جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « social crises » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

A decade has passed since the Arab Spring or Islamic Awakening (2011-2023) in West Asia, but this region is still facing social crises, and it can be acknowledged that crises are always one of the most serious challenges facing the governments of this region. This article with a descriptive-analytical method seeks to answer the question of why the crises of the Islamic world are still going on after a decade of Islamic awakening? The hypothesis of the article is that the unwillingness of governments to change the system of power has led to the spread of crises in the Islamic world since the formation of the Islamic awakening until now (in four countries). The general result of the article shows that what has caused social crises to be stable in the region for more than ten years is the lack of transformative changes in the relations between the government and the society. Social problems that have led to widespread crises in the region still exist in most countries besides, governments do not want to share their power with the people, and this course of developments has provided calls for social crises in this region. The method of data collection was library, using specialized magazines and reliable internet sources.

Human societies have always suffered from social crises, and because of this, they have sought to find strategies to resolve them. Given the infallibility of the Prophet, the Messenger of Allah, and his communication with the sources of revelation, the Prophet’s management in times of social crises is also the best model for humanity to follow. Drawing upon descriptive-analytic method as well as a research based on library documents, this article has studied the managerial measures of the Prophet in existing crises in three stages: before the crisis, during the crisis, and after the crisis. Cases as the formulation and centrality of law, explanation and clarification of social crisis are taken as measures before crisis in the Prophet’s lifestyle. To build social solidarity, to seek help from God, to attract political and social supports, to raise awareness and enhance insight are all the managerial measures taken during crisis in the Prophet’s lifestyle to overcome social crisis. Delimiting beliefs, getting into forceful confrontation with opposition forces, and improving the living condition of society have been introduced as measures after crisis, each of which plays a significant role in managing social crises.

If a country loses threats that are facing them, it will not be able to create national unity within the country. In this context, Huntington pointed out that the United States had gradually lost its structural legitimacy in the years after the Cold War, resulting in the emergence of challenging identities within the U.S. and therefore, the U.S. is in critical condition. Indeed, formed assessments indicate that the United States is in a state of "weak state" status. in this paper we will try to answer the question about the main causes and marks of the decline of America in the international system. After analyzing the structural implications of the emergence of a weak government in the United States, we believe that regional and international indications are the emergence of a weak state and the spread of social challenges in the US. It will also lead to the development of social challenges, the emergence of critical identity, increasing community expectations, another reproduction of international policy and increasing American debt in the international economy as a major factor in the decline of the U.S. economy. The theoretical framework of this paper is based on the displacement of geopolitical power and the theoretical framework of this paper is based on the displacement of geopolitical power and the method of research has a descriptive and analytical approach and the method of data collection is based on the library and reliable internet resources.

There is a consensus among most development and modernization theorists about the specific consequences of economic growth and development programs. The concept of ‘crisis of development’ has been incorporated into the works of a score of contemporary theorists. Huntington argues that if the trends of modernization and economic growth are tied to the ‘shock therapy policy’, specific effects and consequences would be detected. Iran’s socio-economic development process shows that the unbalanced growth and development have led to the occurrence of social, political and security crises. The author attempts to examine the causes and consequences of Iran’s social crises and security challenges during the past three decades. One underlying assumption of this study is that government’s economic policymaking has a great impact on the processes of economic growth, inflation, the rise in expectations, income and social inequality. Furthermore, many social and political crises in general stem from the socio-economic policies of the  state. The 1992-2019 social crises in Iran cannot be assumed to be solely related to the role of the international media or the actions of disenchanted social groups. Government structure has played a significant role in socio-economic policy-making which has in turn triggered Iran's political and social crises over the past three decades. Consequently, if the country's leaders were determined to fight social threats and crises, they should pay closer attention to the shortcomings of the nature of government structure which has been impeding economic growth and political modernization plans in Iran. The two research questions posed by the author in this case study of Iran are: 1- What is the relationship between government structure, the process of economic development, and the crises in the 1992-2019 time period  in Iran? 2- To what extent is the occurrence of socio-economic and security crises related to the growth-oriented nature of economic policy-making, and the lack of effective political and economic institutions which are able to balance conflicting policy outcomes and prevent the escalation of certain crises. The research hypothesis claims that the nature of the country’s political structure and economic development policies of the government are related to the occurrence of Iran’s socio-economic crises. The independent variable is socio-economic and political characteristics of a state (i.e., being a rentier state, politically underdeveloped, and socially flawed due to the bureaucratic structure and civil society’s weakness in relation to the dominant elites), and the dependent variable is the occurrence of social and economic crises. If a country acquires characters of a state which is dependent on substantial external rent from the exports of natural resources such as oil, and its political system is regarded as an authoritarian type, then it is more likely to be crisis-prone. Since the central government is the chief social and economic policymaking institution in Iran, its role in forward-looking economic planning and social restructuring is important. However,  similar to other oil-rich states in the region, the government has a rentier nature which has led to the creation of a ‘limited access structure’. It is also true that a rentier state basically needs to employ the mechanisms of authoritarian actions. Authoritarianism in any developmental state is a function of a score of factors such as its cultural attributes, types of economic and political systems, its sources of power, and its relative status in the international system. Using the theory of historical institutionalism, and the method of qualitative content analysis, the author evaluates Iran's economic development programs and explores the research findings of the relevant studies of economic policy in order to explain the consequences of Iran's economic policies. It can be argued that the causes of the occurrence of social crises in the country must be searched among external factors such as sanctions and the nature of the international economic system, but the results show that the ‘Limited Access Order’ has influenced Iran's socio-economic policies, and in turn the rise of its crises over the past decades. During 1992-2019, signs of challenging social and economic crises were observed in Iran; and the root causes of these crises can be found in the rentier state and limited access order. A considerable part of Iran’s economic and social policies has been influenced by the “limited access structure”, in which public policies are formulated and executed in such a way that profits are reaped by the governing elites and dominant oligarchy. Many of the social and economic crises of Iran from 1992 to 2019 were the consequences of the growth-driven and shock-centered economic policymaking, and insufficient attention paid to the need to reform the  limited access structure, which has been an obstacle to achieve the goals of balanced development. The manners in which the principal political institutions attempted to regulate a variety of economic and social policies such as the petrol price hike and the passage of the 2019 Budget Act show the inadequate and ineffective supervision of the three branches of the government on the country’s economic policymaking in many areas such as income redistribution and poverty-reduction programs. Therefore, if the country’s policymakers were determined to control the sources of destabilizing threats and prevent the occurrence of social crises, they should overcome the weaknesses in the implementation of economic growth and political modernization programs on the basis of the past experiences of Iran.

In recent years, as modern communication media has developed, human societies have faced social phenomena in the context of their social communications, which have become a source of information in the field of communication. One of the consequences of this kind of information is to provide mass movements and create social crises. These networks create or exacerbate social crises by using their ability to exchange information and actions, such as the transfer of specific subjects and gossip to the public while guiding public opinion. Therefore, this research aims to explain the role of informing mobile-based social networks in social crises.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and nature, and is a survey in terms of its implementation method.

The results of the study show that "the speed of information transmission by the perturbing agents" has a 40.4 average of the most important role in the communication of mobile-based social networks in the creation of social crises.