جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "جامعه پذیری جنسیتی" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

Despite social and cultural changes in Iranian society, patriarchy still has a hegemonic position and is reproduced through gendered institutions, including the family.in Iranian Kurdistan, the family, as a social institution and one of the main sources of socialization, has significant sanctity and importance and has played a unique role in the construction of gender identity.gender identification in the context of the family has been associated with the subjugation of women. Recent studies have shown the continuation of subjugation and inferiority of Kurdish women (Ghaderzadeh & Hosseini, 2017; Ghaderzadeh & Khalghi, 2017; Ghaderzadeh & Abdollahzade, 2022; Rostampour, 2013; Shahriari, 2014).gender socialization is one of the conceptual and theoretical constructs that lead the way in understanding patriarchy and women's inferiority. Socialization is a process through which people find gender identity. They learn what is expected of them because of being a woman or a man and how to express these characteristics. Due to the fact that most sociologists believe that gender differences have a social origin, understanding gender socialization is important for analyzing the status of women (Wharton, 2012:56).understanding the dimensions and institutional sources of gender socialization and revealing it,s vulnerable strains is the precursor to redefining the social status of women in different fields of society.the practical importance of addressing the issue of gender socialization in the context of Kurdistan society becomes more relevant when women are abused openly and covertly in various fields.honor killings and murder by father or husband, the daily representation of news related to the assault of women on social networks and it,s increasing growth indicate asymmetric relationships and the weakness of dialogical and emotional democracy in the context of the family.based on field evidence, the city of Sanandaj is facing significant examples of gender inequality and gender violence. Therefore, the main question of the current research is, according to women's narratives, how does gender socialization take place in Sanandji families? And what are the sources and agents of gender socialization?

Understanding gender socialization in the context of the family requires studying the real life situation; Therefore, qualitative methodology has been adopted and among the qualitative methods, thematic analysis has been chosen as a method and strategy of data analysis to understand women's narrative of gender socialization.due to the events faced by women in childhood and adulthood and after marriage, the field of study is focused on a sample of married and working women in Sanandaj. By narrating the details of their lives and the events that happened in their lives and those of others, women provide rich data based on which gender socialization can be understood .on the other hand, due to the background nature of gender socialization and influence of ethnicity, the field of study is limited to Kurdish women of Sanandji.the sampling of the present study was a combination of targeted sampling and sampling with maximum diversity. In this study, theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting 30 interviews. In this study, after collecting data through semi-structured interviews, data was analyzed and interpreted using the thematic analysis approach.

One of the dimensions of gender socialization is gender roles. to understand the gender roles, the participants were asked what they do as women at home? Why do men refuse to do the things that women do? by analyzing the themes, we found 4 main themes: “identification with home,” “instrumental roles,” “patriarchal order of care,” and “glass ceiling and the difficulty of promotion of working women”.the interviewed women defined themselves by housework and the home environment, and since childhood, girls' cooperation and companionship in housework has been expected.most of the women admitted to asking men's permission in various matters, and men's ignorance of their work or leaving the house without men's permission has been associated with men's annoyance and anger.restrictions in the field of interactions and not being allowed to travel with friends or travel without family were among the common experiences of the interviewed participants.women believed that there is not much difference between housekeeping and employment in offices and institutions, and in both areas, the position of women is not recognized, and women's ideas are confiscated by men, and women's activities are hindered by men.after “gender roles”, another construct that helps to understand gender socialization is “gender stereotypes” which are resistant to change.gender stereotypes are closely related to social roles and perpetuate gender inequalities by legitimizing gender norms and identity.regarding the gender stereotypes related to the presence of women in public spaces, we found two main themes: “genderization of public spaces” and “insecurity in public spaces and blaming women”.one of the central topics in the current research was understanding the personality dimensions of women. Based on the understanding of women, the two main themes of “expressive identity” and “genderization of work and education” have formed gender stereotypes related to women's personality.among the other topics investigated were gender stereotypes in the field of family planning and management, based on women's narratives, two main themes were reached: “risklessness and dependent decision-making” and “gender separation of family planning and management”.in order to understand the gender stereotypes related to choosing a spouse and marital relations, interviews were conducted with women regarding topics such as the process of marriage and choosing a spouse for children, having children, and marital relations. From the analysis of the themes, 3 main themes were obtained: “urgency and strictness in the marriage of girls”, “woman as a sexual object” and “woman as an honor”.the last subject under investigation was the recognition of the sources of women's socialization. Based on the data, “family and relatives” and “mass communication media” have formed the main sources of gender socialization of women.

One of the distinguishing features of the current research was acknowledging the role of the family and especially the role of mothers in the continuation of gender inequalities through internalization and reproduction of gender roles and stereotypes. Participating women have actually perpetuated and consolidated gender roles and stereotypes by following the example of mothers.In addition, mass communication media along with family represent women in the framework of gender roles and stereotypes.Contrary to studies that have emphasized women's resistance to accepting conventional social identities, the findings of the present study indicate the weakness of gender awareness in kurdistan society.due to the dominance of patriarchal social and cultural structures, weak institutional support and exclusion from the labor market, women are unable to deconstruct gender stereotypes and redefine gender roles.still in kurdistan, a woman is associated with the honor and honor of the family, and women consider family issues as a personal and private matter.in order to understand gender roles and stereotypes as a social problem, it is necessary to sensitize the society and convince the members of the society about the harmful nature of gender socialization and in this way, women should be organized.the structure and system of male ideology is reproduced through gender socialization and has imposed expectations on women that have perpetuated gender discrimination and inequality; Therefore, according to Giddens, an emancipatory politics is necessary for women, and this implies the deconstruction of the patriarchal discourse, the horizontalization of couple relations, and emotional democracy in the context of the family.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the social factors affecting democratic relations in the family among married women in Andimeshk city. The research method is survey and the unit of analysis is the respondent and the level of analysis is micro. The sampling method is multi-stage clusters and the sample size according to Cochran's formula is 375 people. Data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire and using SPSS software for data analysis. The results showed that the level of democratic relations in the family in the respondents is relatively low and there is a significant level of inequality. There is a positive and direct relationship between the variables of religiosity, education and gender socialization with the degree of democratic relations. Regression analysis shows that 58.1% of the changes in the degree of democratic relations are related to independent variables and the variables of the degree of religiosity and the level of female education have a greater impact on the degree of democratic relations. Also the variable of gender stereotypes had the least effect on the degree of democratic relations in the family. Increasing religiosity and gender socialization increase democratic relations and greater equality of decision-making power in the family and social dimensions.

The Internet as a new communication technology has caused complex and rapid changes in human relationships and communication patterns and has a tremendous impact on the social and cultural structures of today's societies. Considering the expansion of virtual social networks among young people, including Facebook, this research aims to provide an analysis of the relationship of these networks on the gender identity of young people.

The present research is a quantitative survey approach and the required data was collected from a sample of 248 students of Mashhad Azad University through stratified sampling.

The findings of this study show that there is a positive relationship between the reflection of gender stereotypes in virtual social networks and gender identity in men and women. It also shows a positive and significant relationship between gender socialization in virtual social media through the representation of gender roles and gender identity of the women's group, while no significant relationship has been achieved in the case of the men's group. Other results show that as the amount of activity in virtual social media increases, the amount of acceptance and belonging to the gender identity of femininity decreases, but this relationship does not exist in the case of men.Other results show that as the amount of activity in virtual social media increases, the amount of acceptance and belonging to the gender identity of femininity decreases, but this relationship does not exist in the case of men.Keywords: virtual social networks, gender identity, gender schemas, gender socialization.

One-child phenomenon is a social issue which has become a model of life for many families. The main aim of this investigation is finding the answer to this fundamental question that how and to what extend the modern society characteristics (such as women's employment, gender socialization, individualism, rational choice, etc.) in the metropolis of Tehran is associated with women in Tehran for the orientation and acceptance of the pattern of voluntary one-child. The present study is descriptive-causal and methodologically a survey research. The statistical population in this investigation includes all the married women in productive age between 15-49 years in Tehran that 420 people were selected as samples. Sampling was done with the combination of disproportionate stratified sampling and cluster sampling and the tool used to collect information and data in this research is the researcher-made questionnaire. The results show that the orientation to one-child has the significant correlation with the individualism, rational choice, social participation; gender socialization and marriage age but there is no significant correlation with family economic status. The results also indicate that the orientation to one-child has the significant difference between different groups of employment status; in other words, in high-ranking jobs, this orientation is more. The data show that the level of education has an effect on women's orientation to have one-child; in other words, as the level of education increases, the orientation of women to have one-child increases.

The emergence of feminism, movement of women and consequently, ever-increasing presence of women in the society, and social evolutions, as well as egalitarianism and development of egalitarian values, especially among women, have significantly increased to the point that women want to play a more prominent role in various facets of the society today. Gender equality has been described as equal rights and responsibilities for men and women and equality in all opportunities in the society. Gender equality and the sense of equality can boost the motivation for community activities and efforts, especially among women, besides being a milestone for the presence of women in different social, political, and cultural fields. Additionally, women’s positive perspective toward gender equality in the public and private spheres of their lives enhances social livelihood, feeling of being seen, and lack of social discrimination among women, thus laying the ground for their activities in social, cultural, and economic levels in the society. It appears that an increase in the levels of social awareness and education can play a significant role in forming egalitarian beliefs and views among women. Therefore, with the assumption that this is the case, in this research, we attempted to analyze the egalitarian viewpoint and some of the factors affecting it among female university students. This study aimed to answer the following questions: Do female university students’ levels of education and ages affect their egalitarian views? Considering the effect of socialization along with social beliefs and values, do the girls have some views on matters, such as marriage and relationship with boys, as well as individualistic views associated with their egalitarian views?

This research was based on qualitative methodology. It was an applied survey. The questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. Hence, the data in this analysis was the result of a cross-sectional survey. that They were gathered through a structured questionnaire conducted in 2019. The statistical population consisted of the female university students of faculties of Technical and Engineering, Humanities, Basic Sciences, Art, Foreign Languages, and Physical Education. They were studying as undergraduate, graduate, and Ph.D. students at Tehran University in 2019. The sample size was estimated to be 379 by using Cochran formula. Upon predicting the possibility that not all the questionnaires would be filled out and there would be a drop in the number of the students, the sample size was risen up to 400 people. To determine the essential samples, we applied stratified relative sampling and simple random sampling in this research.To analyze the research data, we utilized SPSS, as well as multivariate and bivariate tests. To examine and test the research hypotheses, we first conducted a bivariate analysis and then a multivariate analysis. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the bivariate correlation between the dependent variable, which was an interval (the female university students’ egalitarian views, and the independent variables of age, education, individualism, view toward relationships between girls and boys, and interest in marriage at an interval scale. Furthermore, as both the dependent and independent variables were interval, a multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to have a multivariate assessment between the dependent and independent variables.

The research results revealed that age and education had a significant correlation with the female university students’ egalitarian views. This meant that egalitarian views among the female university students increased with age and education. Additionally, the findings indicated that there was a significant correlation of the girls and boys with egalitarian views. The correlation of individualism and interest in marriage with egalitarian views was significant too. According to the findings, individualism had an inverse correlation with egalitarian views, namely positive egalitarian views increased as individualism declined among the students. Moreover, the results demonstrated that there was a significant correlation between interest in marriage and egalitarian views among the girls, i.e., egalitarian views increased as interest in marriage rose up.Due to this different finding, the inverse correlation between individualism and egalitarian views requires more investigation and a qualitative research is recommended for achieving a more precise analysis. Nonetheless, in the evolving community of Iran, it appears that women and girls’ demands for gender equality have increased due to changes in the society. They want a more prominent share of the society in different social, economic, and political fields. Despite socialization, i.e., the theory of gender socialization, and internalization of values and norms, girls still hold values for marriage and are interested in starting a family. The changes in the values and modern beliefs among girls are significant and have revealed not only individualistic values and positive views on the relationship between girls and boys, but also women’s views on gender equality. Furthermore, they have been manifested under the influence of social context and values in the society.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the structural model of factors affecting attitudes toward gender discrimination among working women in Behbahan. The method of this research is survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study includes all female employees in Behbahan, which is equal to 375 people. In terms of time, this research was conducted in 2019-2020. The results of modeling structural equations affect the variables of social capital, gender objects, glass ceiling factors, cultural capital and gender socialization on the variable of gender discrimination in the workplace and also the effect of the variables of social capital and cultural capital on society variables Gender acceptance has confirmed glass roof factors and gender objects among women. The validity and reliability indices of the model measurement section show that the model has a good fit. In order to evaluate the fit of the measurement model, several indicators were considered in the reliability of the model. Therefore, it can be said that in the measurement model section, the research variables have sufficient reliability and validity. In the structural model section, considering the significant numbers, it can be concluded that the research hypotheses have been confirmed. Also, the results of path analysis have shown that the variables of gender objects and social capital have the greatest impact on the variable of gender inequality in the workplace, respectively.

Gender-based violence indicates the asymmetry of social relations between men and women in various fields, and the traces of violence in patriarchy require that gender-based violence be examined from the perspective of men.Studies have often analyzed gender-based violence from the perspective of women and neglected the context and consequences of violence from the perspective of men.Accordingly, the present study intends to identify the contexts, reasons and consequences of gender-based violence in women's individual and social lives by referring to men and re-reading men's experience and understanding of gender-based violence.The present study was conducted using qualitative methodology and grounded theory among a sample of Sanandaji men. Targeted sampling method and maximum variety were used to select the samples and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. In the research sample, 30 men aged 32 to 46 years old from Sanandaj participated.The results indicate that areas such as patriarchy, gender socialization and  disorder in recognition are involved in gender-based violence.Among these are the weakness of the law and official agents, the disparity of couples, the limitation of authority and inconsistency in home management as a facilitator and inconsistency and structural pressure, social comparison, and social networks and the porn industry as conditions of intervention have acted. Semantic reconstruction of men's experience and perception implies normalization of violence, insecurity of public space, women as motivators, and fear of female domination And from the perspective of the men studied, women resorted to strategies such as fear of pointing fingers, secrecy, despair and emotional confrontation, and egalitarianism and challenging masculine authority to deal with violence, with Consequences such as mental disorder, learned helplessness and persistence of domination, social isolation, family disorder and conflict, the spread of mistrust, and retaliation for women.The category of nucleus also refers to "gender-based violence as a continuation of Men's Supremacy, which refers to the symbolic and institutional violence of women in the informal, public and formal spheres in the field under study.

During the socialization process, individuals internalize some attitudes and beliefs on social and political occasions, in line with the prevailing culture of the case. In this study, the attitude toward active political participation of women between male and female students has been examined. The sample size according to Cochran's formula is equal to 370 male and female students living in Tehran. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, simultaneous regression and Fisher's test using survey method and questionnaire technique. ‌ Findings showed that there was no significant relationship between socio-economic status and attitudes toward women's active participation and among the variables affecting students' attitudes toward women's active political participation were variables such as a feeling of political effectiveness (women: r = 0.43 and men: r = 0.29), the existence of gender stereotypes (women: r = -0.50 and men: r = -0.35), belief in patriarchy (women: r = -0.58 and men: r = -0.37) and glass ceiling (female: r = -0.52 and men:r = -0.34) showed the most effect and gender analysis emphasized the effect of the mentioned cases among female students more than male students. The low presence of women in politics can be due to political socialization, which has seen politics as masculine and marginalized women.

Today, the issue of cultural capital and gender socialization has been raised by many thinkers and theorists, and the current state of the world, the expansion of communication and industrialization have contributed to the importance of the issue. Pierre Bourdieu introduced cultural capital in 1973. According to him, by having this type of capital, people can impose their narrative of the social world on others. Due to the importance of cultural capital, in this article, the effect of cultural capital and parental habits on the gender socialization of children has been studied. The research approach is descriptive-causal and survey method and in terms of time, it is done cross-sectionally. The statistical population is children aged 16 to 25 years and parents aged 35 to 70 years in Kermanshah, based on which 385 parents and 385 children were selected as the sample size. Findings show that there is an acceptable and significant relationship between independent variables (cultural capital, habitual) and gender socialization of children. It should be noted that 61% of the changes in the gender sociability of children are predicted by independent variables.

This study aimed to investigate the barriers to political socialization of cultural women by survey method.

The statistical population of cultural women in Ahvaz includes 8763 people and the sample size based on Cochran's formula is 368 people, which have been determined as a sample and have been studied using multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Face validity was used to determine the validity of the questionnaire and Cronbach's alpha was used to determine its reliability. The results of the research are presented in two descriptive and inferential parts through SPSS 18 software.

The research findings show that there is a significant relationship between women's political socialization and gender socialization variables, value preferences, political self-confidence, and power structure in the paternal family. The correlation coefficients between them are 0.138, 0.440, 0.158, and -0.184, respectively, and their significance levels are 0.05, 0.01, 0.01 and 0.01, respectively.

We conclude that different gender socialization of women, value preferences, women's self-confidence, and power structure in the paternal family are among the barriers to political socialization.

Women's political socialization, in the field of politics and decision-making, has an important role in the development and modernization of any country, and realizing the importance of this issue, every country should try to remove cultural, social, political and economic barriers to women's participation for Achieving the growth and prosperity of society in all areas. Considering the importance of political socialization and the role of women in society, this study was conducted as a survey in a community consisting of 8763 cultural women in Ahvaz. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, variance and frequency tables as well as inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation test. Linear regression was used to investigate the natural scatter of data. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between women's political socialization and gender socialization variable. The correlation coefficient between them is 0.138 and their significance level is 0.05. Therefore, we conclude that the different gender socialization of women is one of the barriers to political socialization.

Gender inequality is one of the challenges that can be found in most societies and is affected by a variety of factors. The main objective of this study is to compare the perception of gender inequality between mothers and daughters and to examine social factors influencing that perception. The study was a survey and the population was all married women aged 30 - 64 years and 15-19-year-old daughters in the city of Yazd. The sampling was based on a multistage probability method and the sample size was 488 people. The theoretical framework is based on the theory of gender socialization, gender stratification, liberal feminism, and Blood and Wolf's theory of resources. The findings show that the relationship between gender socialization, gender role-play, gender ideology, gender stereotyped-beliefs, gender norms, decision-making based on the framework of family control, and a sense of gender inequality is positive and significant.

Domestic violence can cause negative consequences for women’s mental and physical health. To plan a proper program to prevent and control this social issue, we need to know the nature of domestic violence and cultural themes that led to it. In this research information has been gathered through interviewing with battered women. Findings then got analyzed by thematic analysis method. As a result, main themes and sub themes got emerged. 31 women who had experience of domestic violence participated in this research and they have been chosen by purposeful sampling method. Women who suffered from domestic violence mentioned four characteristics for it. According to what they explained, domestic violence followed a cycle of specific phases and its severity increased gradually as marriage goes forward. Also, it is usually unavoidable for them and different types of violence are combined. Research findings also showed that there are two main cultural themes for violence against women; Patriarchy and inappropriate social attitudes. As a main theme patriarchy contains three sub themes of sexual socialization, depriving women from making decisions for their lives and internalizing oppression. Inappropriate attitude theme includes three sub themes. They are considering divorce as a social taboo, domestic violence as a private issue and tolerating domestic violence in any cost.

this paper uses the critical sociology approach to explores how to generate symbolic domination against women at the level of personal, family, and social interactions, and reproductive symbolic domination at the family level, social structures and institutions that provided the basis for women's disabling and gender socialization. In order to achieve this goal, the critical ethnographic method for conducting research activities, the deep and semi-structured interview technique for data collection and its method analysis for analyzing the data has been used. The interviewees included 50 Dehdasht resident women who were selected based on purposeful sampling and according to theoretical Research findings include thematic networks: generating gender stereotypes and reproducing symbolic domination. The results show that symbolic domination of women is based on the social structure of patriarchy and its gendered stereotypes influenced by individual interactions (Women's self-censorship, negative self-concept and and concentrate on body management), family interactions (marital living experience, control, social validity, and domestic work sharing). And social interactions (social exclusion of women and educational and occupational discrimination). Reproduction of domination is achieved at the level of internalization of domination, , domination structural barriers, and cultural marginalization of women. "The role of tribal nervousness and historical patriarchy in the production and reproduction of symbolic domination against women" is the core issue.

The evolutionary expectations of personal relationships in the modern age, violence against women in the family environment and becoming a fundamental and transversal issue that has inspired many studies since the 1970s. Hence, it is very important to do combined research to provide the existing research excellence in a systematic manner. The purpose of this study is to apply meta-analysis to analyze and combine the results of studies on gender socialization and the experiences of violence in childhood with violence against women. According to meta-analysis criteria, 11 articles for gender socialization and 8 articles for childhood violence were selected from among 45 articles published in databases during the years 1395-1385. They were evaluated using meta-analysis software. Early studies indicate the heterogeneity of the size of the effect and the non-bias of the publication of studies. Also, the size of the impact of gender socialization and the experience of violence in childhood with violence against women is 0.449 and 0.057 respectively, which is moderately high in terms of the Cohen interpretative system. Considering gender as a moderating variable, the coefficient in the first variable for males was (513/0) higher than women (422/0) and in the second variable for women (521/0) higher than men (0.490)

In all developing societies, cases of gender gap and gender segregation are observed. The issue of employment, university education, social functions and other situations in which women have been neglected or regarded as the second most important are examples of these inequalities. Therefore, this research study was conducted to measure the attitudes of women in Tehran to gender gap in employment and the social and economic situation of the society. In this study, women in the age group of 30-40 years were selected and completed a researcher-made questionnaire. The data were analyzed by the SPSS software. Findings showed that there was a meaningful relationship between women's employment and attitude toward gender gap. There was a meaningful relationship between the socio-economic status of women and gender-based attitudes. There was a meaningful relationship between social inclusion of genders and attitude toward gender gap, and there was a significant relationship between gender stereotypes and attitudes toward gender gap among women.

Observation of couples everyday life, shows Each of them encountered situations in family life , where ,Individual interests of each of the spouses in financial aspects and, ultimately , the interests of the family , are in conflict. In some cases , couples have announced economic differences as the reason for dissatisfaction and divorce and emotional coldness. In the expression of personality factors affecting cooperation and collective orientations in situations of conflicting individual and collective interests. To achieve such goal this study has acquired five economic conflicts which were designed and used based on the Prisoner's dilemma. The theoretical framework of this study is based on a combination of Glygan care moral theory , Eagle's social roles, recent theory of rational choice theory and the Game Theory. This research was undertaken using cluster sampling survey among 275 women employees of the Tehran municipality. The overall result showed, Among the factors influencing behavior in social dilemma in the family, Gender socialization, ethics of care, awareness of role expectations, Had a significant relationship with behavior in social dilemma.

Today, we observe changes in women demands and needs in society which they are aimed to realize their lost right, and achieve the gender equality. The present research has been done to study socio-cultural factors affecting the gender inequality, and variable, including democracy ideology, gender stereotyp beliefs and gender socialization have been researched. In this research, the gender inequality theories of feminists, Chafts gender inequalities views and Bordiew theory have been used. The statistical population of this research included women aged 20-49 of the Esfahan city that 385 of them were chosen as a sample. The sampling method is stratified in this research. The research findings indicated that the rate of gender inequality specially in cultural- economical dimentions is in favor of men. Also, there is no significant relationship between the gender streotypes beliefs and patriatich ideology and the gender inequality. However, the findings showed a significant relationship between the socialization style and gender inequality.

Femininity and sport are both social construction and cultural behavior that are created in close relation to social context. This research uses life experience of female athletes by using quality method analysis of data from the observation and interviews with 36 members of female athletes in ages 14-46 years in Tehran، who do either aerobic exercise or martial art either professionally or amateur. It is found in this research that both groups of female athletes gain strong agency and high self-confidence after starting sport and continuing doing sports causes creativity in this context. Combination of adroitness and power puts together features such as adroitness and power and also subjectivity of athlete bodies and together they represent agency and creativity and in fact they try to expand the meaning of femininity through creativity and agency. The role of creativity، subjectivity، agency and selectivity is so strong that they could even pass social barriers