جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « voting behavior » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

After the United States and its allies' attack on Afghanistan, the Republic government replaced the Islamic Emirate of the Taliban. One of the gifts of the Democratic Republic to Afghanistan was holding elections with the presence of eligible women and men as voters and election candidates. Based on this, the fourth presidential election in Afghanistan in 2019 was held amidst the confrontation between the central government and the Taliban in peace talks in Doha and war in various parts of the country. Approximately ten million eligible voters had registered to vote. The elections, which had been delayed for several months, were finally held in September 2019. The low voter turnout quickly made headlines. Only about two million six hundred thousand people, or just twenty percent of eligible voters, had turned up to the polls. This lack of enthusiasm signaled a major shift in Afghanistan's political situation. Given that elections are one of the most important symbols of democracy, the behavior of Afghan voters sounded an important alarm for the central government and, consequently, the survival of democracy. An alarm that no one paid attention to, and less than two years later, its result was evident with the fall of the republic and the return of the Taliban.
In this regard, the research question has been raised as to how the grounds for the collapse of the republican system in Afghanistan were formed in the behavior of voters in the 2019 presidential elections? The research method is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach. The data has been collected from library and internet sources. The theoretical basis of this research is also based on the views and opinions of Robert Dahl, Inglehart, and Pippa Nouris in the field of voting behavior.
Robert Dahl's theory, based on the principle of cost-benefit calculation, denies the approach of sociability and emphasizes the importance of rational choice. Overall, this approach seeks to demonstrate a direct relationship between citizens' inclination to vote and their benefit from participating in elections.
Inglehart's theory focuses on changing the values of generations. He believes that over time and with changes in the international climate, the desires and thoughts of generations change. These changes are reflected in the social and political behavior of individuals.
Finally, this research has sought the help of the Pippa Nouris views, which has proposed a model for examining political participation and, consequently, voting behavior, which is one of the most comprehensive theoretical models in the field of elections to date. The popularity and acceptance of this model is due to the use of three groups of macro, meso, and micro theories. With such characteristics, it is possible to examine the voting behavior of citizens at different levels.
The research findings indicate that a set of factors has influenced the voting behavior of the people of Afghanistan. These factors not only illustrate the people's disillusionment with the 2019 elections but also reflect a general sense of hopelessness and distance from the republican system among the people. This hopelessness ultimately led to the fall of the republic to the Taliban less than two years later.
 
These factors and backgrounds included the following:First, "political and economic inequalities and imbalances" resulting from the monopolization of power by the Pashtun ethnic group.
Second, "undermining the religious identity of the people" resulting from the Western democratic system's governance, which incited bias and religious sentiment among the people of Afghanistan, ultimately paving the way for the acceptance of the Taliban.
The third factor was the "negative effects of the engineering of the 2014 presidential elections." The engineering of these elections dealt a heavy blow to the framework of democracy imposed on Afghanistan, the consequences and effects of which were evident five years later with the people's lack of enthusiasm for the fourth presidential elections.
In the lead-up to the 2019 elections in Afghanistan, the legitimacy and acceptance of the republican system had reached its lowest point.
Fourth, "the failure to achieve peace and national tranquility" after the US invasion of Afghanistan, which, with the continuation of military confrontation between the US and the Taliban, was never realized, and the security of Afghanistan was severely undermined.
Fifth, "Deepening ethnic divides" as a result of the Pashtun-centric policies of Afghan presidents (Hamid Karzai and Ashraf Ghani) intensified ethnic nationalism and division, impacting societal cohesion and unity. In reality, on the brink of the 2019 elections, democracy in Afghanistan brought about systematic and modern ethnic biases, fostering increased division and significantly diminishing political participation.
Sixth, "Multiplicity and weakness of parties." The emerging parties in Afghanistan were predominantly ethnocentric and focused on individual interests. In the 2019 elections, rather than uniting society to find the best presidential option, parties engaged in political maneuvering, leading to division along ethnic and religious lines.
Seventh, "Exclusion of women from political participation." Despite efforts during the republican system to uphold women's rights, an anti-women culture hindered active female engagement. Women's involvement in political and social spheres was notably low on the eve of the 2019 presidential elections.
Eighth, "Emergence of a new generation." Educated and well-informed, the new generation perceived the current Afghan government as ineffective and untrustworthy, prompting a boycott of electoral participation.

The lack of enthusiasm for the 2019 fourth presidential elections in Afghanistan served as an initial indication, signaling reduced legitimacy and acceptance of the republican system amongst Afghan citizens.
In this regard, the actions of the central government, opposition groups to the republican system, and the interventions of foreign countries were three crucial elements contributing to the diminishing desire for political participation among the Afghan people. Over the past two decades, the central government, through the monopolization of power within a specific ethnic group and the marginalization of other ethnicities, fostered a cold war scenario among various groups, political parties, and ethnic factions both against the central government and the favored ethnic group. Concurrently, the Taliban and ISIS, serving as the primary opposition forces to the central government, gained significant influence and power in Afghanistan.
The shift from military confrontation to soft negotiations with the Taliban, coupled with the government's unaccountable concessions to this group, further demoralized the populace regarding the republic and democracy. This led to political and social distrust towards the democratic system. By the time of the 2019 elections, democracy lacked a solid track record among the citizens. The voting behavior showcased that the downfall of democracy or the republican system in 2021 was not unforeseen. Issues like poverty, corruption, insecurity, and inequality had peaked prior to the 2019 elections. These problems exacerbated post-elections, resulting in the central government losing its primary asset - public trust.
 
The election results and the voting tendencies of the Afghan people underscored that democracy cannot be imposed without substantial foundations in place. There was a disenchantment with Western democracy, with the populace anticipating a new political structure following the elections and the Doha peace accord. However, less than two years after the elections, Afghanistan found itself back under the same autocratic Taliban rule from a quarter of a century ago.

The instability of voting behavior due to influencing the election process and results for political parties and groups and in the form of political participation in the country's macro-politics is an important issue that is influenced by various elements; Due to the position of culture in directing the behavior of cultural drivers, the instability of voter behavior needs to be studied. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of phenomenological analysis of cultural drivers of instability of voting behavior in the elections of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. The research method is descriptive phenomenology; the data collection tool was a semi-structured interview in a research sample of 20 candidates for parliamentary and election campaigns, which was done by collage method. The validity of the research data was confirmed through external auditors, return to interviewees, and in-depth description. The results showed that factors such as inciting ethnic emotions, Conformity, cognitive inequality and youth culture play a significant role in the instability of voting behavior in the Islamic Consultative Assembly elections.

The main purpose of this study is to provide a model for explaining the intergenerational voting behavior of Iranians with emphesis on Iran’s thirteenth presidential election, which was conducted by survey method and using a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study includes all 15 years and older citizens in Isfahan, which according to the 2016 census was equal to 2243249 people. The sample size was obtained using the Lin table of 384 people who were selected by stratified random sampling method. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between the variables of political Hobbyism, political conscientiousness, Political interest and sense of social belonging with respondents' voting behavior among the first generation. There is a significant relationship between the variables of political Hobbyism, political conscientiousness, Political interest, sense of social belonging and pursuit of interests with the voting behavior of the respondents among the second generation and for the third generation between all independent variables. There is a significant relationship between social belonging, tendency to make changes, social approval and the pursuit of interests) with the dependent variable. The overall results of the study show that the pattern of Iranian voting behavior is dynamic and not static in nature; More precisely, this model has always been fluid and transformed during the four decades that have passed since the establishment of the Islamic Republic, and over time it has been constantly moving from traditional to modern concepts, so that a new phenomenon called political Hobbyism has emerged.

The voting depends on the voters behavior. The behavior of Iranian voters have been interested in many researchers. The multiplicity and distribution of the studies has led to the present study to identify, classify and evaluate studies in this area of research for the first time in Iran under the title of voting behavior studies. The current study has utilized the qualitative Meta-Analysis method. The sample includes articles that have been published in databases of NOORMAGZ, SID and MAGIRAN from 1981 to 2018. During the review process, 131 articles were identified and finally, 35 of them were included to the secondary evaluation. The findings indicated that the 2011s, has been a turning point in studies of voting behavior in Iran. The men had the largest collaboration. The 10th parliament election was the most studied and the city of Tehran and ordinary voters, respectively, dedicated as the most of the field and case studies. The sociological factors have been identified as the most influential factors on Iranian voting behavior. On the base of content criteria, electoral cases of Assembly of Experts of Leadership, village councils and, the southern and eastern provinces have been ignored in these studies.

The main task of marketing managers is the discovery of customer's needs and analysis of their purchasing behavior and the ranking of influencing factors on these. The result of this effort is to identify the tastes of the market and provide the appropriate goods or services, or to gain more market share. The Political parties, in the same manner, need to understand the individual and public needs so that they could obtain a correct analysis of the electorate's conduct and inclinations towards certain political trends and use it in their election campaigns. Therefore, the major task of political marketing is the analysis of people's voting behavior, a task which is referred to as the basic strategies of political campaigns. The purpose of this research, an interdisciplinary one, is using the political marketing approach to explain the reasons behind people's backing a certain candidate. To do this, we have first reviewed the theoretical foundations of voting behavior and political marketing, and then we have identified and categorized the factors influencing the voting behavior of the Iranian people by using the mixed method, and finally we have ranked these factors. The result of the research is the introduction of three major shaping factors behind people's voting behavior, namely the candidate, the voter and the competitive environment, each of which has three sub-components and 36 indicators.

The voting behavior paradigms of the past decade sought to show the relation between social and economic variables and votes. Although economic theories and intellectual paradigms regarded the vote as the result of rational computation and rational action, they still insisted on the importance of class judgment. This was due to the fact that the arrangement of political forces in most societies were understandable based on the social and economic gap of the left and the right. But in recent decades, with the growing importance of "cultural capital" in social relations, class and economic voting are retreating vis-a-vis a new phenomenon which is "cultural voting". This vote has its roots in the occurrence of traditional left and right gaps, and has affected them at the same time. This article examines how and why these cultural ratings and structural changes in the traditional left and right gaps have emerged. The main subject is the features of "cultural voting" and the role of cultural and symbolic capital in the arrangement of political forces. In order to demonstrate the transition of class voting to cultural voting, the French elections of 2017 and in particular the working class voting are analyzed.

Considering the great importance of election in different communities, the clarification of voting behavior is considered as one the fundamental aspects of political sociology. In this regard, the present article is to clarify the voting behavior of people in Tehran for the recent election particularly the tenth election of Islamic consultative assembly in terms of the amount of cooperation and its direction. Regarding the amount of cooperation, the main question is the reason of 52 percent cooperation of people and in regard with the direction; the question is cause of reformists winning the election. The article is to answer the aforementioned questions by taking advantage of the sociological strategy, over analysis of present data, as well as observations. In terms of the amount of cooperation, it has been emphasized on the considerable effectiveness of people belonging to higher than the middle class as well as the upper class in Tehran. In terms of direction of cooperation, it is believed that the reformists could succeed in the election of Tehran, because they could mobilize the social classes as their fans and encourage to vote in favor of them. The harmonious voting of these classes led to the cancellation of results of Tehran election. In view of the author, this behavior (mobilizing process and list based vote) is not a unilateral, privative, protesting and acting behavior but a bilateral and affirmative action and in case of providing the conditions and grounds, it will repeat. The repetition of election results in 1396 confirms this point.

The analysis of elections mainly focuses on the political acts and behaviors of the parties as well as interest groups of a society and describes the central reference of political fractions (for instants reformists or conservatives) that try to defeat the competing political wings. Using documentary method, the paper attempts to study the sociological aspect of the electoral behavior. According to this approach, the inspiring sources of participation in the elections are social, environmental, economic and cultural conditions of the voters; as there exists a direct relationship between the social conditions of the voters and their political orientation. Therefore, the author studies the electoral behavior of the voters for the parliamentary elections in Iran and to this end he enjoys three models of political sociology, political economy and political psychology.

The hypothesis of this paper is that due to impotency of understanding the changing concept of ‘Geopolitics’ in Russian foreign policy and its shifting strategic choice, the doctrine of political realism and economic pragmatism are not capable of analyzing the Russian voting behavior in the SC, rather, the admixture of classic approaches with the doctrine of critical geopolitics will more clarify the Kremlin’s voting behaviors in the SC. Indeed, realistic and utilitarian approaches on one hand and the concept of politics as societal, cultural and discursive action on the other hand will answer the question.

There are limited empirical studies on the reasons for and causes of Iranian voter's participation in the elections, on the why and how of fluctuations in turnout, and on the impact of individual and social variables on voting behavior. The Eleventh Presidential Elections in Iran and the surprise victory of Mr. Rouhani prompted us to undertake a study to contribute to the existing research and to a better understanding of the voter's reasons and criteria for voting. Our main objective in this study was to understand voter's motivations and reasons for taking part in the elections and choosing to vote for a particular candidate. To achieve this, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews in the city of Khoy. Having analyzed the data, we decided that we could offer a reasonable explanation for voter's behavior by expanding our rational choice model to incorporate essential insights from 'framing' theory. Our findings indicate that citizens of Khoy are in general apolitical, conservative and traditionally religious. They cast their votes on rational grounds, but their rational choices are made within 'frame's shaped by the particular circumstances and persuasion discourses of the election time.

Participation is the lifeblood of democracy. Indeed, the health and satisfaction of a democracy is often seen in its level of turnout. Therefore, understanding of the reason of voting by people, and stimulating factors of political participation, can be helpful for decision making in the political, economic, and social spheres. This study aims to investigate the determinants of voter turnout in Iran. In this study, the analysis of the conventional regression and spatial econometrics have been used to identify effective factors on voter turnout of the various provinces in presidential elections in 2013. The results indicate that among the various factors, unemployment and political- secure factors have had a negative impact, and the amount of the reformist candidates’ votes has had a positive effect on voter turnout. Spatial analysis also shows that there is no significant dependence between rates of voters’ participation.

In this paper, the French electoral system in different layers of power and its impact on voter’s political life and behavior is explored. The French chose the two-step plurality system in the National Assembly elections. This electoral style has caused the multi-party and bipolar system to be institutionalized in the land of flowers. Although this electoral system is harmful to Minor Parties especially the extreme right party, it has turned into a French tradition which most of the parties and political groups desire. Although the French electoral system is not as fair as the proportional system, it has caused efficiency and stability in the Fifth Republic political system. This system, is not only influential on the array of political forces, it has also affected the behavior of voters and political parties. In this paper, the outcomes of this electoral system is explored after examining how in different levels of power votes are converted to parliamentary seats.