جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "شهرهای ایران" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

Muharram commemoration to remember sacrifices made by Imam Hussein, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions is one of the special and deep-rooted Islamic events, tied to spirituality for centuries. These processions are often held in specific routes or ‘mourning pathways. These paths and related spaces over time, in addition to being memorable and creating identity, have become spiritual in their own ways. But the contemporary Iranian urban planning pays more attention to material aspects and has moved away from spiritual spaces. Extensive physical changes and interventions in traditional cities, as well as threats and damage to mourning pathways, highlight the need for further research. This article, using comparative-qualitative studies and bringing evidence and numerous examples from different Iranian cities and emphasizing Ardabil, has tried to interpret the collected data, while proving and introducing mourning pathways as sacred and spiritual paths, determine their spiritual dimensions and aspects. The spiritual effects of mourning before and after the events along with their margins have been studied. The results show that various sacred-religious, physical-spatial, cultural-social, historical-political and natural factors constitute mourning pathways and then the socio-cultural dimension added weight to it. On the one hand, these pathways connect spaces to history, and on the other hand, they add a special symbolic and semantic dimension that distinguishes them from other paths.

The increase in population and their desire to settle in the cities has led to the emergence of various types of urbanization in recent years. Citizenary are gathered together not for cultural and social proportions, but for the purpose of utilizing urban amenities and services. This led to the diversion of different cultural and social groups alongside each other, solely for the purpose of enjoying services, without regard to cultural proportions, and overturning the culture of the citizenry. In order to stop this process, one of the main goals of urban planning and cultural planning should be to focus on promoting the culture of cities. The purpose of this article is to present and prioritize the cultural planning indicators in the cities of Iran in order to achieve sustainability. This article is in the descriptive-analytic article group and has used document analysis and content analysis method to extract cultural planning indicators. After that weighing the indicators was done by "swinging weight gain" by the group of experts. The results show that the indicators "Percentage of cost of cultural items in total household costs", "Percentage of household income from cultural activities", "Use of symbols and symbols in the city" and "Number Famous and well-known personalities in the city "are among the most important indicators of cultural planning realization in Iranian cities, which shows how far urban design on urban cultural planning It is effective, and paying attention to cultural planning is not merely programmatic, it also covers urban design.

Demographic transition has led to the growth of population and urbanization in Iran. As in many other parts of the world, urbanization is now the dominant mode of residence in Iran. The aim of this paper is to answer the following two questions: (1) do we need a population policy for Iran's cities?, and (2) what should be the characteristics of a population policy for Iran's cities and what issues should be considered in designing such a policy? After a review of the causes and consequences of urbanization, urbanization policies, and urbanization data in Iran and the world, the paper concludes that it is better to have a population policy for Iran's cities. The recommended policy in this paper is the selection of some medium sized cities for population growth and discouragement of the growth of some other selected cities. The paper discusses the characteristics of such a population policy.

Today some of the problems and difficulties in developing countries are related to the manner of their internal migrations. Each year millions of the rural population in the developing countries decided to migrate to the urban areas of these countries and this phenomenon has had negative consequences in the cities. In fact the migration that itself is created by many factors is a reason that helps to more imbalances in social, economic and political problems of a country. One of the results for rapid urbanization in Iran is increased migration to the urban centers and the crisis of villages escaping. This problem has many various social and economic difficulties such as crisis of land and housing, shortage of employment, and formation of slums in the cities which attract migrants. The required information has been gathered from the detailed results of censuses for the populations and housing during 1986-2006. At first, the growth rate for the cities population has been calculated during 1986-1996 and 1996- 2006 periods and then through calculating population of each city in the beginning and at the end of each decade. Increased ratio of immigration in Iranian cities during the two recent decades was found. During 1996-2006, 873 cities in Iran had seen immigration and 118 cities were exposed to emigration, from which 16 cities are regarded as small towns. The percent of immigration in Iranian cities increased from 70.91% during 1986-1996 to 86.27% during 1996-2006. During the two decades under study, the procedure of emigration has been reduced in all the cities and also the number of the cities which send the migrants has reduced and the ratio of the cities that attract migrants has increased considerably. Increasing the percent of small towns which attract the migrants during 1996-2006 indicates the inclination to urbanization, increasing the number of small towns in the country urban hierarchy and formation of crisis for escaping from villages. During the two decade of our study, the cities of Talkhuncheh, Kharaju, Kumele, Rine, Asgaran, Jupar, Jirande, Nafaj, Joshghan_O_Kamo, Nokhandan and Dehaghonbeh had no migration, 171 cities had intensive immigration, 702 cities had weak immigration, 16 cities had intensive emigration and 112 cities had weak emigration. The phenomenon of emigration is particularly observed during 1986-1996 in small towns and small cities. During the two decades under study, the cities of Mohamaddieh in Tehran province and Masjed Soleiamn (a medium city) in Khuzestan province had maintained the procedure of their emigration. This problem expresses the continuance of emigration in those cities. During 1996-2006, the secondary cities and large cities in the country had more immigration due to the existence of the employment and abundant facilities and services compared to the last decade. During 1996-2006, immigration was increased in large cities. The highest level of immigration in large cities is related to Karaj, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz and Shiraz. These cities have made difficult easy access to the facilities and services for the suburbs due to attraction of social and economic services and caused imbalance in access for optimum distribution of the facilities. In other word, they have created a kind of imbalance in the national level and they have caused to attract the migrants toward themselves. Tehran with concentrating the economic, social and political facilities and other services as well as being influenced by international economic and technological changes can dedicate the most ratios of migrants to itself at the country.

The most obvious character of Iran’s socio-economic changes in recent decades (1966-2006) is urban and urbanite growth. In the year 1966, only 38 percent of Iran’s populations were urbanite. This figure increased with 5.1 mean growth rate to 54 percent until 1986, and so the urban population share proceeded from rural population. For the first time in Iran, more than half of the populations became urbanite. Now, about 70 percent of Iran’s population is urbanite who is living in 1067 urban points. Urban development has been increased so rapidly in this period that limited many existing opportunities for increasing social welfare and upgrading of urban quality of life. Therefore, in current situation in parallel with urbanization of society, one of the most important research necessities is the analyzing of the consequences due to it like assessment of urban quality of life. In this article the impacts of urbanism growth on urban quality of life changes from 1986-2006 has been evaluated. The research method in this article is descriptive-analyzing. In this way, the changes of quality of urban life in 1986-2006 in the base of objective index, first describe by process framework and then analysis with regard to urbanism growth. The indexes which the changes of their share, per capita are assessed consist of housing, sanitation, education, communication, energy and tourism. The basic information is gathered by documentary and library methods from statistical sources and official reports and sometime has been completed by personal recourse to respective organizations. Under the influences of expedite growth of urbanism in 1986-2006, the indicator urban quality of life in Iran has reduced in many indexes like housing, education, tourism, sanitation and health (sick bed). The number of urban households without house has get from 25 to 29 thousand household and in spite of relative stability in the number of rooms and shrink of space of dwelling units, the density of person in a room had increased from 0.6 to 0.8.Teacher per capita has been decreased from 16 to 14 teachers per 10,000 person. Also, professor per capita with growth rate of only 0.5 percent in a more unfavorable process has been reached from 0.08 to 0.04 per student. In the case of sickbeds, the same changes can be seen from 27 to 24 beds per 10,000 person. In others indexes sanitation and health, and also communication and energy urban quality of life had been increased. This increase for medical laboratory had shown a growth from 5.8 to 9.4 laboratory per 10,000 person. The number of cell phones with a 10 increase had been reached from 16 to 3188 cell phone per 10,000 people. The number of housing unit having telephone also has increased from 25 to 85 percent. Besides, from the energy index point of view in 2006, 98 percent of housing unit are accessed to electricity and 85 percent to gas which in comparison to similar index in 1966 shows significant increase. Urban quality of life has been influenced extremely by rapid urbanization. Rapid urbanization has lessened the share and per capita of many indexes or controlled the positive changes and by this has a serious influence on social aspects of urbanization. In this situation, it is necessary in parallel with urban and urbanism development the study of assessment of urban quality of life in national and regional scale are considered continually. In fact, the capacity and rate of urban development in Iran not only should be evaluated by quantity and physical criteria, but also by survey of its influence on urban quality of life.