جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « soft power » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

Cultural influence serves as one of the tools of soft power in the realm of foreign policy, allowing countries to not only strengthen their cultural impact but also achieve their foreign policy objectives. In this context, the United States has endeavored to utilize this aspect of power for its national interests and goals. Therefore, this article aims to address the question: What have been the strategies of cultural influence in U.S. foreign policy? The findings indicate that the strategies of cultural influence in U.S. foreign policy are part of the country's efforts to achieve its geopolitical and economic objectives on a global scale. Educational programs and projects aimed at developing young leaders in various regions of the world, especially in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, have been used as tools for cultural influence and the dissemination of American values and interests.

International power is considered one of the essential and fundamental components in international politics. In the classical view, power has been analyzed primarily from a hard power perspective. Consequently, governments, politicians, and policymakers have been encouraged to understand and utilize hard power. However, with the examination of soft power and related concepts such as soft overthrow, soft warfare, and soft security, these ideas quickly gained significant attention in the political discourse of various countries, including the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study, employing a descriptive-analytical approach and using library and online resources, seeks to answer the question: What is the analysis of the Islamic Republic of Iran's soft power and its impact on national security? The findings indicate that the most important components of Iran's security in the realm of soft power stem from the dominant values of society, the values of the Islamic Revolution, and soft power in higher-level documents, all of which have a direct relationship with ensuring national security.

Cultural influence serves as one of the tools of soft power in the realm of foreign policy, allowing countries to not only strengthen their cultural impact but also achieve their foreign policy objectives. In this context, the United States has endeavored to utilize this aspect of power for its national interests and goals. Therefore, this article aims to address the question: What have been the strategies of cultural influence in U.S. foreign policy? The findings indicate that the strategies of cultural influence in U.S. foreign policy are part of the country's efforts to achieve its geopolitical and economic objectives on a global scale. Educational programs and projects aimed at developing young leaders in various regions of the world, especially in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, have been used as tools for cultural influence and the dissemination of American values and interests.

Since the rise of the United States as the world's superpower, there has always been talk of its impending hegemonic decline. The occurrence of non-traditional security threats, especially after September 11, along with the deep problems existing in the American society, has put doubt on the continuation of its hegemony. More importantly, the rapid economic growth of China and other emerging powers has also indicated the decline of American power. In this regard, from the point of view of the Supreme Leader, America, which has a long history of interfering in the internal affairs of various countries, mainly under the name of establishing democracy, today its power, influence and legitimacy in the world are declining. The current study intends to address the following basic question: What are the causal conditions that have caused the decline of America from the perspective of the Supreme Leader? The findings and results of the research show the fact that in the thought of the Supreme Leader, a value conflict in the field of American political and cultural opinion and practice has intensified the decline of hard power, soft and intelligent power in various fields. This research tries to examine the viewpoints of the Supreme Leader in this regard by using analytical-explanatory method and library study method.

Examining China's Soft Power in Central Asia with an Emphasis on the Role of the Media: Challenges Ahead is the subject of this article. To this end, using Joseph Nye's theory of soft power, and descriptively, it was found that the existing literature on China's soft power is largely related to its success or failure, while less to the use of social media to promote culture and The challenges ahead are mentioned. China has used soft power (with an emphasis on strategic social media tools) to create a secure and peaceful environment in the region and meet its vast and growing energy needs in the national interest and to present a favorable image of itself among the Central Asian countries. To provide. To achieve this, China has used a variety of tools to activate its soft power, including movies, TV series, newspapers, news agencies, and virtual media such as WhatsApp and Twitter, etc., which are mainly used as tools for defense purposes, including emphasis. Peace, stability and a positive image of China are considered. Despite the promotion of Chinese culture and interest in it, the unpopularity of Chinese culture and the complexity of the Mandarin language are challenges to China's soft power in the region.

Revolutions have always been in danger of "restoration". This issue has also been raised about the Iranian revolution. From the very beginning days of the victory of the revolution, the monarchists had created an organization abroad with the desire to return the monarchy and started their conspiracies and crimes against the Iranian nation and the Islamic revolution. The royalists and their supporters, with the help of Western governments and some of their politicians, with the tactics of media diplomacy, and to overcome the discourse of the revolution, through the launch of dozens of sites and satellite networks and the cooperation of television channels, such as ManoTo, tried to revive the monarchy project.  But the project of restoring the Sultanate has not only been unsuccessful so far, but sociological evidence (such as the hashtag "you are my lawyer") has also shown that it will not be successful in the future either. In this regard, this research will address the main question of why the media diplomacy tactic has failed in the West's soft war against the Islamic Republic.

The theoretical framework of the article is based on the investigation of the evolution in political culture. Political culture has been defined as follows: patterns of orientation towards political issues, such as parties, courts, the constitution and the history of the state. Orientation means having talent and readiness for political action, which factors such as tradition, historical memories, motivations, norms, feelings, emotions and symbols determine these actions. Orientations can be divided into different types: cognitive orientations, which consist of knowledge and awareness of political issues; emotional orientations, that is, emotions and feelings about political issues; and value orientations, meaning judgments about political issues.The research on political culture evaluates four criteria: (1) How much does a person know about the nation, the political system in its general sense, history, size and position, power, the characteristics of the constitution and things like these? What are the characteristics ofhis emotions? What are his more or less noticed beliefs and judgments about them? (2) What knowledge does he have about the constructions and roles of different political elites and the proposed political policies that exist in the emerging policy-making process? What are his feelings and beliefs about these constructions, leaders and proposed political policies? (3) What knowledge does it have about the downstream flow of policy implementation, structures, people, and decisions involved in these processes? What are his feelings and beliefs about them? (4) How does he identify himself as a member of the political system? What does it know about the rights, powers, obligations and strategies related to access to the point of influence?Discuss:Iran's political culture before the revolution was authoritarian, which was rooted in the patrimonial power structure. The Islamic revolution caused a change in the political culture. The most important factors that caused the transformation in Iran's political culture after the revolution are: the change in the power structure from the monarchy to the republic; the number of elected positions (representatives of parliament, leadership experts, presidency, city council, and the like); Holding multiple elections (once a year on average); the growth of civil parties and institutions; The formation of the public sphere that has enabled dialogue between citizens and elites (especially with the emergence of social networks that have provided a good technological tool for criticism and dialogue). Therefore, with the change in the political culture of Iranian society, the possibility of returning and restoring the monarchy has been lost forever. Therefore, the media actions of royalists for the project of reviving the monarchy could not be successful in principle due to the change of social contexts. Therefore, actions such as media campaigns; Campaign no to mandatory hijab; And the I advocate hashtag basically failed. The media war to overcome the discourse of the Islamic revolution could not be successful, because the political culture of the society was no longer receptive to the monarchy.

Political culture determines the emotional-cognitive basis of how citizens relate to the government. The authoritarian culture of the Pahlavi era, which was the legacy of long centuries of oppressive monarchies in Iran, had created a vertical and authoritarian power structure that did not allow the society to act and participate in politics. This construction of power followed politics in a closed circle and basically promoted a limited political culture. The Islamic revolution changed the political culture of Iran. With the transformation in the political culture, the possibility of reviving the monarchy was lost forever. For this reason, the project of reviving the monarchy, which was followed by the tactic of media diplomacy, could not be successful, because basically the social platforms are no longer receptive to the monarchy and the construction of authoritarian power.

There have been extensive studies on the sources of soft power and the indicators and criteria for measuring these sources, but a fundamental questions surrounding the concept of soft power is the problem of the processes of converting "potential soft power" into "actual soft power", which has not been independently researched. The answers to the questions can fill the holes that exist in the process of the formation of soft power resources until the application of these resources. For the actual application of soft power in a country, it is necessary to integrate the mentioned resource and politics. Explaining the process by which some resources become the soft power of a country is a fundamental challenge. In order to present a clear view of this process by using the method of case studies, the question of the current study is set as follows: how ideology in Iran as a content for the three sources of soft power is integrated with politics and subsequently becomes the actual source of soft power. In the process of integration of ideology and politics, despite numerous political elements, the most important political element is the constitution. Iran's Constitution redefines ideology in the context of politics. Ideology plays a role in the form of three sources of soft power and a source of imposing will on another.Based on this, Iran's Constitution is considered the most important political element in the process of convergence and integration of ideology with politics and turning it into "actual soft power

The jurisprudential and political thought Imam Khomeini (RAH), is considered the basis for the formation of the Islamic system and its continuation. The progressive principle of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, which is actually the center of inspiration for the soft power of the Islamic Revolution; In its Islamic ideology, the promotion of the presence of spirituality in society and politics is hidden, which was discovered, emerged and manifested in the Iranian revolution by Imam Khomeini (RAH) became the basis for the establishment of the Islamic system. The purpose of this research is to re-examine the thought of Imam (RAH) based on the theory of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, and the main question is that, what are the inspiring models resulting from this thought of Imam Khomeini (RAH) as a source of inspiration for the soft power of the revolution?.The current research is analytical-descriptive and the data collection tool is in the form of documents.According to the findings and results, the idea of the Islamic government (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist), the authority of the discussion of values and beliefs, the revival of religious identity, designing and expanding the discourse of Islamic awakening, creating a fight against the arrogance of the East and the West, creating Islamic unity and solidarity, expanding the discourse of Islamic resistance, designing the discourse of the Islamic revolution at the global level, and defending the cause of the oppressed in the world are the dimensions and models of the Islamic Revolution.

The most important duty of theological science is to protect the religious foundations of the society. This duty is sometimes done by arguing the truth of religion, sometimes by answering doubts and, if necessary, by explaining how doubts are created and the method of doubters in the transformation of religion. The psychological operation of subversives is a mysterious and calculating movement, along with detailed planning for the use of various methods, tools and facilities, which is done to change and destroy beliefs, and turn Islamic customs and traditions against it. to lead to the destruction of the religious and moral principles governing the society, For this reason, the current research has been conducted with the aim of explaining the main components of the subversives' psychological operations in the transformation of the Islamic system and the soft power to deal with it from the perspective of the Supreme Leader. The current research is developmental-applied and according to the need, the documentary-analytical method has also been used. The documents of the Supreme Leader's speech as the research community and other sources related to the research objectives have been used as research samples. Findings The subversives' psychological operations are carried out with the aim of transforming the Islamic system, and exploiting soft war is their subversive strategy. Weakening and distorting religious beliefs and its foundations is the priority of subversives for the transformation of the system.The Islamic society is able to make their efforts fruitless by strengthening soft power, offensive or defensive.

The best reason for the creation of the European Union can be found in the writings of French Jean Monnet, who is called the father of the European Union. He believed that sharing natural resources among European countries and creating a new power (European Commission) could lay the first foundations of the European Federation to maintain peace in this continent. The cornerstone of European unity was the European Community, the process of its formation goes back to the announcement of Robert Schuman, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, in the joint plan for coal and steel, which Jean Monnet was the creator and designer of, and Schuman, as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, accepted the responsibility for its design. Five years after World War II in 1950, France offered full participation in all French and German coal and steel production. Three decades after the Treaty of Rome, the European Union took an important step in including human rights in its foreign policy, and this matter entered into the implementation stage with the signing of the Treaty of European Union in November 1993. This treaty considers the development and consolidation of democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms as one of the objectives of the common foreign and security policy; Therefore, it seems that human rights play an important role in both the foreign and domestic policies of the European Union. Also, since the early 1990s, the European Union has included human rights clauses in its cooperation and bilateral trade agreements with third countries and partnership agreements. Based on the model approved by the Council of Ministers in May 1995, the observance of human rights and democratic principles is the focus of the internal and external policies of the parties to the contract and the essential part of any agreement with third countries. In addition, according to the Treaty of Amsterdam, which entered into force on May 1, 1997, EU member states have established a mechanism to sanction countries that commit serious and persistent violations of human rights. The Treaty of Nice, which was concluded in December 2000, further strengthened this mechanism. The issue of human rights has always been one of the most important influencing variables in the foreign policy of the European Union in different regions and towards different actors. What effect has the variable of human rights had on the relations between the European Union and the Middle East? forms the subject of this research; Therefore, the main question of this research is what is the position of human rights in the foreign policy of the European Union towards the countries of the Middle East? The findings of this article show that, contrary to what is stated, human rights are used as a completely political tool in order to expand the soft power of the European Union. In other words, the issue of human rights for the European Union is more than a normative issue, it is a tool to achieve political goals and increase soft power. This article tries to investigate this issue with an analytical approach. The European Union places great emphasis on human rights in its foreign relations, including the Middle East policy. The European Union is committed to promoting and protecting human rights, democracy and the rule of law around the world. This commitment is reflected in various policies, including promoting the rights of women, children, minorities, and refugees, opposing the death penalty, torture, human trafficking, and discrimination, and defending civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. The European Union has adopted a strategic framework for human rights and democracy, which outlines the principles, goals and priorities for improving the effectiveness and consistency of its human rights policies. In addition, the European Union is preparing to sign the European Convention on Human Rights, which emphasizes its commitment to human rights. However, it is important to note that in practice, EU policies and actions have been criticized for falling short in some areas such as immigration and the government's response to racism and violence. The position of human rights in the European Union's Middle East policy is discussed with a liberal approach and is used as a tool to expand soft power in the framework of public diplomacy of this Union. Human rights can be seen as a tool of EU soft power, which is a diplomatic strategy that aims to achieve desirable results by attracting foreign governments to come closer to EU values. The Union has a comprehensive toolkit that allows it to implement and promote human rights and fundamental freedoms. Among these things, the following can be mentioned:Cultural diplomacy: Exchange of ideas through music, film or art can be used to promote human rights and EU values. Economic cooperation: cooperation in the economic field is a very good tool to use the soft power of the European Union; Because it can help as a precondition for expanding economic cooperation and creating common interests and values ​​between partner countries. Eastern Partnership Program: This program aims to transition to democratic governance in countries such as Moldova, Georgia, and Armenia, and has had successful results in promoting human rights and democratic values ​​in the region. However, the use of human rights tools and instruments can raise criticisms such as accusations of neo-colonialism or encroachment on national sovereignty. Despite these challenges, the European Union continues to use human rights as a tool for soft power and strives to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in different regions of the world.

Biden organized America's Middle East policy based on "geopolitical balance". Any kind of balance can leave its impact in the regional and strategic space. The "offshore balance" strategy has been a part of America's balance and soft power mechanisms in the regional security space of the Middle East and Southwest Asia. Geopolitical balance has its roots in the strategic policy-making and national security of the United States in the third decade of the 21st century. Geopolitical balance policymaking has signs of cooperation and coalition of actors and regional countries. The main question of the article is "What are the characteristics of Biden's strategic politics in the Middle East and what effect does this have on regional security and Iran?" The hypothesis of the article states that "Biden's strategic politics will be formed based on a soft balance and based on Iran's cooperative action with regional actors, coalitionism, multilateralism, diplomatic action and constructive action." The "soft balance of the regional environment" approach has been used in the preparation of the article. Such an approach has been presented by "Susan Nasel" in explaining the needs of foreign policy and national security of the United States. Based on such a perception, any cooperative action of great powers provides the basis for the formation of balanced and constructive regional cooperation. Data analysis and content analysis methods are used to explain the article.

International relation's arena is extremely effected of cultural and identity ingredients. So gain an aspect and international prestige, penetrate in public opinion and access to soft power are the important and at the same time unspecified goals is the diplomacy of countries. China's emerging power is trying to export its cultural industries and penetrate as deeply as possible in the MiddleEast in order to strengthen its soft power.The importance of this Chinese strategy can be seen in the cooperation document with Iran.At the same time, the identity and cultural opportunities contained in this agreement have the potential to expand Iran's soft power in the international system.Therefore, the purpose of this study is with descriptive-explanatory method and using library texts and available data to answer the main question, how does China's cultural exports to the Middle East and the cultural opportunities of the Iran-China Cooperation Agreement highlight the role of soft power in international relations?This hypothesis is raised in response to this question: China's investment in the distribution of identity products in the Middle East and the cultural opportunities resulting from the 25-year cooperation agreement for Iran, express the need for governments to pay attention to the concept of soft power.

Media diplomacy is one of the effective means of soft power in establishing stable and purposeful communications and interactions with other nations and in exerting influence on public opinion. Regarding the transnational objectives of the Islamic Revolution as stipulated in the Constitution and as found in the thought of the Grand Leaders (Imams) of the Revolution, media diplomacy, as far as its positive dimension is concerned, can play an important role in explaining Islamic values and delivering the message of the Revolution through persuasive discourse and image management among foreign audiences, especially among the Islamic societies. As far as the negative dimension is concerned, in the face of the news invasion, smearing and negative propaganda levelled by the enemies against Islam, the Revolution and Iran, it can raise awareness and enlightenment by taking an active strategy in the field of network and discourse analyses. Also, it can exert crucial influence over the positive perception of the people of other countries as to the identity and position of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In answering the main question, “With emphasis on the views of the Supreme Leader, what are the dimensions and areas of media diplomacy?” this article seeks to examine this assumption that the position of Supreme Leader, as one of the main motives within the theoretical framework of the movement model, is of a crucial role in providing insightful, valuable and factual solutions for the expansion of soft power and soft war management in the fields of thinking, creating new trends, networking, and modeling.

The Syrian internal crisis started in 2011, but with the intervention of regional andextra-regional actors, it turned into one of the most complex international crises.Russia and the United States are extra-regional players and Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia are regional players in this crisis who tried to succeed in maintaining or overthrowing Basharal-Assad's regime by using soft and hard powerThe confrontation between Russia and Turkey in the Syrian crisis and the superiority of Russia's position in maintaining the regimeof Bashar al-Assad is the aim of this research, so in this article, an attempt will be made to strategically and intelligently combine the soft and hard power(smart power) of Russia against Turkey, focusing on the Syrian crisis.be paid The main question is, how has Russia used smart power against Turkey's intervention in the Syrian crisis (2011-2023)?In order to examine the issue in the framework of the intelligent power point of view, from Joseph Nye's pointof view, Russia's soft power in the dimensions of culture, value and foreign policy and hard power in the military andeconomic dimensions have been discussed.The findings of this research show that in the Syrian field,Russia's smart power has been used with more emphasis on soft power to restrain Turkey, and the most important achievement of Russia from the use of smartpower, without serious military involvement withTurkeyis to preserve Basharal-Assad's regimeand prevent action. Turkey's extensive military action against Syriahas beento take the initiativeof peace talks and gain strategic advantage by signing military and economic contracts. ​

BRICS positions itself as a form of international union that includes Russia, India, Brazil, China and the Republic of South Africa. It acknowledges cultural diversity and authenticity of countries that are members of the union. Another characteristic feature of BRICS is that it brought together countries that are very different from each other and are located at the opposite sides of the world, have versatile cultural foundations, languages, religion and philosophy and even political Styles of government. IN most articles written about BRICS, less attention is paid to cultural issues .IN this research, an attempt is made to analyze the diversity of the BRICS countries and the barriers to cultural exchanges between them using the analytical method and using various of data. The question of this article is: What capabilities and capacities of the BRICS organization with emphasis on soft power and cultural pluralism; They have the direction of cultural exchange. The hypothesis of this research, which is tried to be proved by analytical and explanatory method, is: BRICS member countries with emphasis on cultural diversity and pluralism and having cultural and civilizational capacities and capabilities such as tourism, museum, film. , the types of arts and the formation of different assemblies from academicians' assembly and civic associations by promoting mutual understanding, creating networks, promoting relations and strengthening soft power and cultural exchanges have caused more productive partnerships

Artificial intelligence is rapidly changing the world of politics and its concepts. One of these concepts is soft power. The main question of the article is, what effect has AI had on the soft power of states and their resources? The hypothesis of the research is that AI has increased the possibility of using soft power resources and has also made soft power tools more efficient and widespread. The gathered data by using the library method was evaluated with an analytical-explanatory method. The findings showed that AI, in addition to influencing the three sources of culture, political values and foreign policy, which is emphasized by Joseph Nye, has led to the improvement of the external image of states. Also, this technology has helped the states to change the attitudes and preferences of the people of other countries by using new methods and tools more easily. In addition, AI has provided the opportunities for states to create different types of textual, visual and audio contents in the shortest possible time, in different languages, with the highest quality.

At the beginning of the formation of cyberspace, some theorists believed that the development of cyberspace and the establishment of economic, political and cultural interactions at the global level would be accompanied by definitions such as demarcation, land demarcation, demilitarization and de-governance, but it is now widely accepted. Cyberspace is not a law-free area where anyone can engage in any hostile activity by engaging in unregulated behavior without regard to internationally accepted rules, regulations and rules. The main issue of this study is whether the current principles and rules of international law, with determination and transparency, prevent cyber-hostile acts that violate the sovereignty of countries on cyber territory, and these reliable principles and rules in protecting the sovereignty of countries. Are they on national cyber territory? This paper concludes by reviewing the documents, principles and rules of international law related to national cyber sovereignty, which has been done using the qualitative content analysis method and the software tool of Mexico City, the principles and rules of current international law of the necessary efficiency and ability to protect Countries do not have national cyber sovereignty, and generally acts of violation of national cyber sovereignty of moderate and low severity (including: use of force, unauthorized intervention, etc.) are not prosecuted. Therefore, these rules and principles do not have the necessary deterrent against destructive actions and violations of national cyber sovereignty.

The current research aims to examine the role of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps in the Iran, in the form of intelligent leadership, to determine the position of the Revolutionary Guards Corps to deal with the threats of hard power (military, economic) and threats of soft power (political, socio-cultural) that are Enemies have been imposed. The main question of the research is how sepah has strengthened the authority in the form of intelligent leadership (soft power and hard power)? In order to answer this question, the hypothesis has been proposed that the IRGC has strengthened the authority of the of Iran in fulfilling the main slogans of the revolution in various economic, social, political and military dimensions with the all-round growth of the country's potentials. The method of data collection is documentary and interpretive, and books, articles, and reference sites were used, and we used a comparative strategy. The method of data analysis is based on descriptive-explanatory. The research findings indicate that there is a direct relationship between the threats in Iran. Therefore, the wider the range of threats, the IRGC has strengthened and consolidated the authority of the Iran system with its intelligent leadership in dealing with these threats. In terms of equalizing the power of hard and soft leadership, in the military sector, the IRGC consolidates the authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran more than in other cases; After that, it has strengthened the economic, political and socio-cultural sectors respectively.

Artificial intelligence is one of the new sciences that has been around for a century. Its nature and function, as an aspect of the soft power tool in the modern world, has an undeniable impact on most areas of human life, and as an interdisciplinary matter, it is of special importance in society, economy and the public sector and it has created new opportunities. In this article, the capacities and capabilities of artificial intelligence are explained with a descriptive-analytical method, and along with the operational knowledge of this concept, the specific capabilities and use of artificial intelligence programs in public policy are considered. Because just as the modern government was able to become more effective and efficient in the context of the ability to collect information, in the context of artificial intelligence and its capabilities, it will probably be able to apply better and more efficient governance in the future. On the other hand regardless of the sectors in which artificial intelligence is used, its consequences can affect different levels of the public sphere, including positive consequences and challenges, which is considered in this article.

Soft power, which is a new kind of power that makes other states attractive and uses influential categories such as culture, values and foreign policy to create rapturous cooperation for governments without conflicts and hostile behaviors, has long been of interest to different countries around the world. Regarding the differences between the border rivers between Iran and Afghanistan that have faced threats and restrictions from the Afghan government to Iran's historical rights, and it is anticipated that based on the reliance on hard power, tensions between the two governments will escalate to the brink of war and conflict, it is possible that by using soft power, the Afghan government will be eager to recognize Iran's share of the Hirmand rivers. Harirud Culturally, it seems that the reliance and prominence of a common Persian culture includes Persian language and literature, a variety of arts, especially poetry and music, and relying on common values such as Islamic and ideological values, preserving the dignity of the neighbor, Xenophobia, especially anti-Americanism, and a non-profit, respectful and reliable foreign policy, can be the most attractive to the eastern neighbor. Also, in the case of economic assistance, the possibility of communication with international open waters and other affairs needed by the government and people of Afghanistan, through a peaceful and appropriate diplomacy, provided the water share and rights of the Iranian people in regard to the border waters.