جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ضریب جینی" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

In examining the phenomenon of divorce, which on the one hand is the result of many events and macro indicators, and on the other hand, it is considered the cause of some other social phenomena. We are forced to reduce the dimension and focus on a certain area - to examine the behavior of the phenomenon more closely. In this article, focusing on the economic dimension of the changing behavior of divorce, in order to find the effect of the main economic indicators that have been emphasized in the theoretical literature on the behavior of divorce statistics in Iran. , aFor this purpose, after reviewing the research literature, four variables of inflation, gross domestic product (GDP), Gini coefficient and unemployment were selected and due to the nature of the data, the ARDL statistical method was used to fit the coefficients of the variables and determine the significance. According to the results of unemployment and GDP growth have a long-term and positive effect on divorce, but inflation and Gini coefficient, along with the previous two variables, have not had a significant effect on divorce. In expressing the reason for the lack of significance of these variables, it can be said that the behavior of each of the variables used in this study alone or together with other variables in the model is different. In other words, the two variables of Gini coefficient and inflation, along with the other two variables of the model, namely unemployment and GDP, are meaningless.

 One of the most important goals of health systems and policy makers in this field is equality in access to health services. Inequality in the distribution of health resources leads to different health levels between different regions of the country. The aim of this study was to investigate inequalities in the distribution of health resources in the provinces of Iran.

 This is an applied study and a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted to investigate inequality of distribution of health resources in public sector during the period 2011-2020 by using Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve. 

 The highest Gini coefficient was related to health houses 0.33، pharmacies 0.32 and laboratories 0.35 which had relatively unequal distribution. Gini coefficient of specialist physicians decreased from 0.21 to 0.13. The distribution of general practitioners and dentists، although based on Gini coefficient values، shows equal and relatively equal distribution، but the numerical value of Gini coefficient has been increasing in the study period.

 The findings of this study confirm that although the average of health resources (per 10،000 population) have increased in most indicators، but the distribution of these resources between the provinces has worsened. Therefore, in order to more equitably distribute health resources of the public sector among the provinces, policies should be revised in such a way to reduce distance between provinces and increase justice in the distribution of health resources.

The present study seeks to answer the question that due to the differences in GDP, population level, benefit of growth infrastructure and other factors affecting regional and geographical imbalances, which of the provinces has a higher degree of welfare? And which have a lower level of well-being? The scientific answer to this question can scientifically provide a suitable policy model in the field of allocation and distribution of resources, facilities and opportunities for public sector policymakers to eliminate the imbalances created. In this study, using the household income-expenditure data of the Statistics Center during the Sixth Development Plan (from 2016 to 2022), the trend of changes in the indicators of real average cost, Gini coefficient and finally social welfare of urban and rural households is examined and analyzed. . According to the results, the real cost of urban and rural households in the country has decreased during the period under review. Also in the same period, the Gini coefficient of urban and rural households has increased, which indicates that the income distribution situation is deteriorating. Then social welfare was calculated based on age index for urban and rural areas of the country and provinces. Accordingly, the social welfare index of age has also decreased significantly during this period. Emphasis on developing a comprehensive poverty reduction plan instead of island programs, focusing on macro-growth policies along with empowerment, controlling inflation, creating productive employment, improving the business environment and skills training are some of the proposed solutions to reduce inequality and Promoting welfare should be on the agenda of policymakers and managers..

Cultivation, production and trafficking of narcotics has become one of the most important challenges and threats in the world today, because the adverse consequences of the production and trade of this deadly opioid substance, despite challenging the economic development of countries, still threaten the health of society. It makes people vulnerable and leads them to death and nothingness. Drug trafficking as an undesirable social phenomenon has several economic and social causes, and due to the importance of the issue of crime in different countries, in recent years, extensive studies have been conducted to identify and explain the causes.

The present study is of analytical, inferential, analytical-survey type and is applied based on design and modeling. The statistical population of the present study is statistics and data related to economic indicators and drug trafficking in Iran during the years 2007 to 2016. Statistics of detainees in the field of drug trafficking, whose information was recorded in the anti-narcotics police system and the NAJA Deputy for Planning and Budget, and data related to economic indicators were obtained from the Statistics Center of Iran. In this study, using the effect of dynamic spatial regression (spatial-temporal autoregressive), the effect of economic indicators on the rate of drug trafficking in Iran was analyzed. In this regard, R software has been used to analyze and estimate the parameters in the model.

The obtained results show that in the period under study, among the 5 variables of unemployment, per capita income, Gini coefficient, Kakovani coefficient, industrialization, three variables of unemployment rate, Kakovani coefficient and industrialization are among the important and influential variables on drug trafficking in Has been a country.

Based on the research results, it was found that a one percent increase in unemployment rate variables leads to a 24 percent increase in drug trafficking rates; And a one percent increase in the industrialization index reduces the drug trafficking rate by about 22 percent. Also, the Kakwani coefficient of 17% had a negative effect on drug trafficking, in other words, the lower the poverty rate in the society, the lower the 17% decrease in drug trafficking.

An increase in life expectancy was due to scientific advances in the health sector, which began with the developed economies and quickly had repercussions in developing countries. From among the results of such development,  was an increase in population and changes in population age structure towards older ages. Population aging will have significant impact on macro-economic factors including income distribution.  This study evaluates the impact of the age structure on the income distribution, over the period of 1985 to 2015 in Iran. The “Gini coefficient decomposition” based on household expenditure (income) in urban and rural areas shows that; with increasing age of the head of the households, income inequality increases. Thus, even if other influential forces on inequality, such as inflation, economical recission, etc. are stopped,  the populations aging could be a potential factor for the future growth of inequality and poverty. Hence, for an economy which has an unequal pattern in income distribution, and experiencing a rapid population transition, the population ageing can be an important challenge in the policy making of economic growth.

The substantial and continuous decline in mortality has been one of the major gains in socio-economic development over the last two centuries. One of the most important questions in populations in the final stages of the mortality transition is the extent of longevity inequality. The aim of this study is to investigate inter-individual longevity inequality in Iran. In other words, we try to answer the question that to what extent longevity has been distributed equally within individuals and how has changed from 1973 to 2016. Loranz curve, Gini coefficient, standard deviation of longevity, and standard deviation of adult life span were constructed for both males and females. The length of life inequality indices shows that with the improved life expectancy at birth, longevity inequalities have decreased. This changing trend in the longevity inequality coefficients shows that despite a rapid decrease in the Gini coefficient, adult longevity inequities are not easily reduced.

The positive relationship between the level of economic activity and the measured nighttime light (NTL) by satellites can be justified, and several studies have confirmed this relationship. In this research, this relationship, in the period of 1992-2013, was investigated in Iran. The first step is to analyze the analytical approach based on NTL data and the process of data extraction, and then the relationship between NTL data and the level of economic activity was investigated. The results indicate a positive and significant relationship between real GDP and NTL; therefore, it is expected that income and NTL variables distributions have a positive relationship too. The covariance reveals the existence of the positive relationship, which indicates the similarity between the distributions of both variables in the provinces. Accordingly, by more uniform distribution of economic activities, income distribution at the provincial level can be directed towards greater equality. In other words, in the field of regional planning, the distribution of economic activities at the province level should be such that the distribution of income leads to greater equality.

The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the policies implemented in the housing sector to reduce inequality in housing affordability in the urban areas of Iran. This study aimed to use the Gini coefficient and the data of the statistical plan of household income and expenditure surveys of the Center of Statistics of Iran in order to study inequality in housing affordability in urban housing in the form of three indicators of housing price to income ratio, the ratio of the cost of housing to the total household cost, and the space used by each person during the periods of 2006 and 2016. The results show that the highest level of inequality is related to the housing price to income ratio and the lowest is the ratio of cost of housing to total household costs. Furthermore, the Gini coefficient of income, the ratio of housing prices to income and space used by each person during the period under review is decreasing. Female head-of-households, illiterate head-of-households, and private-sector workers were identified as target groups supported by housing programs. The results suggest that increasing income inequality will increase inequality in housing. Hence, the adoption and implementation of appropriate policies and strategic plans to provide housing for people in need of society and reduce inequalities should be the priority of planners and policymakers in the housing sector.

In economic literature, financial corruption is defined as the abuse of public resources to one’s own personal interests. Financial corruption is a multidimensional, complex phenomenon having many causes and consequences. It is demonstrated on different cultural, political and economical scale. Increased paperwork in bureaucracies paves the way to the financial corruption. High, illegal payments to the public authorities, payments made to affect regulation process, public distrust, payments made to duck away from taxes or to achieve import and export permits, utilization of the national budget for personal purposes and finally, payments by highly influential figures and monopolies made to leave other corporations deficient, are the major factors to determine the corruption index. Financial corruption creates inefficient assignments for the genius. In case financial corruption prevails, people in the society, specifically the talents, try to use illegal ways like bribery and economic rent, instead of their skills, to achieve public permits. Otherwise, these people could increase the society’s potential for technical development. Financial corruption is a widespread phenomenon that all countries, including both developed and developing countries, have to face.Several studies show that reducing the corruption in developing countries has been accompanied by increasing the income inequality. In contrast, in developed countries, reducing the corruption leads to a reduction in inequality.In this regard, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of corruption on income distribution in middle-income selected countries.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the nature of the method and the method of approach to the inferential problem and longitudinal secondary analysis. In terms of the method of identifying and collecting information and statistical resources, the method used is written document, electronic information and vector scanning. In this study, we refer to the statistical data available at the World Bank. Using multivariate regression and panel data and Excel and Eviews softwares, modeling the factors affecting the distribution of income with emphasis on corruption has been used. Using the panel data has advantages that make it different from other methods. Panel data has more information, greater variability, lower coherency, higher degrees of freedom, and higher efficiency over time series and cross-sectional data. Particularly, one of the ways to reduce coherence is to combine cross-sectional and temporal data into panels.
Findings: The results of estimating the model using the Fixed Effect and Generalized Method of Movement in the selected countries in the period of 1996-2013 indicate that financial corruption has a positive and significant effect on the Gini coefficient as an income distribution index in middle-income selected countries. Also, other results of the model show that with increasing unemployment in middle-income selected countries, the Gini coefficient has increased and the distribution of income has been uneven. By improving information and communication technology (ICT) and increasing real GDP, the Gini coefficient has decreased in middle-income selected countries and the distribution of income has improved. The expansion of information and communication technology improves access to free flow of information, increased production and improved distribution of income. In dynamic estimation of inflation, the positive and significant effects and the degree of openness of the economy had a negative and significant effect on the Gini coefficient as an indicator of income distribution. Increasing the general level of prices, reducing real wages and reducing the purchasing power of the labor rights will increase income inequality. Inflation and the degree of openness of the economy in the static estimation have no meaningful relation with the Gini coefficient in middle-income selected countries.
There are two rival and contrasting theories on the effect of financial corruption on economic development. The first group are theories that consider corruption as a force that damages the efficiency of markets and in this way causes a decrease in economic development. In the other theories, corruption brings about an increase in economic development and growth by bypassing the inapt market regulations and bureaucracies. The results of this study indicate that in the group of selected countries the average income of the second group theory is true. According to the results of this study, efforts and planning to improve the business environment and reduce the volume and size of the state and create the conditions for the greater participation of the private sector, reducing the informal sector of the economy, monitoring and controlling the implementation of laws and regulations, attempting to clarify laws and regulations and removing personal perceptions of them, simplifying regulations and It is recommended to use the experience of successful countries.

Good governance and income distribution are the key issues of public economy and development. According to the World Bank, good governance is identified by six characteristics: the right of expression and responsibility, political stability and the absence of violence, government efficiency, quality of laws and regulations, the rule of law and the control over corruption. This study aims to examine the effects of good governance on the index of income distribution (Gini coefficient) in a selected group of the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) during the period 2000-2013. In order to approach this key research objective, two research strategies have taken into account: First, we examine the effects of good governance on income distribution. Second, the effects of government revenues and expenditures are also examined. The results illustrate the key fact that on the index of income distribution (Gini coefficient) is significantly and negatively affected by almost all characteristics of good governance. This does not apply to the control over corruption and government revenues and expenditures, as these characteristics lead to unequal income distribution among this selected group of the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC).

This study seeks to measure income inequality among provinces of Iran in urban and rural areas during five socio-economic, and cultural development plan by using household survey data from 1990-2015, that issue by Statistical Centre of Iran, Gini coefficient, Theil index, Atkinson index and Sen Welfare indecies are calculated for the whole country as well as all provinces. Gini, Theil and Atkinson inequality index presented the Compatible results and confirm each other. Inequality indices over the period 1990 to 2015 does not have deterministic trend. But generally has a downward trend that, suggests improving income distribution in both urban and rural area. Most reduce of inequalities in urban areas are related to the provinces of Azarbayjan-Ghrby, Ilam, Bushehr, Kermanshah and Zanjan, and in rural areas of Semnan, Yazd and Hormozgan . On the other hand, welfare indicator over the past decade for the whole country as well as all provinces is dropped during five-year development plans, inequality in urban and rural areas has been decreasing, although at this time the reduction of inequality is higher in rural areas. The Second Development Plan had less success in reducing inequality indices but the fifth development plan in this regard has been the most successful program. Sen Index shows that in the past decade, decreasing inequality does not leading to an increase in household welfare. Because of changes in price index for goods and services in urban and rural and negative growth of average household spending due impose heavy costs on the economy, which lead to extend the poor. Hence in interpreting of the coefficients of inequality, all its aspects should be considered in order to decision -making.

This research aimed to surveying the influence and critical role that good governance might play with regard to the increasing trends in income inequality, numerous rates of unemployment, lack of economic justice in different societies especially within developing countries, and in carrying out government's duties to achieve a better distribution of income. Hitherto, income distribution has been one of the main concerns of the government. Since the income distribution and social justice are, often, alleged to be associated with poverty issues this might have led to some short-term solutions to fix the problems. On the other hand, scholars in the fields of Economists tend to claim that the phenomenon of inequality of income distribution might be shows some sorts of internal resistance and without considering the effective factors short-term solution might have adverse effects on income distribution and economic growth. In order to deal with the problem of unfair income distribution the effective factors should be identified and appropriate policies should be taken to modify income distribution. This shows the income distribution is as important in the society as almost all the economists highlight income distribution as government's critical goal and task. The presence of good governance and equal income distribution is required to reduce poverty. This signifies the need for good governance and with respect to a result of a two-state models (maximum vs. minimum), one may feel the need for such a good governance.
The present research is a case study with an econometric approach aimed to put the social and economic theories in the field. The causal relationships between variables can be analyzed by using figures. As the current study conducted in some countries and data governance have been publishing since 1996, it is limited to the number of years that series econometrics could not be used for them. Econometric methods using panel data were used to estimate the models. Moreover, time series data was used to estimate the 12-year period from 1999 to 2010 via Eviews8 software.
Findings: According to the results of this research, it can be stated that indicators of good governance have a significant negative impact on the Gini coefficient. Paying attention to governance and quality of governance can increase the economist's ability of explaining the empirical facts. As the advanced countries have high indicators of good governance, transition Countries that seek to improve the economic situation, especially the improvet the income distribution in society, should pay attention to this indicator. The findings indicate that improving any component of governance will make positive changes in order to improve income distribution in selected countries in South-Western Asia and the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
This study examined the impact of the governance to reduce inequalities in two countries of South-Western Asia and countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development during the period from 1996 to 2010 and by using panel data. Many economists believe the improvement of the governance is a fundamental measure to improve income distribution and social welfare. Regarding the findings of this research the government can use such indicators in the successful countries through the improvement of the governance model of good governance (transparency, effectiveness, political stability and lack of violence and terrorism, government effectiveness indicator index terms, index, rule of law and corruption control index). These indicators lead to reducing the cost trade, increasing investment, production and employment, and contribute to reducing income inequality. Since good governance factor driving economic growth, wealth creation and ultimately increase employment and improve income distribution are required studied countries, especially the countries of South-Western Asia have to pay much attention to them. As this indicators of governance situation is not good in the countries of South-Western Asia, in the end, some suggestions offered to improve the situation in this countries. So that good governance is important to reduce inequalities in the distribution of income and long-term performance. Due to the high level of inequality in developing countries, especially the countries of South West Asia it is suggested that politicians and economic managers in these countries, pay more attention to indicators of good governance and use them in order to reduce inequality.

in regard to increasing trend of recidivism in Iran and notable share of drug-related crimes in all of reported crimes, analysis of various dimensions especially economic type in sphere of macro-economic and penal policies can be necessary
using descriptive and analytic method and using OLS regression analysis technic, the relationship between inflation and unemployment with drug-related re-offending during 1979-2006 in Iran has been studied.
Findings: There is a positive relationship between inflation and unemployment with dependent variable that all coefficients are statistically significant. R2 coefficient for unemployment variable is 0.16 and for inflation has shown 0.74.
Conclusively, inflation and unemployment among other socio-economic measures such as Gini coefficient, education and urbanization could explain 85% variations of dependent variable.

The subsidy has effects on economic behavior of the households, producers and government with various aspects such as efficiency, inequality and income distribution. The goal of this article is identifying the income distribution and households welfare in the province Fars before and after subsidies targeting in the period of 1387-90. To achieve the goals in this article, we has been used the Gini index and atkinson social welfare function. The results of the Indicators have been calculated with the use of the cost-income household data, shows that the Income decile index and GINI index for urban and rural communities in the years after subsidies targeting are reduced. Finds: The results of Atkinson inequality index are also consistent Gini index result, with this difference, with increasing in inequality aversion parameter, the Atkinson inequality index increases. This means that if policy makers will have efficient targeting subsidies, should be income transfers more from high-income to low-income groups done. Evaluation of welfare changes shows that, household welfare due to inflation and the decline in real income has been declining. Meanwhile the elasticity of welfare than income and inequality in rural areas in all the years is more than the urban areas.

Income distribution is such a controversial subject which besides the economic aspect، its social aspect is also very important، as any economic approach to income distribution، followed by the special social consequences inevitably. Given that health is one of the categories that directly and indirectly affected by income distribution، in this study، we examine the relationship between income inequality and life expectancy as an indicator of health regarding the role of other factors such as health، environment and community can be studied. This paper uses time series data of 1351-1388 to evaluate the long-run and short-run dynamic relationships among the Gini coefficient، income per capita، doctors per capita، literacy rates and life expectancy in Iran. In order to test for existence of long-run relationship the bound testing approach to level relationship and error correction model (ECM) are applied. Bounds test results indicate the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship between income inequality، literacy rate، and doctores (per 10000 population) and life Expectancy. According to the results of the ECM، deviations from long-run equilibrium rate adjustment is equal to 0/15. This confirms that the deviation from the long-run equilibrium is adjusted with rate of 15% per period. Moreover، estimated long-run coefficients indicate that an increase in literacy rate and physicians per ten thousand people، improves health indicators. While the effect of income inequality on health is significant and negative، rising inequality threatens public health. The results indicate that income inequality affects public health more than any other variables. Therefore، the income distribution is important determinant of the health and the appropriate policies to improve income distribution can be effective in promoting public health.

Inequality measurement in a time horizon، using different inequality indices while coupled with the corresponding poverty indices، provide a better understanding of income distribution and hence an appropriate time series data for policy makers in a country. Once high inequality is coincident with chronic and grinding poverty becomes a source of threat for social stability and concerns for policymakers. The main purpose of this study is to measure income inequality for different provinces and regions of Iran from 1984 till 2010. Then inequality is disintegrated into within and between regions inequalities in different provinces and regions. To this end، data from Iran Household Survey is used and processed by an equivalence scale method. Then، inequality based on Gini Coefficient، Atkinsom measure، and Theil statistic is estimated for the provinces and regions. Since duality is one of the basic features of the developing countries، in order to address this problem، trends of inequality measures in rural and urban areas are defined. Findings of the study have shown that inequality was declining till 2005 then it was increasing until 2009 then it declined again in 2010. The highest inequality is registered for Golestan and Sistan va Baloochestan and khorasan Razavi and Markazi Provinces. The highest urban measure، in terms of nine-region country، is for south-Eastern and north-east region. Within group inequality defines overwhelming weight of inequality during the period which implies redistribution policies compatible with the characteristics of each region could be more effective method of narrowing down regional inequalities.

The purpose of this research was to determine expenditure distribution and inequality changes in Tehran. It separately explored expenditures distribution for health, education, and food in rural and urban areas from 1989 till 2006. Using Household Expenditure Survey conducted by Statistical Center of Iran, expenditure distribution and inequality changes for urban and rural areas in Tehran and whole of the country within the time span of 1989 to 2006 were calculated. Gini Coefficient and Theil's Index were calculated and the results were compared. Inequality in health and education expenditures are too severe (Gini=0.6-0.8) but, food and gross distribution expenditure are more equal (Gini=0.3-0.4). There was a significant difference between urban and rural areas in Tehran for gross expenditures. Heath expenditures distribution in urban of country was more equitable than Tehran, but in rural areas, there was an adverse condition. Regarding education expenditures, there was only a significant difference between rural areas in Tehran and whole of the country that means distribution expenditure in whole of the country in more equitable. With respect to the calculated indices, there are severe inequality in health and education expenditures both in Tehran and whole of the country, but a nearly equitable distribution about food and gross expenditures. These results show that food expenditures have a significant relationship with gross expenditures and therefore, food expenditure shows the real consumption of the households. For these, policymakers have to pay more attention to health and education expenditures in targeting subsidies.