جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ارزش فرزند » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

This study aims to offer a cognitive understanding of the fertility transition. In this regard, the changes in fertility behavior from pre-transitional to post-transitional fertility are explained in terms of consciousness, rationality, and attitude structure. To do this, we reviewed theories of fertility decline and their implications for consciousness and rationality as well as cognitive processes in the formation of beliefs and attitudes towards childbearing. The results show that at the final stages of the fertility transition, fertility behavior gradually becomes more conscious and the role of the cognitive element of rationality in the behavior increases. Along with fertility decline to the replacement level, the transition of the value of children and cultural changes increase the conflict between the value of the children and its competing values. Consequently, the structure of attitude towards fertility becomes problematic. The empirical findings of this research, in which 482 married women aged 15 to 39 were surveyed in the city of Tehran, showed that the feeling of ambivalence toward the first and second births (as one of the important properties of the attitude structure) is significantly more than that toward the third or higher-order births.

Fertility in Iran and many provinces has reached low levels. Yazd province is one of the few provinces that experiences fertility above the replacement level (about 2.3 children) in recent years. The reasons for the higher fertility of this province have become important at both micro and macro levels. The main purpose of this study is to identify the interpretation and understanding of Yazdi women about chldbearing. The approach of this research is qualitative. The participants were 25 married women from Yazd city, who were selected by purposeful sampling in 2017. Data analysis was done with qualitative content analysis technique, The core category is"childbearing as a dualism of risk and certainty" which is derived from the two main categories of "giving meaning and assurance and the risks of childbearing". The findings show that the economic, social and cultural background and religious values play a role in the fertility decisions . Despite knowing and paying attention to the risk of having children, they consider it a source of security and good and blessing and family and religious values.This approach and people's understanding of having children has prevented them from becoming childless and having only one child. However, the continuation of this situation in the future depends on the socio-economic context of the country and the province, and the adoption of government policies and support for young couples and families and facilitating the conditions of marriage and childbearing will guarantee the continuation of these conditions.

Introduction :

In low fertility settings, couple's decision to have children is usually a planned and complex decision that the couple makes based on consideration of their individual and family life on the one hand and considering the social and economic conditions of society on the other hand. Child-bearing is an individual action at the private or micro level. In fact, future-oriented decisions are associated with the decision-making process of whether or not to have a child. However, in recent years, this issue has been at the center of concerns at the societal levels. This study aimed to provide a deep understanding of decision-making processes and childbearing behaviors. Isfahan City as one of the low fertility contexts in Iran was an ideal research field for the present study. Recent estimates made by the Statistical Center of Iran showed that the total fertility rate of Isfahan Province in 2020 ranged between 1.3 and 1.5. It was expected that this figure for the city of Isfahan was even well below that of the provincial estimate. The sample of the present study included the single and married people of child-bearing ages, who were considered influential actors in childbearing.

Materials & Methods :

The present paper employed an inductive qualitative method by using the Grounded Theory (GT) approach. The data was collected from 30 single and married men and women of childbearing ages by using in-depth interviews. The respondents were selected based on the gradual sampling strategies, which were mostly based on theoretical (theory-based) sampling, snowball sampling, and sampling with maximum variety. Lincoln and Guba's (1985) criteria were used to achieve the validity. First, a member check was applied so that after analyzing the findings, concepts, and categories, some participants were asked to evaluate and express their views on the accuracy of the findings. Second, control was exercised by the scientific and expert counterparts on the subject. Third, data analysis and coding were performed by open, axial, and selective coding methods using Maxqda 2020 software package. 

Based on our analysis and coding, 20 main categories were extracted from the data. The central category in this study was "value modification from parenting". The results generally reflected the fact that economic fears, futurism, social responsibility, and accumulated concerns engaged families in rational decision-making. Economic fears, job insecurity, and fragility of economic parameters, sick and unstable economy, and economic hardships that families faced were the key factors in creating doubts about childbearing among couples. The participants considered the decision of whether to have or not to have children. It was a responsible and informed decision that a couple could make and would thus bring requirements and obligations for them. These calculations not only led to a variety of strategies in the Iranian families, including delay in childbearing, preference for remaining childless or intending to be a single-child family, and desiring and planning for migration to another country, but also caused them to undergo a kind of metamorphosis and value shift regarding parenting and childbearing. Consequently, children lost their former status and was replaced by other values. The findings of this study are in line with the risk aversion theory, as well as some other theoretical models that emphasize the effects of economic security and social support on fertility intentions and behaviors. The results also has policy implications for rising fertility levels. The success of the recent pronatalist population policy depends upon a realistic understanding of the couple's childbearing desires, as well as challenges and strategic plans to facilitate their reproductive ideals and intentions. Conducting research with mixed methods in the future, which combines both the quantitative and qualitative elements of research, can enhance understanding of fertility intentions and preferences.

Biannual specialized scientific journal of child and family studies/ first year/ number 1/ spring and summer 1401, pp. 37-52AbstractThe family is the oldest human institution that has a prominent role in the political, social, economic and cultural life of any society. This institution has had ups and downs throughout its history. After the victory of the Islamic revolution, our society paid special attention to it due to its ideological foundations. In such a way that especially during the war, it was raised as an Islamic and Iranian family, the level of the revolution and a model for other nations. However, after the end of the war and the beginning of the enemy's invasion and cultural subversion, this institution and Iranian society underwent fundamental changes in the field of values.This research has been organized with a critical analytical approach and documentary and library review. The purpose of the research is to investigate and analyze the role of family value changes in population reduction in Iran and to express policies and strategies to increase fertility in the Islamic society of Iran. The findings of the research indicate that the increase in the age of marriage, a sharp decrease in fertility, a decrease in the value of children and considering it as the cost of living, women's employment, divorce, an increase in celibacy and absolute celibacy are among the value changes that have taken place in the Iranian family

This article investigates generational changes of child value and childbearing behavior among women befor and after Islamic Revoloution of Iran. Different generations of Iranian women, based on their shared common life experiences, have various and sometimes contrasting attitudes and perceptions towards the meaning and concept of child and childbearing. This research is cross-sectional and survey based and the data are collected using questionnaire. Research population included five generations of Zanjani women. The 500 woman- sample consisted of 100 women from ach generation. Two-stage sampling, based on PPS method, was used in this research.. Findings showed that the score value means differences for child and childbearing among studied generations were statistically significant. The lowest rate of child value was related to women between 1992 and 1995 and the highest rate belonged to women before 1963. There was a reverse and negative relationship between individualism and childbearing. A positive and direct relationship is observed between religiosity and childbearing. The effect of globalization on child value among generation of 1979-1988 is stronger than other generations. Based on different historical and biological experiences and awareness of each generation as well as generational and structural conflict, changes in childbearing behavior cane be explaned. i.e. uneven and unequal distribution of opportunities, resources, and facilities among generations, the can be explained. Accordingly, generationla changes of child value both historically and mentally as well as structurally and objectively can be explained. Women's experiences in terms of globalization in addition to their awareness and expectations improvement as well as changes in their roles and positions after Islamic Revolution in Iran have influenced their perceptions and evaluations of child and childbearing value.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differences in value of children between the 1960s, 1970s, after 1980 birth cohort, and identifying the factors affecting. The data for this study are drawn from a survey in Semnan province in 2012. Information is related to 405 married women aged 15-49 years. The result shows that the highest score of the children value belonged to the 1960 birth cohort. Protect, emotional and family continuity value in childbearing are characteristics of this cohort. In contrast, emphasis on the economic costs and lost opportunity costs, emotional and psychological benefits to children are characteristics of the 1980 birth cohorts. Based on this study, in line with the socio- economical changes, significant changes in childbearing attitude have emerged in three cohorts. Nevertheless, the 1960 birth cohort more than any other generation produces modern childbearing values and behaviors gives great importance to childbearing and because of the emotional value of children, one of the goals of younger cohort is childbearing. Multiple classification analysis showed that by controlling the effect of factors related to modernization and individual characteristics of respondents, the mean score of value of children within cohort changes. A more percent of the differences between the cohorts are affected by education variable. After entering these variables are considerably reduced the intensity of relationship between value of children and birth cohort. But, the differences in the value of children in three cohorts are still significant.

Child and childbearing are considered as the most important 'family value's in Iran. Based on historical experiences and events as well as common life experience different generations of Iranian women have various and sometimes contrasting attitudes and perceptions towards the meaning and concept of child. According to theoretical framework; cultural changes theory, second demographic transition theory, structural conflict theory and glocalization, theoretical model produeted. This research is cross-sectional and survey based and the data are collected using questionnaire. Research population includes five generations of Zanjani women. The 500 woman- sample consists of 100 women from each generation. Sampling method is multistage cluster. Findings show that the difference of value score average among studied generations is statistically significant. The lowest rate of child value is related to women between 1992 and 1995 and the highest rate belongs to women before 1963. There is a reverse and negative relationship between individualism and childbearing. A positive and direct relationship is observed between religiosity and childbearing. The effect of globalization on child value among generation of 1979-1988 is stronger than other generations.

This article presents research-based evidence to examine the patterns and determinants associated with childbearing and gender preference. According to the literature review, gender preference has crucial demographic consequences such as high fertility, unwanted pregnancy, and maternal mortality. The literature review also indicates the fact that gender preference still remains as a key determinant of fertility in many societies throughout the world. The results of this analysis are based on a survey conducted in rural and urban areas of Neka in Mazandaran Province of Iran. The survey includes a sample of 743 married women aged 15-49 years old. Generally speaking, the results of this analysis clearly show a tendency towards 'son preference' in our research site. The results also indicate that childbearing tendency is closely associated with age, duration of marriage, current fertility level, and the desired gender composition of children. Finally, such attitudinal determinants as attitudes towards gender roles and child value play significant role in childbearing tendency and gender preference.