strategic considerations on the phenomenon of war, whether in deciding whether or not to wage war or how it is waged, is undeniable. But the answer to the question of which aspects of war law have been affected by these considerations, and what has been the impact on each of these aspects? The law of war as a whole is formed by considering these considerations as a set of principled rights, by trying to strike a balance between the principle of military necessity and the principle of humanity, and for this reason its rules are general and applicable. Such features make the interpretation and application of the law of war, especially its fundamental principles, more susceptible to the influence of such considerations. This article seeks to identify these effects, especially on the principle of military necessity, and to reveal the aspects and manner of these effects on the principle. The findings of this study showed that although strategic considerations have had a significant impact on the basic principles and rules governing the law of war, they have often been ignored by jurists and international judicial authorities in this field.

After entering the power system in Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman, made great changes to the Saudi foreign policy strategy. By leaving the traditional strategy of defensive policy, he conducts an offensive strategy against Iran and the middle east and north Africa regions. Meanwhile, changing the coalition patterns in the region in the form of alliance with Israel, the NATO plan and trying to retain American military in the region has threatened national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, the present study aims to answer the question of what requirements the foreign policy strategy of Mohammad bin Salman in the region has created for the foreign policy and national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? In this paper, "the security of the Copenhagen school" and "aggressive constructivism" have been used as a theoretical framework. Research methodology and data collecting are descriptive-analytical and library-documentary approaches. The findings indicate that the increasing closeness of Saudi to Israel, trying to create an Arab front along with Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, Riyadh 's attempt to move closer to the United States and bring this country to a wide contrast with Iran, has touched Iran 's national security at two levels of confrontation and detente.

The dynamic nature of the international order and distribution of power has transformed the international environment into an arena of rapid political, military, and security developments. The establishment of NATO was also the result of one of these developments, including rapid expansion of Soviet's military and geopolitical power. The organization has faced many challenges throughout its life, one of the most important of which was the collapse of the Soviet Union and the disappearance of its founding philosophy. But in the post-Cold War era of international relations, NATO not only sustained its life by relying on its strategic concepts, using Russia's in its domestic power transition, as well as highlighting emerging threats such as terrorism, but also increased its members from 16 countries -before the collapse of the Soviet Union- to 30 countries in 2020. Despite NATO's high level of adaptation to international developments, the global distribution of power is changing rapidly, posing fundamental challenges to the organization. The present study seeks to address three key issues, including the challenges and threats facing NATO in assessing the international political and security environment, NATO's strategy for dealing with these threats, and finally its consequences. Using a descriptive-analytical method, while extracting the system of threats facing NATO, this article deals with some of the most important pillars of NATO's strategy for implementation until 2030. Finally, the global implications of NATO's new strategy are analyzed as well.

With the presence of the Messenger of God (PBUH) in Medina and the beginning of the Hijrah era, various challenges and dense threats against Muslims began. The pagans of Mecca, at the head of the opposition and one of the strongest enemies of the Prophet (PBUH), prepared large-scale actions against the Muslims. This article intends to address the difficult and complex situation of the Hijrah era, to address the issue of what strategy the Messenger of God (PBUH) adopted in the face of threats and movements of the polytheists. In this article, the subject is examined through descriptive and historical analysis.In this article, using historical texts and historical description and analysis, the subject is studied.The results of the studies indicate that the Prophet (PBUH), considering the experience of 13 years of the Besat era and the socio-political realities of the Hejaz, adopted a strategy according to which they actively and strongly opposed the conspiracies of the polytheists and their allies. By identifying opportunities and taking timely action, they took the initiative. The result of this defense strategy was to curb the fighting power and hostility of the polytheists, to elevate the position of the Muslims to a superior position, and more importantly, to effectively and intelligently defend the fledgling Muslim community and to facilitate the invitation.