جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اصلاحات مالی » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The spread of national narrations is common in the history of their narration and writings. Sometimes this expansion is done with the aim of explaining and interpreting a sentence or a part of the main narrative, in the form of a sub-story. Therefore, these stories can also help to unveil the textual knots; because they gain a historical understanding of a sentence or a word in the form of a sub-narrative. One of the cases of spreading the narrative is the story that has been mentioned in some sources in the discussion of Anoushiran''s financial reforms. In talking about the financial reforms of this king, the line of narration in Shahnameh and most of the chronicles is such that with a brief reference to the status of tribute in the period of previous kings, there is talk of the beginning of reforms in Ghobad''s time when remains unfinished with his death and Anoushiran continued the reforms . Some chroniclers have cut along this line, and before beginning to talk about Anoushirvan''s reforms, they have narrated a story that is also Ghobad''s main motivation for financial reform. In this article, we try, first, to talk about the recording and the correct meaning of the phrase "No one praises the escaped one" of the kingdom of Anoushirvan, which is in a chaotic state in the manuscripts and the editions of this book, with the help of this narration. After that, we will discuss the authenticity of the narration and the origin of this narration in the second part of the article, and thus show one of the examples of the spread of narration in the national narrations.After that, we will discuss the authenticity of the narration and the origin of this narration in the second part of the article, and thus show one of the examples of the spread of narration in the national narrations

The process of reform in the time of the second parliament (November 15, 1909 – December 24, 1911), which resulted in inviting Morgan Shuster for financial improvements in the late Qajar era, represented the controversy between tradition and modernism in Iran. Many factors were against the process of change in Iran and could lead to social crises. Actually, the implementation of fundamental reforms was very problematic, regarding the specific social model of Iran, and the resistance of the traditional forces. This research, which is based on archival documents and historical sources, seeks to answer these questions: what were the main powers against Shuster's measures, and what were their motivations? The hypothesis was that the challenge between tradition and modernism was very influential; but the research findings demonstrate that in addition to traditional domestic factors such as princes, courtiers, landlords, and ..., who generally opposed any changes, foreign forces of Russia and Britain were among the main opponents as well.

Intense compression of time and space, expanded transportation of goods and people in the terminals, fading the boundaries of sovereignty of national governments in the penetration of transnational institutions, ever-increasing trade and capital flows, remarkable contacts and encounters of cultures and past ideas, due to expansion of communications and development of technology which in recent decades has been the peak intensity, are the signs of the phenomenon that we learn it as Globalization. This phenomenon depending on national, regional and international conditions creates areas and different implications of countries such as profitable opportunities and costly restrictions. From methodological point of view we consider the globalized atmosphere as a structure, the range of restrictions provided by this structure for powerful agents in each level can be opportunity maker and for weak limited and costly. As far as developing countries are related, their choices are limited in dealing with this phenomenon. They will possess the opportunities and blessings in this field by increasing their capabilities and capacities simultaneously in order to face and adapt to new environment, so they can fulfill the national development program as a basic need and secure themselves against the damages of this process. It seems in this compressed time and space, governments and the ruling elites in these countries are the most important agents of development program and ought to assume modernization and reform management in the fundamental areas. These governments must be reformed in terms of basic physical infrastructure, institutions and policies (the policy making and governance approaches) to generate power and empowerment for the country in order to adapt to the new atmosphere requirements. All these triple reforms led to increase public spending and make crucial the need for appropriate policy making in the financial area. In this paper we discussed about the subject at hand with a view to modernization and institutional reforms in developing countries (with emphasis on Iran and not a case study) and have shown that the process of reform and economic liberalization in these countries lead to increase public spending which necessitate the need of reforms in the financial area and optimization of the tax system.