جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فردی شدن » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The current article has studied the evolution of lovemaking patterns in human relationships. The fundamental changes in the social, economic, cultural and political dimensions of Iranian society in recent decades have led to a fundamental change in the patterns of lovemaking of individuals, even in its most intimate form. Significant changes have occurred in romantic relationships between individuals. The formation of riots and tensions between spouses, increasing divorce rates and the increasing prevalence of concepts such as understanding, mutual interest, emotional divorce, infidelity, polygamy, casual love, fleeting relationships, etc. indicate a change in the patterns of lovemaking that traditional practices of romantic relationships, Has faced a serious challenge.

This research has been carried out qualitatively and the grounded theory method has been used as the research method. and the of data collection method was document study, depth exploratory interviews with 41 married people According to the theoretical sampling presented in Ardabil city awhose narratives had been analyzed in lovemaking. The validity of current study was reviewed and confirmed by the interviewees and then expert professors. To analyze the data, continuous comparison method was used during the open, axial and selective coding stage. The results of the research are analyzed based on five axes that are the main factor in the evolution and three processes of the lovemaking pattern.

The analysis indicate that factors of the spread of modernism, technology development, individualization, apostasy and increment of the level of education, as well as intervening factors of diversity and increment leisure and urbanization and the expansion of cyberspace on the core phenomenon of fragmentation of love and subsequent change in behavior and The evolution of lovemaking has affected and transformed the Iranian family and the formation of new forms of relationships. In the research process, 9 varius patterns of lovemaking were identified, which are: 1) Traditional lovemaking (behind the scenes, patriarchal) 2) Romantic lovemaking 3) Friendly lovemaking 4) Realistic lovemaking 5) Erotic lovemaking 6) Sacrific lovemaking 7) Pure lovemaking 8)Playful lovemaking And 9) Liquid lovemaking.

Numerous causal, underlying and moderating factors have led to the evolution of lovemaking patterns in the study community. The evolution of the patterns of lovemaking is such that the more we move from the past and traditional and contemporary behaviors, the more romantic acts of fluidity, instability, multiplicity and diversity. Each of these patterns is represented by distinct features. In the traditional pattern of lovemaking, expressing love in public is considered ugly and shameful, far from chastity and even disrespectful, and romantic acts become an "extra-secret" act and are exiled to the social scene. Also, more obedient women are in fact submissive and a tool to meet the sexual needs of men. Romantic lovemaking is associated with romantic behaviors that are strongly expressed and appearance, appearance, beauty, mutual understanding are important, and sometimes one-sided sacrifices occur in this type of lovemaking pattern. Playful lovemaking is a clear manifestation of secrecy and dishonesty, and friendly lovemaking means the preference of friendship before marriage in the formation of lovemaking. Logical aspects such as job, morality and behavior of the individual and parents, being good and having inherited and cultural commonalities are important in realistic lovemaking. Erotic lovemaking emerges with the characteristics of lover focus on lover, sense of ownership over lover, and intense sexual need. Instead, sacrificing love is characterized by self-sacrifice for one's spouse, enduring hardships and pain for the sake of one's spouse. Prioritizing the emotional satisfaction of spouses, expressing interest through receiving gifts, direct expression of love and affection and a sympathetic attitude in the absence of mutual interest and other issues, are the distinctive features of pure lovemaking with other patterns. Finally, liquid lovemaking implies its hobby, the importance of money, the formation of playfulness in relationships, extramarital sex experiences, and the formation of unstable virtual relationships have shaped the new pattern of lovemaking. Numerous emotional and sexual relationships with different people, the importance of money and material in relationships, temporary and casual friendships, the dominance of virtual relationships, the development of extramarital relationships and the performance of love as a playful phenomenon show the formation of relationships. The figure has somehow caused the fragmentation of lovemaking and the consequent fundamental consequences, including the transformation of the family as well as the transformation of the social situation.

Present study aims at typology and motives of murder convicts in Rasht Lakan prison. By means of qualitative method, this research conducted 10 individual and 3 as a group in-depth semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed using grounded theory approach. Results showed that there are two main types of murder: exposure murders and deliberate killings. Major objective and subjective reasons for murder include conflict, financial disagreements, divorce, drug addiction, obscenity, lack of basic life skills, company of bad friends, expressing masculinity, honor killing, lack of understanding of the consequences of crime, nervous impulses, excruciating delinquent, failures and frustrations of life. All the above categories can be united under the central core category of "weak control in social bonding process". Results show that because of weakened traditional institutions, means of informal social control have lost their ability to prevent crime and people are facing individualization of violence.

The purpose of this article is to describe the desirability of childbearing among voluntarily childless in the Rasht and to understand their action on childlessness on the basis of Beck and Beck-Greensheim's theory of "The Risk Society" and "Individualization". The method of research is qualitative fieldwork and the research technique is an in-depth interview with thirteen individuals who have been voluntarily childless for at least 5 years. Findings indicate that people think on having or not having a child as a choice which can be delayed or suppressed due to other choices. However, there is a difference between the two sexes on tendency to childlessness. Women consider maternity as crucial to their identity, but men do not have the same views about fatherhood. The most important reasons for being childless can be summarized in five category: high responsibilities for child support, social constraints for parents, marital constraints for parents, high child-bearing costs, and pregnancy-related risks for women. The typology of voluntary malformation shows three categories of childlessness. permanent childlessness, temporary childlessness and those who did not have adopted specific decisions to have children or not.

Nowadays, the increased rate of divorce, increasing age of marriage, decreased rate of fertility are among the most important challenges that Iranian families are faced with. These challenges have been conceptualized as a series of functional and structural changes in families as they are becoming more and more individualistic. One of the most significant outcomes of such changes is the emergence of individualism in families which indicates that family values have undergone some changes; in the sense that individual demands are preferred to collective demands. The present study has aimed to review individualism in families with an emphasis on the level of commitment to family values. The purpose of this study has been to respond to this question: given the recent evolutions and changes of Iranian society in general, and Iranian families in particular, is it a true claim to say that individualism has emerged in Iranian families? This study is a survey which has examined a sample composed of 408 Tehran citizens. By analyzing the research findings, it became clear that family values have changed in the respect of emergence of individualism. However, these changes vary depending on each of the five dimensions of family values, which have been studied in this research. In two dimensions of family values, i.e. hierarchal values and control values, family members are individualists; in the continence values dimension, they are to some extent individualists; in the dimension of traditional values, they are both individualists and collectivists; and in the dimension of commitment values, they are completely collectivist. By comparing the research subjects in terms of various gender, education and age groups, it became clear that the level individualism has been raised in the family values of women, young adults and those with higher academic education.

Demographic transition with orientation towards "below replacement level fertility" has become the dominant feature of Iran's population. It seems that the economic, social and cultural conditions and also the attitude of people have a dominant role in this process. This transition started earlier in Guilan province and studies show that this province has the lowest fertility in the country. So the purpose of this paper is to describe and explain the sharp decline of fertility in the city of Rasht using the theoretical framework of the individualization of Giddens and Beck and Beck-Gernsheim and also the second demographic transition theory . The study was a survey which was conducted using a questionnaire technique and multi-stage cluster sampling method on a sample of 400 individuals. The results showed that the indicators of individualization are effective in reducing fertility. Multiple regression analysis showed that variables such as female education, the initial acquaintance of couples, mate selection pattern and employment of women have a crucial role in explaining the dependent variable. These findings illustrate that the changes in social attitudes and values and the spread of individualistic values in various aspects have played a significant role in reducing the number of children in the family.

The study of religiosity is a sociological field in need of special attention. The determining role of religion in private and public aspects of the lives of the Iranians throughout the history in general, and the establishment of an Islamic State in 1979, in particular, point to the importance of the topic of transformations in the religious domain. This article, through the analysis of some religious representations, rituals and a few behaviors, which are supposed to be regulated essentially by religious values and norms, propose to study the religious attitude of young people in Shiraz. This research is conducted via open interview among the youth, aged 18 to 32, in different localities. A field observation of two ceremonies, in which the young take part actively, completes the study. The results show that the increasing phenomenon of individualization at three levels is engaged: belief, ritual and daily behaviors. Since the individuals live in a plural world, conveying its values, the religious subjectivity takes on an increasing fluidity and, as the process of individualization carried out in the context of social life, the individual tendencies become more apparent.

Reviewing the theoretical subjects related to cultural consumption- as one of the basic components of lifestyle- indicates three main viewpoints and their adversary ideas. The viewpoints have been formed in the especial historical- social fields and then have been developed and consolidated by innumerous empirical researches.We can distinguish these three viewpoints: Homology, Univorous-Omnivorous, individuality. The background of the first one is related to the publication of Bourdieu's dissertation named "Distinction ". The second one has mainly risen of critical reactions to Bourdieu's viewpoints. The third idea was fundamentally formed against two mentioned viewpoints and put their validity in doubt. This idea inquired their undeniable predominance and attained dominant position. In this paper, we review these triple mentioned ideas by a critical and analytical evaluation. Then we study their theoretical components and discuss about their accommodated and un-accommodated dimensions.