جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « geo » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

Arctic or circle region extending above 70° to north pole is located at the end of the lands of continental Europe, Asia and North America, such as the Great Sea and the Arctic Ocean. It is the smallest ocean in the world surrounded by Russia, Canada, Denmark, Norway and America and for this reason, it is also called polar Mediterranean. This icy ocean, out of the reach of human beings, has remained intact. Preliminary estimates indicate that approximately 20% of mineral resources and 25% of world energy resources are located on the bed of the ocean. Russia has the smallest access to the world seas. The status and legal limits of its territorial waters have already been delienated. According to the existing Conventions, the five surrounding Arctic countries are limited to a 200 mile exclusive economic zone based on the sector principle. Oceanographic research institutes show that if global warming trends continue, the Arctic Ocean will be ice-free in summer season by 2030. A research was conducted to answer the question that how the melting ice affects military, geo-strategic and geo-economic issues. The results show that, in the 21st century, this area will be the scene of global operations. Melting ice, will open waterways which could be an opportunity for global trade and economy, but, it could lead to a struggle between countries which world threaten global security.

Post-Cold War logic of Strategic competitions does not follow the Logic of war anymore except in unfortunate regions of the globe. Geopolitical Competitions have gained an economic-commercial feature with declining position of militant confrontations. Eurasian Economic Union provides a set of economic instruments to serve Competitively Geopolitical Goals in only few years whereas European Union passed it in decades. The logic of Conflict predominates over actions of the Union and traces commercial goals of Eurasian member states in confrontations to other Unions and Political units. Geo economically, Iran will face new occasions after this Union formation and if those are not noticed, competitive strengths of Iranian Geopolitics will be lost. In this Article those Geo-Economic occasions are studied.

The Geo-economics approach the beginning of the twenty-first century a new paradigm for the analysis of strategic and international issues of powers and competition in strategic areas to be used. This approach combines the three factors of geography¡ economy¡ power and formed to examine the relationship between geography¡ power and economy¡ and the interaction of these three elements are studied in order to gain states power. In this new approach as it can be called geopolitical economy¡ economy¡ geopolitics is old as new components into the transaction. With the collapse of the Soviet Union (December 1991) major changes in the geopolitics sense¡ and it occurred in such a way that¡ geopolitical and geostrategic approach geo-economics found the military approach. In this era of powerful countries to instead focus purely geopolitical Geoeconomics mainly on sensitive areas of the world are trying to bring attention to the political - military¡ political attitudes - are economic. Energy¡ especially oil and gas in this century as geo-economics spirit in the development process¡ the establishment of security and regional and international conflicts that role. One of the strategic areas and the areas of conflict and competition geo -energy geoeconomics in the twenty-first century¡ the Persian Gulf. Geopolitical and geostrategic theories of the Persian Gulf¡ the most international area of the world''s energy resources¡ space geo-economics important role players in the form of cooperation¡ competition and conflict provides op Geo – economics geo - energy conflict and competition in the twenty-first century¡ the Persian Gulf.

According to results of this research, the main geo-economical feature of Iran’s Trade relations with CIS during years (1380-1391) is the complete leading of Iran imports, the dominance of the Non-dynamic trend of the trade relations, the place falling of the most CIS in the field of Iran’s export and reciprocally their place enhancement in the field of Iran’s import. Indeed, despite the causal elucidation to the enhancing of the mutual trade relations due to economic-geographic realities, now according to spatial analysis of the Iran trade relations with CIS, current trend in the different parts of mutual trade relations does not have a suitable geo-economical and spatial balance. Even sometimes this trend is not in common with geographic realities and geo-economical complementary principle not poses in mutual trade relations. So, according to results of this research, the geo-economical balance of relations is quite opponent advantageous and apparently the Iranian geo-economical influence area in CIS is limited. Indeed, the contraction on the geographic area of Iranian economic power in CIS, and eventually the decline of its economic competitiveness power in the geo-economical equation of this region is a simple geo-economical explanation of these relations.

Geo-tourism as a development approach of geo-parks can play an important role in the development of geological heritage along with protection by appropriate planning and recognizing the facilities and limitations. One of the pillars of geo-tourism is Geo-parks that have attracted attention of geo-tourists. Geo-parks are legacy of human activities on the planet¡ and it seems ancient history and geological complexity of any country that has good potential for development of tourism industry and in line with the new strategy development¡ natural heritage¡ scientific and cultural of the area have considered seamlessly and¡ in fact¡ a kind of tourism compatible with the elements and phenomena of geology and geomorphology and geo-tourism that link sustainable development through education. In order to achieve this goal by using data obtained from a questionnaire survey was conducted to determine the dimensions SWOT technique. Sampling of the study is simple random sampling and statistical population has been consisted of experts in the tourism area. The findings of the SWOT model study showed that in Qeshm Geo-park the number of strength point is 15¡ weakness is 17¡ opportunity 8 and threat is 5 which according to prioritization factors such as S3¡ O1¡ W2¡ T4 have the highest score. The results of the final map of Qeshm Geo-parks capacity showed that the western regions and northeast part of the city has a very good situation in terms of geo-tourism. At the end of the study has been provided by suggestions for improvement of Qeshm Geo-park status.

Theoreticians of political economy and international political economy and international relations by referring to recent trend in international political economy consider the twenty first century as the century of geo-economics. It is because they believe that the most important global challenge in this century is competition for energy resources, particularly oil and natural gas. The problem of energy security would be the most important paradigm of political economy. Moreover, there is going to be a strong connection between the security of energy and militarism for protecting oil cargo, transit routes and commercial energy markets. The security of energy supply will be one of the important components of energy policy and competition for possessing energy sources and markets by using political, economic and military tools will become an important problem in international relations. In this context maintaining the security of energy for a country like China which has become the biggest consumer of energy is of great importance for China's energy and foreign policy. The present article tries to examine the connection between this aspect of China's energy and foreign policy and the geo-economic place of Iran.

Geostrategic Strait of Hormuz is the lifeline of energy to global Economy and any verbal and practical threat to blockade the Strait of implications for energy security conundrum will follow. Also the most present important dilemma facing energy producers and consumers¡ including the United States¡ are how to ensure future energy security of the Persian Gulf region. The main research question is to what extent the security of energy producing and consuming countries in the Strait of Hormuz depend on geoeconomics factors? What are the America''s geostrategic objectives in the Persian Gulf? This article hypothesizes that any Iranian threat to blockade the Strait of Hormuz¡ have a security¡ economic and political consequences for oilproducing countries in general and specifically in relation to the United States. On the one hand¡ the theoretical aim of promoting good understanding of the role of the Strait of Hormuz in the economy - international political and energy equations in the global market. On the other hand¡ the formulation and implementation of energy policy¡ the scope for enhancing the position of Iran in the region and the world knows it. Keywords: Persian Gulf¡ Geo-economics¡ the Strait of Hormuz¡ Energy Security¡ Geostrategic¡ Iran.

The importance of Ukraine as one of the most cosmopolitan countries in the world due to its «geopolitical»، «strategic» and «geo-economical» characteristics has made this country one of the most important topics in the competition between Russia and the USA in the international field. The USA and the West''s efforts to promote Western values ​​and the promotion of democracy in Ukraine، Ukraine''s membership in NATO and the European Union، are all indications of the effort to remove this country from Russia''s orbit. Therefore، since each of the two sides act in a different manner، no end to the current conflict between Russia and the West led by the USA can be envisioned and expected. In such circumstances، and in consideration of the recent developments، the question arises whether defensive realism can explain Russia''s foreign policy towards the crisis in Ukraine or not? It seems due to factors such as overall strength and power، geographical proximity، offensive power، and aggressive intentions، defensive realism is capable of clarifying and explaining Russia''s foreign policy in regards to the Ukraine crisis.

After the evolution of the Geo-strategic discourse to a geo-economic discourse in the last decades and the superior role of economy in the global arena، the following issues are settled in an upper level of status: energy geopolitics، energy corridors and energy security. The present article attempts to answer the following question: What has been the impact of the geo-economic position of the Caspian Sea and the energy pipelines on the interests and the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis of this article is that after the collapse of the bipolar system، due to its neighborhood with this important region in the energy heartland، the Islamic Republic of Iran is considered as the best، shortest and the most convenience way for energy transfer from this region to other parts of the world.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of a new world order، the nature of power changed from exclusively military to a combination of military، economic and political one; and consequently the new discourse of geo-economics emerged alongside the geo-politics. Since then، most countries have tried to maximize their relative power positions in the international system by emphasizing economic development and pursuit of national economic interest. In this regard، the role of energy as a determining factor in development became more significant than ever; and the Great Powers became more attracted to the energy rich-regions. The author tries to demonstrate the special and unique position of Caspian Sea basin as a geo-economic balancer in the world. Due to its vast gas and oils reserves، its location in the East-West corridor، and considering the security vulnerability of the Persian Gulf، the Caspian Sea plays a geo-economic balancer role in the world. In a case study of energy security of the U. S. and China، special attention is paid to the role of Caspian Sea region for Russia، China and the United States.

The BRICS has already appeared as the main challenging rival for the Western-dominated economic model and this trend will most likely continue in coming years. Obviously، energy security would be a top priority for this new emergence coalition، particularly China and India، while Russia and Brazil are the least dependent of energy import and South Africa sits in the middle. Global energy demand will increase، so non-hydrocarbons grow faster than hydrocarbons، however natural gas is the fastest-growing fossil fuels in the energy markets all over the world. As a result، energy relationships with other hydrocarbon-rich countries، notably main gas suppliers، outside the BRICS، seem vital. Iran، as the second hydrocarbons holder worldwide with its outstanding geo-economic geo-politics and geo-strategic position، is situated in the centre of the global ‘strategic energy ellipse’ and even becomes more significant. Therefore، energy relationship between Tehran and the BRICS could be influential on both side''s energy security in the future.

From the beginning of 21st century the geo-economic approach is used as a new approach for analysis of strategic and international problems and competition of big powers in strategic regions. This approach is formed from the combination of three elements, namely geography, power and economy and it examines the relations of geography, power and economy and the interaction of these three elements in acquisition of power. In this period the powerful countries instead of paying attention to mere geopolitics mainly turned to geo-economics and try to have a politico-economic look instead of politico-military look to sensitive regions of the world. In present century energy particularly oil and gas as the spirit of geo-economics plays important role in the process of development, determining security and creating regional and international tensions. One of the strategic and geo-economic regions which will be the scene of disputes and geo-energy competition in twenty first century is Persian Gulf. Persian Gulf from the viewpoint of geopolitical and geostrategic theories is an important international region and this region from the viewpoint of new theories (geo-economic, geostrategic and geo-energy) is one of the sensitive and effective region in international and regional equations.

Since long ago، competitions and rivalries have always been observed among major world powers as different actors. In this process، major powers have sought to extend their area of influence over the whole regions of the globe. These powers utilize all possible facilities and instruments to translate into reality their interests and purposes. Therefore، international diplomacy has been analyzed based on the competition index among major powers. One of the areas over which rivalries have been intense is the Central Asia and Caucasus، which witnessed a sort of power vacuum after collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Geo-political، geo-strategic، and geo-economic conditions of these areas have provoked major powers to bear vehement inclination for attendance and playing role therein. As two key actors in international system، China and the United States have made tremendous efforts to stabilize their influence over the Central Asian states in recent past. In the present article، areas of rivalry between the US and China in Central Asia will be under sharp focus.

Considering Iran's geo-political and geo-energy situation, American statesmen changed their usual strategy towards Iran into the new strategy of containment. Upon this, they conceived vital situation of Iran as an important part of their national security. In Iran's part, taking into account the international and regional situation, statesmen were developing the third force by getting involved the United States in the country's affairs. Iranian statesmen were concerning of their relations with the United States as main part of their thinking to overcome a chain of foreign and domestic crises which stemmed from geo-political and geo-energy situation of Iran. This was imagined as main way of keeping the country's independence.

The article focuses on China’s influence as a rising power in the Central Asia’s geo-economy. As the outcome of this presence, the region’s geo-economy has such changed that China became the most important player in the fields of commerce, investment and transit as well. The increasing influence of China in the Central Asia region, has not only changed the regional wealth and power equations, but transformed the traditional rivalry of the great powers into a new era as well. Influenced by the Chinese presence, the ultra regional powers have also been faced with a new type of regional equation. Early indications on the current status of the region show that China's strategic desire is going to expand the geo-economical sphere of influence into an area of geopolitical. In case of continuity and success in diversifying China’s areas of influence in Central Asia, it seems quite likely that the region’s economic and political order will substantively suffer innate changes

Political developments in The Middle east expanded in February 2011 and led to the fall of Ben Ali’s regime in Tunisia, Mobarak in Egypt and Ali Abdollah Salleh in Yemen. In this new conditions, cultural and identity symbols found more pivotal roles and places. Marginal players changed the power equation in the center, and Westphalian features of power and authority lost their functions. In this new international climate, Identity acts more importantly than that of classical age of positivism and rationalism. Therefore, some aspects of geo-cultural changes that formed in the regional fields, have caused struggle between different forces. In this climate, some factors such as geo - politics of resistance are to be mentioned. The process means an emergence of confrontation between resistance rooted in identity, and models based on attempts to save status quo politics. The present article is to study relation between normative of Iran’s revolution and geo-culture of resistance in peripheral context.

The Caucasus is one of the most important and strategic regions in the world, because of which many countries try to find a way into this region. The presence of Israel which is established as a result of the “Ben Goryun” doctrine can be easily felt in Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia. This region is very important to Israel in terms of geography, economy, history, culture and transit. Israel, along with the US, tries to secure its position in the region so that it can surround Russia. Iran can be easily put under pressure from this region and the Jews living here can be supported by Israel. By its presence in this region, Israel tries to end its security isolation in the traditional Middle East and eliminate any threat from Iran.

Because of its special geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economic characteristics, the Caucasus is one of the most troubled controversial areas in the world. Due to its rich oil and gas fields, important location in regional transit, favorable markets for the export of goods and its political importance, which owes to ethnic conflicts, political instability and lack of democracy, it has attracted regional and international powers. The most important regional and international players are Russia, the US, Iran, Turkey, Europe and Israel among which Russia and the US have more significant roles. Russia’s major goals are: using the countries located in this region as a buffer zone, providing easy access to the Middle East and Southern Asia, balancing international relations and securing economic interests. Russia tries to re-emerge as an international power and regain the position it lost after the breakup of the Soviet Union. What the US tries to achieve is providing access to the region for a predicted future, controlling other countries’ access to the region, influencing the region and leading the Central Asian countries to a supported independence which results in political stability and economic growth. The US also tries to control Islamism and isolate Iran. The European Union is mainly seeking economic interests in the region. Also, Europe diligently tries to help these countries to maintain their independence and promote democracy. In their relations with the Central Asian countries, the European countries try to secure Russia’s interest because they believe that after undergoing economic revival Russia can play a major role in Europe. Israel tries to secure its position in this region, especially in the Muslim countries, so that it can develop political, economic and cultural relations and improve its international and regional legitimacy, and undermine the role of religion in conflicts between Israel and the Arab countries, facilitate Jews immigration to Israel, limit fundamentalism and benefit from the economic, agricultural and industrial capacities of the region. Enhancing regional cooperation and removing security worries of the region are the major aims of Iran in its relations with the countries in the region. The main strategic factors include Iran and Central Asia’s future relations with Russia and the US. In fact, the establishment of a security belt in the northern borders of Iran, especially by international powers has posed territorial, economic and cultural threats to Iran.