جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تعاون » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The main difference between cooperatives, including agricultural cooperatives, and other commercial companies is the existence of cooperative principles, and the element of member participation in cooperatives plays a very important role in implementing these principles. The purpose of this research is to analyze the participation of members in agricultural cooperatives with emphasis on the principles of cooperatives.

In terms of method, this research is qualitative with an inductive approach. Data collection was done using a focused group discussion method and a discussion paper tool. In order to analyze the data in this research, the qualitative method of thematic analysis was used.

From the perspective of the participants in the research, the factors influencing the participation of members in agricultural cooperatives are: distrust of agricultural cooperatives, low familiarity with cooperatives, low participation of members in agricultural production cooperatives, high participation of members in cooperatives that supply agricultural needs, high participation In traditional agricultural cooperatives and the lack of connection between the laws of cooperatives and the participation of members.

The results of the research showed that stereotypes about cooperatives have a great impact on members' participation. The mentality of people and members towards cooperatives is completely different from the functioning of today's cooperatives. Also, differential participation shows the difference in the amount of participation of members in different cooperatives. Finally, regarding the implementation of the principles of cooperation with agricultural cooperatives, the results showed that the principles of cooperation and the existing laws did not conform to the conditions of agricultural cooperatives in Iran, and these principles and laws in Iran need to be carefully revised to conform to the economic, social and cultural conditions of Iran.

he cooperative is one of the three most important economic sectors of the country. Co-operatives andco-operatives can contribute to the economic and social development of a society. This study aimed to study therole of cooperatives in economic and social development in Qom province. The research method is survey andits tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study is the members of manufacturing and servicecooperatives of Qom province which are 830044 persons in total. Through multi-stage cluster sampling, 400members of cooperatives were selected as sample. The findings of the study show that the mean of socialdevelopment variable is at an average downward level. The highest average was in terms of indices of civicactivities, physical health and generalized norms, respectively. The lowest mean is also for social cohesion andsocial awareness. Average economic development is 2.44 and is below average. And it's also lower than socialdevelopment. Multivariate regression results show that 40.5% of social development changes and 30.1% ofeconomic development are affected by cooperatives and cooperatives. The result is that cooperatives and theirpositive performance can provide the basis for social and economic development. Co-operatives can also play arole in creating an economic cloudel.

Social life is one of the natural features of humans. Traditional and modern features of gathering have been some evidences of this trend. The basic motivation for this social interaction is interdependence of community members for their spiritual and material needs (Shahbazi, 1996). Our basic values and religious beliefs are also in line with this view. Cooperation can help poor and disadvantaged people providing employments and sustainable livelihoods (Shabanali et al. 2009). Accordingly, in development of the 20-year plan of our country, it has been regarded that equal opportunities for work and employment should be provided for people. Thus, the role of cooperative sector as one of the most democratic sectors of economy is more important (Safari, et al. 2010). These days, during the fifth development plan, the responsibility for providing employment opportunities has been assigned to the cooperative sector. However, cooperation and team work has not been institutionalized in our country. Kohgilouyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province as a part of our country is also not an exception. In the other words, in spite of long traditions of cooperation and team work among people, efficient use of this moral rule has not been so significant. Thus, the main question that arises here is that “why despite of importance and positive functions of cooperation and team work, there is less willingness to do that?” Thus, the Theory of Planned Behavior was used in this study to identify factors which predict the acceptance of cooperative system in Boyer-Ahmad County. This may help planners and decision makers to strength facilitators and to remove barriers of tram work. Conceptually, the model presented in this paper stems from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as originally proposed by Ajzen (1985). According to the theory of planned behavior, people act in accordance with their intentions and perceptions of control over the behavior, while intentions in turn are influenced by attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceptions of behavioral control. The cognitive foundations of these factors are consistent with an expectancy-value formulation (Ajzen, 1991). Attitudes are an individual’s positive or negative evaluation of performing the behavior. Subjective norms are an individual’s beliefs about what significant others think she/he should do. PBC reflects perceptions of the ease or difficulty to perform the behavior of interest (Ajzen, 1991). These constructs are formed by three different kinds of beliefs, namely consequence beliefs, normative beliefs and control beliefs.In this study, the purpose of the modeling was to explain probability of acceptance of cooperative system by respondents. This probability was explained by joint influence of attitudes toward cooperation, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control (PBC).Technically, structural equation modeling (SEM) has been used to test and to estimate causal relations specified in the theoretical model. This type of modeling technique allows for inclusion of latent variables in the models that are not directly measured. Thus, this model allows for incorporation of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control as latent variables that are indicated by observed variables. In addition, diagnostic parameter such as Chi-square (χ2); Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA); Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI); the Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI); the Comparative-Fit-Index (CFI) and the Normed-Fit-Index (NFI) also considered as indicator of the model goodness-of-fit. Survey research method with a pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by experts and the reliability of research tool was also measured and verified through a pilot study in Sisakht county, Kohgiluye-BoyerAhmad province, using Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient (0.578- 0.944) which pass the widely accepted threshold value. These measures ensure that latent variables are internally consistent i.e. reliable and stable.Research sample was selected among Boyer-Ahmad county residents (n=486) based on Krejcie and Morgan sample size table (Patton, 2002) and stratified random sampling procedure.Research sample in each stratum (rural-urban) was selected in some stages based on Cluster Sampling rules. Thus, in fact research sampling technique of this study is Stratified Random Sampling and within each stratum, a Cluster Sampling approach has been used. The research tool (questionnaire) consisted of nine parts. One to eight parts of it were to measure different components of TPB i.e. cooperative acceptance behavior, behavioral intention, behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, control beliefs, evaluation of results, impulse to obey, and the power of control beliefs. The ninth part of the questionnaire was about demographic variables such as age, sex, habitat, level of education, employment and so on. Discussion of results and The results of descriptive statistics showed that the mean score of the age of respondents is 31 years and most of them have been in the range of less than 30 years old. 46.3 percent of respondents were from urban areas while the rest of them (53.7 percent) were from rural areas. Also, most of them (about 45 percent) were in secondary and post-secondary education. Finally, about 31.9 percent of them were unemployed and the others were employed in different sectors i.e. governmental (23.9 percent), cooperative (8.4 percent) and private (35.8 percent). The results of descriptive statistics of respondents’ cooperative behavior showed that the mean score of this variable was 1.41 in the range from 1 to 5 which is located in the lower level. Also, the mean score of behavioral intention of the studied sample was 2.97. Moreover, respondents’ attitude towards cooperation and team work was calculated by multiplying behavioral beliefs score to evaluation of results score. Based on this calculation, the mean score of the respondents’ attitude towards cooperation and team work was 15.78 from 25 that is above average. Furthermore, subjective norm was calculated by multiplying normative beliefs to impulse to obey and perceived behavioral control was also calculated by multiplying control beliefs to the power of control beliefs which respectively mean 9.78 and 12.47. To study the relationships between variables, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The results showed that there were statistically significant and positive relationships between the supposed variables. The Path Analysis was also used to investigate direct and indirect effects of independent variables on dependent variable(s). In the first stage, behavior as the dependent variable and behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control as independent variables were entered to regression analysis simultaneously. The results showed that the direct effects of these two independent variables on the supposed dependent variable were statistically significant and positive, and they were significant predictors of the cooperation acceptance (dependent) variable. The standardized regression coefficients showed that behavioral intention has more effect on cooperation acceptance in comparison to perceived behavioral control. In the second stage, behavioral intention regarded as dependent variable and attitude towards cooperation, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control regarded as independent variables and entered regression analysis simultaneously. The results of this stage showed that direct effects of independent variables on dependent variable are statistically significant. In the other words, those with favorable attitudes toward cooperation, those who have experienced stronger social pressure for cooperation acceptance, and those who feel a sense of control over internal resources (such as potentials and abilities), and over external resources (such as facilities and credits), and over successful perform of behavior, are more willing to accept cooperation system. The standardized regression coefficients showed that attitude towards cooperation has more effect on intention to accept cooperation in comparison to other variables, and then, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control have more effect respectively. However, adjusted R square showed that these independent variables able to explain about 29.3 percent of changes in dependent variable variance.The total standard causal effects of independent variables on cooperation acceptance behavior showed that behavioral intention have the most total effect on behavior and then, perceived behavioral control, attitude towards cooperation and subjective norms placed respectively. In the other words, attitude and subjective norm have only indirect influence on behavior (via behavioral intention).Moreover, the analysis of the goodness of fit showed a good fitness of the supposed model for the studied respondents. Thus, the following recommendations can be present based on research - Continued technical, equipment and financial support of cooperative sector- creating a culture of cooperation in the society via strategies such as publicity, education and extension programs and so on

The present paper aimed to determine order of factors affecting job creation by entrepreneur women working in the Co-operative section in the Khorasan Razavi Province. After reviewing backgrounds of the issue and looking at different aspects of reasons motivating women to have jobs، the study identified the decision-making tree of the hierarchy of the factors affecting women’s entrepreneurship and job creation. The factors were then ordered using TOPSIS and Shannon’s Entropy. The results indicated that fulfilling financial needs was one of the most important factors motivating women to have jobs. Having a high-paying job fulfills women’s financial needs and is an efficient way for improving economic status of the family. Preventing depression was the least important factor motivating women to have a job.

The present study aimed at examining Iranians’ attitudes towards cooperation and cooperatives. It was a survey research and the sampling method was simple random sampling for the selection of provinces and cities and quota sampling for the selection of respondents based on their job categories. The sample volume size was determined using Cochran 1550 formula. The characteristics of the statistical population were analyzed based on questionnaires of a required validity. The results indicated that generally, the level of knowledge of respondents was lower than average. The majority of respondents had a positive attitude towards cooperation and cooperatives. The mean of respondents’ individualism was less than average; the mean of fatalism was more than average; the mean of foresight was less been less than average; and the mean of novelty was less than average among them. The respondents’ mean score in answering social capital questions was less than average. There is no significant difference between men and women attitudes towards cooperation and cooperatives. The older the respondents were, the more positive their attitudes towards cooperation and cooperatives became. Married people have a more positive attitude towards cooperation and cooperatives. Urban people had a more positive attitude towards cooperation and cooperatives as compared to rural people. The more individualistic people were, the less positive their attitude towards cooperation would be. There is no significant relationship between other personality traits, such as fatalism, foresight and novelty, and their attitude towards cooperation. There is a direct and significant relationship between the level of people’s social capital and their positive attitude towards cooperation. This relationship is more noticeable in social participation as compared to trust. The multivariable regression showed that the two variables of individualism and social capital explained 27% of changes in respondents’ attitudes. The effect of individualism on the attitude towards cooperation was - 25% and that of social capital was 15%. Therefore, according to the regression model, the degree of individualism has a negative and indirect effect and the degree of social capital has a direct and significant effect on having positive attitude towards cooperation and cooperatives.

Since the establishment of rural cooperatives in the country more than half a century passes.Thus the study of evolution, the relationship between government and cooperatives and their role and importance in rural community development seem more essential. This paper reviews the role of rural cooperatives from rural governance view in Iran. For this purpose, a definition of democracy in rural cooperatives in Iran has been provided. Then, the relationship between government and Rural cooperatives has been investigated, referring to rural governance view from three dimensions of coordination, trust and control.The research method is documentary - analytical and using first hand and library resources, we tried to study the rural governance and cooperatives. The findings of this research show that in rural cooperatives, democracy has not been implemented and it has not been viewed as an effective way for development. Cooperatives can be engaged in the two sides of rule-based policies and policies for changing rules. Because of lack of clarity to cooperatives from government and villagers, no trust has been made been them. In general, before and after revolution, the government has not used the capacities of rural cooperatives and neglected their role in rural governance, while rural cooperatives are effective way for rural development in Iran.