جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « food security » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

The situation of the two countries Iraq and Iran is such that both are located in the Asian region and due to population growth, climate change and other natural and unnatural factors, on the one hand, they are facing a water crisis, and on the other hand, they are facing a self-sufficiency policy that this situation can to have an effect on the relations between the two countries which have been affected by geopolitical, political, cultural, economic and religious factors. Despite the importance of the relationship between water and food security and the need to identify the impact of its dimensions on the relationship between them, the institutions in charge of the two countries have many problems in formulating appropriate policies, which could be due to the lack of appropriate executive guidelines or lack of awareness of the importance of the issue. Therefore, the production of common structured knowledge in relation to food security and water resources that can create sufficient awareness, knowledge or ability in the target context is felt as urgent and necessary. This research aims to answer the question of what is the relationship between food security and available water resources in the Tigris and Euphrates watershed shared between Iran and Iraq? In this article, the literature of the subject was first explained and the main challenges were identified through data collection. In data collection, experts' opinions and semi-open structured interviews were also used and efforts were made to fully identify the variables. In total, 56 variables were extracted through interviews and library studies. Fuzzy Delphi method was used to identify the most important issues affecting water resources between Iran and Iraq in common watersheds. The variables extracted based on the Delphi method have been investigated and analyzed using the structural analysis method in the MICMAC software environment. For this purpose, a 18x18 matrix was used to determine the status of each of them in the system. Based on the findings, the strongest relationship between the influence and effectiveness of the variable "Importance of water resources for food security" is with the variable "Weakness of policy for water resources management", in which the influence of the variable "Importance of water resources for food security" is greater than its effectiveness. After that, the strongest relationship is the effect of this variable on "Iraq's internal unrest". This relationship shows that unrest and protests in Iraq are greatly affected by people's concern about their food security. Iraqi brokers believe that access to water resources is necessary to create employment. This comes from the fact that Iraq is a basic agricultural country and water is one of the main foundations of agriculture. This issue, together with the low level of water resources productivity, has caused the excessive withdrawal of water resources in the Tigris and Euphrates catchment basins, and little harvest from the existing water resources. Iraq's water needs for water resources that enter the country from upstream countries have made Iraqi politicians change the level of their cooperation with neighboring countries according to the level of addressing their concerns. The findings of the research also show that the level of "Iran's participation in Iraqi development projects" is closely related to solving their concerns in the field of food security. Therefore, it is considered that the quest for "food security" in Iraq is mutually influenced by the components of security and development. The economic characteristics of Iran and Iraq indicate that agriculture is the basis of both countries. Therefore, the need for sustainable water resources is one of the main components and concerns of both countries. Both Iran and Iraq are located in the arid and semi-arid region of Southwest Asia, and the average rainfall in this region is lower than the global average. This has made water governance one of the areas emphasized by Iran and Iraq. Iran depends on the water resources of the western regions of the country to preserve the ecosystem of the central regions of the country and to develop agriculture, and Iraq also depends on the water resources that enter this country from the upstream countries of the Tigris and Euphrates basins for the supply of food and the protection and development of agriculture. . Although Turkey's share as an upstream country in supplying Iraq's water resources is much higher than Iran's, Iraq's high dependence on water resources has affected the country's hydropolitical relations with Iran. Structural analysis method has been used to explain the importance of food security on the relations between the two countries. It is of great importance to understand the degree and intensity of influence and influence in the structural interrelationships between variables to explain the position. - It shows that the mutual relations show that food security is related to the areas related to development and security in both countries and this shows the high importance of this topic in the relations between the two countries.

After the financial crisis of 2008, the issue of food security befitted one of the main security agendas of the world's countries. Three elements of climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic and armed conflicts are the fundamental reasons for fueling this crisis. Historically, armed conflicts have always been effective in food insecurity within countries; however, Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 has caused food insecurity to spread globally. In fact, communicated the ominous legacy of the financial crisis caused by the pandemic and the worsening climate change situation, the timing of this war endured such that it has turned food security into a full-blown crisis. Given this explanation, the purpose of this research is to answer the question, how has the war in Ukraine fueled the food security crisis in the world? In response, the war in Ukraine has caused a global crisis in this area by creating insecurity in accessibility, availability, utilization of food, and stability of the supply chain. To consider this hypothesis, the PEST analysis method has been used. The key findings of the research show that the aggressive war in Ukraine directly (profound effect on food distribution, displacement of people, lack of agricultural labor, weaponization of food, and inflation) on the one hand and indirectly (progressively increasing the ultimate price of inputs including fertilizer and energy) food security crisis has intensified the world food insecurity.

Food security in the world affects many political, economic and social fields. Since food security is the access to healthy and sufficient food throughout life and for a healthy life, and governments are obliged to provide it, therefore the field of food supply is one of the basic concerns of every government. In this research, the production process of two strategic food items, wheat and rice, in the next ten years, according to the growth rate of the country's population, the amount of consumption, the amount of production and the amount of their import, is analyzed in an applied-developmental way with a case study approach that relies on the technique of trend analysis. Checked out. The statistical population of the research includes documents published by the country's statistical center and civil registration organization and documents in the population department during the years 2013-2023, the annual reports of the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture and the instructions of the Ministry of Health during the period. According to the extracted statistics and mathematical and statistical calculations, the growth trend of the country's population until 2032, as well as the amount of production, consumption and import of two strategic products, demographic forecasts and the country's need for these two products were carried out in the form of scenarios. According to the defined scenarios as well as the statistics of immigrants, which is a significant part of the country's population, policy proposals were proposed.

This paper examines the humanitarian effects of US sanctions against Iranian from the perspective of food and nutrition security and is to find appropriate answers to the two questions of: What are the signs of the threat to food security in Iran after that Washington imposed nuclear sanctions against Tehran? Why and how have the American sanctions against Iran have endangered the food security and nutrition of Iranians? This paper is descriptive-analytical type and applies inferential methodology. The findings, mainly implemented through utilizing reasoning and qualitative analysis under the “Naïve Theory” of Sanctions by Johan Galtung, show that vital humanitarian goods (including food) during the past years have been subject to the laws and regulations of sanctions against Iran, due to the impediment’s sanctions have imposed trade and transportation of goods and international financial exchanges. These restrictions increased the price of food by 200 percent, and the highest has targeted food categories (including vegetables, meat and fruits). The minimum average cost of a healthy diet for an Iranian family is 3 times more than the amount of which an Iranian family can spend on food and tobacco. The percentage of Iranian urban and rural households prone to food insecurity (very high, high and moderate) has also increased between 1396-1398, respectively from 8.84% and 25.17% to 11.2% and 29.2%.

The present article examines the government responsibility in the domain of food security of citizenship. One of the most important responsibilities of every state is to ensure food security of their citizens. These responsibilities include but are not limited to providing human’s vital needs in order to fulfill their most basic and fundamental right to maintain and sustain life.Critical Review: One of the main challenges of most countries in the world at the moment is availability and reachability of adequate, healthy and nutritious food for their citizens. Food security will be achieved when every person at any time consumes food in sufficient quantity and proportional quality to meet basic dietary requirements. The government is responsible for these two categories because in a scenario that a government neglects the mentioned responsibilities, the health of citizens will be jeopardized and it will cause irreparable damages.Discuss: The purpose of the article is to address the following questions. Providing proper nutrition and nutrition is a prerequisite for community development and health. Food security is one of the most important priorities of the government. The importance of food security is a major concern of the people, and the government is responsible for providing food and amenities, which is in line with the views of Babaei and Sheikh al-Islam.What is the government's responsibility in the rights of food security of citizens? What are the responsibilities and commitments of governments with regards to food right?

Given the importance of water security and food security and its direct relationship with human rights and human dignity and the impact of climate change on these two issues, the main question is whether the government can be held responsible to the international community for affecting food security and water security through climate change? It seems that governments can use the concept of liability for environmental damage to seek redress for climate change, including the right to adequate food and water. In this paper, with a descriptive and analytical method, after examining the solutions envisaged in international documents to deal with climate change, the challenges of the International Liability Agency due to climate change and solutions to address these challenges are examined. Given the importance of water security and food security and its direct relationship with human rights and human dignity and the impact of climate change on these two issues, the main question is whether the government can be held responsible to the international community for affecting food security and water security through climate change? It seems that governments can use the concept of liability for environmental damage to seek redress for climate change, including the right to adequate food and water. In this paper, with a descriptive and analytical method, after examining the solutions envisaged in international documents to deal with climate change, the challenges of the International Liability Agency due to climate change and solutions to address these challenges are examined.

The critical and essential role of agriculture in food and national security has led the country's strategic macro-policy makers to pay particular attention to the agricultural sector. The main purpose of this article is to explain the discipline of the province in the Department of Agriculture. This article has demonstrated the content and discourse technique of Imam Khomeini's (Rahmallah) and Imam Khamenei's (al-Awali's) speeches and works that show that the focal point in the discourse of the province is in the domain of agricultural affairs, "self-governing agriculture" Is. Provincial discourse also has competing challenges, challenges and discourses. The content analysis software of Kawa Atlas T and Max QDD and the software of Imam Khomeini's (Rahmullah Allah), Imam Khamenei's (Al-Qa'ali's) use and discourse analysis have been developed and presented using the Lakla-Mouffe method.  Provincial discourse also has competing challenges, challenges and discourses. The content analysis software of Kawa Atlas T and Max QDD and the software of Imam Khomeini's (Rahmullah Allah), Imam Khamenei's (Al-Qa'ali's) use and discourse analysis have been developed and presented using the Lakla-Mouffe method. A comparison of the works of the provincial governor in the post-revolutionary administration of agriculture has so far shown that, given the capacity of the time, both noble views on the position of the agricultural sector were considered equally from a security and managerial perspective. During Imam Khomeini's (R) era, and his sharp denunciation of land reform, their view of the agricultural sector is a positive one, just as Imam Khamenei (al-Awaliyah), in the aftermath of the imposed war, has been instrumental in securing the country's food security. They strongly recommend self-sufficiency in agricultural production with a positive view of the country's independence.

Water resources management in the joint watersheds of Iran and Iraq is one of the challenges facing policymakers, which is increasing in importance due to the economic, political, social, geopolitical and climatic conditions of each country. In order to provide an efficient solution and model, this paper first identifies the challenges of joint water resources policy and then to the question of what is the appropriate model to overcome the challenges? Answer. Therefore, with a combined approach of library resources, documents and Delphi method focused on open and semi-structured interviews with Iranian and Iraqi experts, the variables were identified and then the results were analyzed and evaluated by structural analysis method and Mick Mac software. The results show that weakness in the policy of the two countries and food security are among the most strategic variables that can be overcome by using an integrated management model.

The purpose of this study is to investigate food security in Iran and the international legal system. Given the importance of food security in ensuring public health and the right to access it as a human right, the need for special research is inevitable. To gather data, the library method has been used. An efficient national system for controlling food security helps to improve nutrition and community health, to improve the food industry, to increase production and income levels. Therefore, it is probably important to improve the existing infrastructure and regulations to have an efficient food control system at the national level.

The issue of agriculture in Iran, especially in recent years, has been linked to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran under the influence of issues such as international sanctions, successive droughts, transgenics, mismanagement and the like.This study examines national security based on the theories of the Copenhagen School and the theory of resistance economics. The research method is a cross-sectional survey method with two purposes of description and explanation. The study population is the managers and experts of knowledge-based and technology companies in the field. The sample size was selected according to Cochran's formula of 384 people. The measurement tools in this research included a researcher-made questionnaire to measure the formation of research variables.The results of the hypotheses showed that eliminating the security consequences of the water crisis in Iran by relying on the expansion of technological and knowledge-based activities will improve the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Also, self-sufficiency in agriculture and increasing the coefficient of food security by relying on the expansion of technological and knowledge-based activities will improve the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The study of the contemporary political history of the world and the opportunities in the world economy shows that the dangers that threaten the future security and well-being of human societies are not so much dangers as international conflicts and aggression by a foreign power, but economic, ecological and social instability. Especially the phenomenon of food insecurity. Food insecurity is one of the factors that can jeopardize the vital values ​​and consequently the national security of a country. Food security, which means access to adequate food now and in the future, has lost its existence with the rapid population growth of societies and has created special political, economic and social conditions in parts of the world that are not only political destiny. The countries in need are determined by the industrialized countries, but their daily lives depend on the decisions of the dominant countries, and getting rid of this dependence and achieving national independence and social progress is possible only with sustainable development, and the axis of sustainable development is agricultural development. Agricultural development is not possible except by using scientific methods and technological achievements. With regard to this issue, in this article, the role and position of food security in national security, resilient economy and sustainable development, as well as the state of food security in both macro and micro levels, as well as its challenges and opportunities are reviewed, analyzed and solutions are presented. Is.

Optimal management, planning and exploitation of the Iranian water resources are the biggest challenges facing to achieve sustainable development. There are various problems and failures in this area which needs to be considered by the relevant authorities and officials such as the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Agriculture-Jihad and social individuals and groups .The paper investigates the application of passive defense for planning water resources of our country as well as increases the necessity of their consideration and management in accordance with the principles and objectives of passive defense through introducing existing water resources. Therefore, the passive defense and its requirements also its role in spatial planning as the main pillar of national development planning have been initially introduced. Furthermore, its applications for the Iranian water resources planning have been addressed including food security, internal management of water resources, marine and costal management as well as transboundary water diplomacy and its control.

Among all the rights given to individuals in the community as basic household needs, "Food Security" is one of the most important needs of the individual, which is the responsibility of governments to meet it. In fact, the government is responsible for providing food security and social welfare. Because if they are neglected and neglected, they will endanger the health of the citizens and will cause irreparable damage, which is said to be the responsibility of the citizen towards the citizens. The civil liability of the state in this regard is the obligation to respond and to compensate for the failure to perform the duties prescribed by law, which are dealt with in this paper. Non-judicial remedies such as increased insurance coverage and subsidies and grants are proposed to provide compensation to avoid the pressures of court costs and waste of time and citizens' expenses.

The Middle East has undergone widespread and profound changes over the past few years, with the emergence of a new wave of radical extremism that has become the hallmark of ISIS's terrorist group, with particular significance. The emergence and empowerment of this group that dominated a large part of Iraq and Syria led to widespread damage to human security in the regional arena. This category (human security) is the product of the paradigm shift of government-based security to the multidimensional security of the individual and implies the evolution of the nature of the threat from the military threat to various types of economic, environmental, food, health, political, social and individual threats. The central question posed in this article is: What were the consequences of religious extremism between 2014-2018 in the Middle East, especially in Iraq and Syria, on human security? In response to this question, and as a hypothesis, religious extremism in the Middle East after 2014 has had widespread negative effects on human security in the region, especially in Iraq and Syria, with the highest damage to food , health and environmental dimenions.

The relation between climate changes, agricultural policies, and water crisis with national and international security has become the subject of great concern among international organizations, research institutes, and independent scholars. This crisis could cause a chain of other crises such as energy, water, and food crisis in national, regional, and international level. It could also affect the function and stability of the whole system. Syria is one of the countries which has been affected harshly by current climate changes in the Middle East in the past two decades. Alongside historical, political, and economic factors that contributed in formation of Syria’s crisis, agriculture and water crises also played a devastating and powerful role; but have not received enough attention. The aim of the current article is to focus on 2006-2010 drought and evaluate the role of the Syrian governments’ agricultural polices as well as climate changes and food scrutiny as an important factor in the increasing of objections among Syrian citizens.

Transitional justice isone of the new concepts that creates a perspective on the evolution of international law in order to investigate human rights violations and follow up in order to achieve transition of a government into democracy and punish the perpetrators of human rights violators. This can be done by conducting a fair trial that can restore the rights of victims as much as possible.
Food security is one of the most basic human rights principles. Food security is one of the main functions of governments and different groups in terms of peace or conflict. Unfortunately, we are witnessing repeated violations inadvertently or deliberately. This is considered a humanitarian catastrophe in the global community. An exampleis the blockade of food for ethnic cleansing or in military conflicts. The this article focuses on the role of transitional justice in  promoting the realization of the right to access food for citizens. In other words, this paper argues that transitional justice ensures the right to food and proposes a way to prevent violations of basic human rights.

The right to food, a basic right of every person, is the right to be free from hunger and have sustained access to food with acceptable quantity and quality which would meet their food and cultural needs. Although States are the main parties responsible for the realization of human rights, both at domestic and international levels, increased activities of international organizations on an international scale, especially in the field of human rights, have raised questions as to the role of these organizations in realizing the human right to food and how they discharge that role. As argued in this paper, international organizations play aneffective and unique role in the realization of the right to food at the international level. It is also noted that such international bodies address different aspects of the various issues related to the right to food. The paper concludes that the main goal of such activities is to realize the human right to food, especially for the poor people suffering the worst from unfavorable food security in the world.

“National security” covers various areas including “food security.” As a result, increasing security index of foodstuff is one of the main goals of political elites in every country. Despite the emphasis put by the Islamic Republic of Iran’s economic development plans on the necessity of achieving self-sufficiency in agriculture and increasing food security index, the actual performance of this sector has been far from the ideal and the situation has become even worse in the past few years. Lack of a comprehensive approach to removing barriers facing food producers and unprecedented rise in government’s foreign exchange revenues which led to increased import of agricultural inputs and products, have been among major factors reducing Iran’s food security index in recent years. Such challenges and incomplete implementation of Subsidies Reallocation Act, have cast doubts on future outlook of food security in the country. This paper explains ways of increasing food security, including the need to revise foodstuff “pricing policies” and “import policies” in order to prove the above hypothesis.