جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « COVID-19 » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

Since the spread of COVID-19, the United Nations and the World Health Organization have become the focus of global attention. The WHO, in accordance with the International Health Regulations, declared that the disease outbreak aligns with the criteria of public health, identifying COVID-19 as a common global threat. With the widespread dissemination of COVID-19 and the resulting crises, various questions have arisen concerning the legitimacy and performance of the UN system and its capacity to address this global crisis. The present study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the legitimacy of the actions and decisions of the UN and the WHO in confronting the COVID-19 crisis from the establishment of the Public Health Emergency to its resolution. This research seeks to answer the question of whether the UN system possessed the necessary legitimacy to manage and overcome the COVID-19 pandemic. This study argues that throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, despite initial criticisms of the validity of the procedures and actions of the UN and the WHO, there has been widespread support for the necessity and importance of these institutions. This support largely originates from a deep-seated belief in their instrumental legitimacy, emphasizing their essential and irreplaceable purpose. In fact, although the legitimacy of the UN faced challenges in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, the continuation of the crisis and the failure of unilateral approaches on one hand, and the performance of the UN and the WHO on the other hand, have led to the reinforcement of their legitimacy.

The emergence of Covid-19 has proven the ineffectiveness of the security-oriented state structure. Given the short-term effects of this crisis, it is imperative that governments change their global security debates and policies on infectious diseases for the future. With the emergence of Covid-19, the reexamination of the relationship between pandemics and global security has become more serious, forcing countries to rethink the scope and concept of national and international security. Based on this, the main question of this article is to answer the question by focusing on Iran, what effect did the pandemic have on the role of governments in the field of national and international security, especially in the era of Covid-19? The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and library and internet information gathering tool. Based on the theory of human security and Bozan's theory, it can be argued that there are non-military and non-violent threats such as pandemics for the individual's existence, which should be included in the discussions related to national security in Iran along with traditional threats and focus on ordinary people instead of the government. Based on the findings of the research, Iranian statesmen should consider the field of national security beyond the traditional defense-war model and be more responsive to human security and ensure the security of their citizens against all threats.

European countries coined the concept of health diplomacy in the 19th century and became the leaders of other countries in this regard. Over the past century, these countries have taken a series of measures to strengthen global health diplomacy in the light of the World Health Organization. At the beginning of 2020, the members of the union, like the rest of the world, experienced a widespread outbreak of Covid-19 within their countries. This article raises the question, given the extensive history of European countries in health diplomacy, what has been the performance of EU health diplomacy during the Covid-19 outbreak? The hypothesis of the research was based on the proposition that "European Union's health diplomacy has been effective and successful in dealing with Covid-19". A qualitative method with emphasis on the analytical-explanatory method was used to evaluate the hypothesis. The data were also collected by the library method. The findings show that the EU, contrary to expectations, did not succeed in global health diplomacy. They did not achieve significant success in any of the dimensions of post-covid health diplomacy, i.e. mask diplomacy and vaccine diplomacy. Instead of turning Covid-19 into an opportunity to strengthen its international presence and take over the leadership of the world, the EU fell into nationalism and regionalism. Also, the coronavirus pandemic showed that the propositions made by liberalists regarding the cooperation of governments and interdependence can be doubted in critical conditions and in the center of publication of these theories i.e. Europe.

The exhaustibility of fossil energy sources, particularly oil and natural gas, has led to search about when these reservoirs will be depleted or when the maximum extraction from the resources will occur. In this paper, the evolution of the concept of oil peak has been analyzed. The time of Iran's oil peak will be investigated using three scenarios based on King Hubert's theory. Also, other factors such as technology, energy transition, climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic are examined as complementary topics. The results of this research show Iran's oil peak will occur in the next two to three decades. Concerning concepts such as the transition to renewable energies around the world, Iran's opportunities to make decisions and take actions are very limited. Finally, some policy recommendations based on the various aspects of the oil peak have been discussed in order to better encounter Iran's oil peak.

The worldwide outbreak of the COVID-19 has turned the need to pursue health diplomacy into an undeniable reality in developing countries, especially Iran. Inconsistent, short-term, and intermittent attempts have been made for this purpose in Iran; however, the goals and plans of Iran’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs are not still clear and appraisable. This study aims to determine the requirements and challenges that Iran faces to adopt a kind of successful and efficient diplomacy. In this regard, the research hypothesis emphasizes the role and importance of health diplomacy in Iran’s foreign policy as a requirement to relieve distrust and tension in relations with other countries, something which is considered a challenge. Therefore, a qualitative explanatory-analytical approach was used in this study. Moreover, a desk method was employed to collect the necessary data from two groups of printed and electronic sources in order to purposefully answer the main research question. According to the findings, Iran should consider a series of political and economic requirements in its foreign policy to benefit from a kind of successful health diplomacy. In fact, Iran’s most important requirements were identified as perceiving the importance and position of health diplomacy, formulating strategic plans, training professional diplomats, relieving tensions, and building trust. However, the most prominent international challenges were identified as distrust in Iran, uneasy and tense foreign relations, and the presence of powerful rivals on both regional and international scales. Furthermore, the domestic challenges were classified as content-related, structural, cultural, governance-related, economic, and process-related problems.

Pandemics are among the most important events affecting various economic, social, cultural, and political aspects, hence an acid test of functioning of states. Considered as a kind of intervention in social relations, the epidemic disease, owing to its characteristics, targets the logic of established relationships and can potentially have an epoch-making capability. This internal characteristic renders the epidemic disease completely political. In this respect, the present research tries to answer the key question of what negative and positive effects pandemics exert on politics. The research is based on the hypothesis that pandemics have both negative and positive dimensions. The negative aspects include several issues imposed on societies, such as the increased instability, civil war, insecurity, increased power of the state and statism, rebellion, etc. Meanwhile, pandemics have positive aspects, such as the social and political cohesion, peace and cooperation between nation-states, growth of cyberspace activities and more pressure on the state, cessation of some wars, and growth of political and freedom-seeking movements—which are generally overlooked under the shadow of great challenges.There is ample literature, both in English and in Persian, on epidemic diseases and the global coronavirus disease. In her book The Impact of Outbreaks of Infectious Diseases on Political Stability, Menzel (2018) argues that the spread of Ebola, tuberculosis, and influenza caused unrest in some countries. Examining about 120 countries during an eighteen-year-long period, she observes that the three diseases were significantly correlated with the level of political stability in the affected countries in a particular year. Moreover, the research on the US policies in prevention of AIDS in African countries observed that the HIV pandemic caused international instability and insecurity, especially in African countries, so HIV has become a priority for the US foreign policy. Despite the research attempts, it seems that the topic has not been dealt with in a focused manner. In this respect, the present article intends to examine each of these pandemics in a historical context in order to shed light on their impact on politics and the political. The present study is thus necessary given its innovative subject.Focused on a novel research topic, the present study pursues the following objectives the scientific explanation and analysis of the political effects of pandemics (esp. COVID–19), the analysis of the impact of the COVID–19 pandemic on the nature and performance of states, and the explanation of the effects of the COVID–19 pandemic on transparency, elections, and in general, on democratic processes in different countries.Imposed on societies throughout history, crises such as pandemics are generally considered as a manifestation of the political. For example, due to the outbreak of plague, merchants closed their shops and fled to the outskirts, which left workers and artisans without a livelihood. The closure of stores caused unemployment, leading to conflict over resources and the ensuing insecurity and chaos. In addition, the pandemic was one of the apparent reasons underlying the population decline, the death of elders, and the death of political and intellectual elite, which gave rise to the urban and rural chaos, insecurity and disorder in social relations, and the political chaos. Cholera is another pandemic affecting political life throughout history. The cholera pandemic not only caused a decline in population and state power as well as an increase in protests in countries such as India, but also disturb the power of empires and the sense of security of Western powers and put their vulnerability at risk. It also created tensions over whether global communications would remain open or closed. The Spanish flu, which occurred during World War I, killed a large number of people, resulted in chaos in different parts of the world, and changed the war plans and peace negotiations. Concerning HIV, the children losing their parents due to the disease are more likely to be recruited to terrorist groups. Furthermore, individuals with HIV, especially women, are excluded from society and politics.Despite their challenges, pandemics can have positive effects, albeit minimal, on politics. For instance, the plague pandemic caused a revolution of the elite and intellectuals and could stop the Hundred Years’ War between England and France. The influenza pandemic brought a sense of urgency to improve public health, leading to advances in medical science, public health planning, and international cooperation among states. Due to the cholera pandemic, the world states start international cooperation with each other, thus initiating the efforts to conclude international health agreements. HIV has also been an opportunity to correct fundamental injustices and mobilize positive political movements concerning issues such as women’s, children’s, and homosexuals’ rights.Regarding the negative effects COVID–19, the pandemic challenged and questioned many political issues. For example, it challenged participation in elections and voting as an obvious form of political activity. Moreover, the outbreak of COVID–19 led to a decline in the process of consensus building in most countries, with the executive branch taking and implementing decisions. The pandemic was also used as a pretext for limiting media activities. More importantly, the outbreak of COVID–19 led to an unprecedented increase in injustice and discrimination around the world. Meanwhile, the pandemic created good opportunities, such as generating new forms of civil mobilization, providing the means for human convergence, and reducing defense costs at the national and global levels.In general, although pandemics fundamentally challenge human life in various fields and particularly in politics, they intentionally or unintentionally open up a few opportunities for politics and politicians. Likewise, the COVID–19 pandemic brought about sweeping changes, created positive trends, and could revive many faded or forgotten areas in the political arena—the aspect which used to be hidden in the heavy shadow of the killing and harm caused by the virus.

The World Health Organization was founded in 1948, but its history goes back to the middle of the 19th century. The basis of this background was the need to fight against epidemics that are beyond the borders of countries. However, the financial and technical opportunities needed to achieve their goals and the cooperation of the member countries were not always at the optimal level and are not. Experience has shown that half of the financial resources include voluntary contributions for specific programs, but the organization refuses to formulate a binding legal rule regarding them, however, it is observed that the member countries due to In the conditions of the epidemic of Covid-19, they act according to the guidelines and guidelines of the World Health Organization. It should be noted that despite all the problems and some mistakes, the organization managed this process correctly with the experience it gained from previous epidemics. However, time will tell whether the World Health Organization and member states can make reforms regarding the structure and how to adapt their regulations to the new global order in the field of health.

The Covid-19 pandemic has created challenges and concerns for the whole world, so that it has forced international organizations to take measures at the global level in this critical situation to reduce the problems of governments and people. In this article, an attempt has been made to answer the question of what measures international organizations have taken to protect children's rights during the outbreak of Covid-19. For this purpose, the actions of a number of these organizations, especially those that have the mission and claim to protect children's rights, have been examined. Investigations showed that with the spread of the pandemic and the resulting crises that put children's rights under serious threat, each of these organizations tried to take appropriate measures to protect children during the pandemic. Among these measures, the cooperation of these organizations with the governments has been in the form of providing solutions, guidelines, as well as providing humanitarian aid and health items and financial support to the governments involved in the disease and in need of help, especially the developing countries. Although these measures have been of great help to the governments involved in the disease to adopt a strategy appropriate to the rights of the child to control and contain the epidemic, it has not been enough, because we witnessed the occurrence of severe damages in the field of children's rights, which can be said that it has even overshadowed the progress of the past years.

In many countries, the advancements in information technologies and the decentralized computing method has inspired hope to take advantage of modern information technologies, such as artificial intelligence, in order to overcome the unique challenges in global health including the coronavirus crisis. The following study tries to examine the possible future scenarios in the industry, with the aim of discovering new opportunities to increase health and quality of life.

Considering the research literature, seventeen drivers, which had affected the research in three dimensions, were identified and the Delphi method was used for the accuracy of confirmation, their rankings and for the calculation of their certainty. The relationships between the drivers and the identified dimensions were measured and confirmed in the form of hypotheses and model presentations by structural equation methods. Using the cross-matrix method, five drivers were identified as risk and goal. Finally, through the identification of uncertainty and risk and goal drivers, four scenarios were developed.

The treatment structure and medical equipment influenced by COVID-19 pandemic conditions and due to the growth rate, optimal and intelligent application of modern digital technologies creates a wide-ranging evolution in this field and illustrates the possibility of achieving a desired future by taking advantage of the scenario of the formation of an interconnected global society and the realization of global health in the interaction of artificial intelligence drivers, novel production demands, sanctions, internet of things (IoT) and blockchain.

Pandemic of New Coronavirus 2019 is becoming a health crisis in the world. This study is a narrative review that reviews the available literatures on the internet. Articles published from January 1, 2020 to March 3, 2020 were searched using the keywords COVID-19 and New Coronavirus 2019. The search was mainly conducted through PubMed and Google Scholar, using the keywords COVID-19 and New Coronavirus 2019. We also used Regular Google's search engine to gather news and background information. Prevalence, control, and prevention aspects of the disease were reviewed and presented. The study showed that the ways of transmitting the Covid 19 virus are through respiratory droplets and direct contact with the virus-containing secretions. The causes of the overwhelming prevalence of this disease can be attributed to its high incubation period and its transmission in the asymptomatic, mild, or pre-emergent periods. The study also found symptoms of the virus in people with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension and chronic respiratory illnesses, and the risk of the virus increases with age and a definite cure has not been discovered yet. The results showed that the epidemic of the new virus will continue for three months and can be prevented by the methods of prevention and management of the factors influencing its transmission.

Covid 19 threatens all aspects of the world community. It is not yet clear to what extent it can affects the international system. Therefore, the present article, in order to understand the consequences of this epidemic on international political economy, intends to answer the question of how the Covid 19 pandemic has affected the pillars of institutional order in the field of international political economy? In order to answer this question, the hypothesis has been tested is that the Covid 19 pandemic, by disrupting the flows of production, trade and international capital, has the prospect of shifting the position of the great economic powers in these areas and widening the North-South divide. The findings of the article show that the position of the great powers in the post-corona world economic order depends on their ability to effectively deal with these disorders and take advantage of new opportunities resulting from the disruption of the current order. East Asian economies, especially China, are moving in this direction. Hence, the post-Corona world can be considered a step forward for the global economic order to become more Asian and Chinese.

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has been bombarded with challenges beyond conflict, tension, and competition since 2011 up until now (2021). Even though this critical moment, or rather vicious cycle, has been analysed extensively, none of the studies have addressed the simultaneous challenges posed by "awakening" and the "COVID-19" pandemic, which have played a critical role in the regional crises. Therefore, this study sought to examine how the countries affected by these two waves have remained in the path of the weak, bankrupt, and failed states, and what lies ahead of them. This was a descriptive-analytical research study and the data was collected through secondary research, involving a review of library, documentary, and online sources. The research findings indicate that many of the MENA countries affected by the two waves of awakening and COVID-19 are still continuing on the path of weak, bankrupt, and failed states due to their failure to resolve internal challenges in the economic, social, cultural, political, and military sectors. These countries have fallen behind in terms of economic, health, and social developments and are weighed down by corruption and inefficiency, which means the adverse effects of these conditions will likely continue to exist in the coming decade or decades.

The COVID-19 virus outbreak in China in December 2019 soon affected all aspects of human life in all countries of the world. One of the consequences of the Corona epidemic is a change in the pattern of behavior based on international cooperation and solidarity, has spread over the past few decades as a result of liberal globalization. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of COVID-19 virus outbreak on the interactive-behavioral pattern of international actors based on the theory of realism. Based on this, the question is what effect has the outbreak of COVID-19 virus had on the behavior of international actors? The hypothesis is that despite governments' declarative policies of global solidarity and cooperative policies in the face of global Corona crisis, powerful actors in the international system have in practice followed a pattern of competitive-conflicting behavior and put their national interests before global interests. The findings show that after the spread of Corona virus, in accordance with the principles of realism theory, governments turned to self-help, nationalism, competition and struggle for access to resources and disregard for international institutions in order to counter the COVID-19 epidemic. The present research has been done by descriptive-analytical method.

covid 19 emerged in China and soon spread around the world. Due to the characteristics of easy and rapid transmission, lack of development of drugs and treatment methods on the one hand and the natural side effects of the measures taken on the other hand, the debate created political, social and economic effects on the national and international stage. It is not yet clear to what extent this can affect the international system. It is clear that the world after the epidemic will not be like in the past. The main question of this article is how has Covid 19 influenced the main trends and parameters of the international system? To what extent will the coronavirus bring change to the world? Evaluation and analysis are based on the trend Impact analysis and the teachings of the literature produced on the issue of change in international relations studies. Findings show These new process makes the international system fragile and uncertain and shows that discourse of realism has strengthened rather than neoliberal policy.

The world is faced with a fundamental question after the spread of the Corona Virus (Covid-19) and that is, whether any state or government is responsible for offering compensation for the damages caused by this pandemic. There are various answers to this question, but since the exact cause of this disease has not yet been determined, it is not possible to give a definite answer. However, preliminary assessments show, the main cause of the outbreak is related to activities that fall under the category of "non-prohibited activities" in international law. This situation makes the tendency towards the concept of compensation for damages caused by not prohibited activities, the most desirable option in claiming compensation for transnational damages caused by Covid-19. The advantage of recourse to this concept is, there is no need to prove any international wrongdoing against the responsible state in order to claim damages. At present, the strategy governing the compensation regime of damages arising from not prohibited activities is based on the primary and original liability of the operator and the secondary and residual liability of state of origin. However, this article, while examining this strategy, concludes that in order to compensate ultra-hazardous not prohibited activities that lead to damages such as Covid-19, it is necessary to switch to the States’ Strict Liability Strategy.

As one of the substantial factors influencing the persuasion of social structure during great crises, social capital plays a vital role in accelerating the implementation and effectiveness of policies adopted to control crisis. In this respect, this study aimed to examine the role of social capital in the level of satisfaction with government performance in COVID–19 control policy-making. The statistical population of the study comprised all citizens of Tehran. The Cochrane formula was used to determine the sample size, which amounted to 400. The study relied on multistage cluster sampling to choose the participants in 22 districts of Tehran in Iran. Having been collected by a researcher-made questionnaire, the data was processed through SPSS software with one-sample t-tests, Pearson Correlation, multivariate linear regression, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings indicate that citizens living in Tehran have a moderate level of satisfaction with government performance in controlling COVID–19. Moreover, the lowest satisfaction mean value was associated with supply chain management and access to health items while the highest mean value of satisfaction pertained to the constraints and social distancing. There was a high correlation between the variable of social capital and satisfaction with government performance in COVID–19 control (R=0.552), and it can predict 30.3% of satisfaction variances. The results show that the variable of trust was the most important predictor of satisfaction with government performance in  COVID–19 control.

The Covid 19 outbreak is an international challenge that has been unprecedented over the centuries. The virus, which was released in Wuhan, China in late December 2019, soon spread around the world. The policies and actions of countries in the face of the Corona crisis are partly influenced by global policy and partly the result of domestic performance. The main question of the present article is how the role of governments in controlling and managing the outbreak of the corona pandemic, the new virus in the world, can be evaluated, inferred and analyzed? And do the actions taken by governments lead to the cooperation of countries with each other or, conversely, do they lead to conflicts and differences between countries? The findings show that in the context of the Kuwait-19 epidemic in the world, due to the approach of structural realism in the international system, governments continue to emphasize their political and geographical boundaries, which prevents the management and prevention of the disease in the world. The outbreak of the disease has once again shown that, as neorealists emphasize, governments remain the most important actors in the international system. The Corona Pandemic is also a crossroads of ideas and discourse conflicts in the international arena, which provides the ground for political, economic, etc. competition for governments. This hypothesis considers itself loyal to the lack of central authority in the international environment, which leads countries to the principle of self-help and survival. It is noteworthy that the present article has used the descriptive-analytical method in the method of data collection in a library (documentary) method.

The outbreak of coronavirus has created a new situation in the human world. The decreased importance of political disputes of political disputes, the collapse of religious dogmas, the potential vulnerability of human beings to nature, and the increasing importance of science in human life are all parts of the changes and warnings of the coronavirus entering modern human life. According to official statistics, more than 40 million people worldwide have been infected with the virus so far, and more than 1,115,000 people have died. The virus has also become a benchmark for the effectiveness and rationality of various political systems and figures. The outbreak of coronavirus in Iran has faced different reactions: some see the coronavirus epidemic as new evidence of the inefficiency of the political system, while others see the performance of the Iranian government as acceptable by reflecting the situation of Western societies infected with the virus. The aim of this article is to investigate the effects of Covid-19 virus on the domestic politics of Iran and the international community by a descriptive-analytical method. The main question is what changes will we see in domestic politics and the international arena with the significant outbreak of the coronavirus in the world? Analysis of the data shows that the Covid-19 virus can have significant social, economic, political, and cultural consequences for the international system. Therefore, in the political dimension, it has caused a change in the approach and belief of the powers that influence the international system, creating an atmosphere of conspiracy, weakening democracy and strengthening authoritarianism, and changes in the field of important theories of international relations.