جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « محرومیت » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The purpose of the present study is to explain the protests of November 2018 in Tehran province. In theories related to protest action, several conditions for the potential or occurrence of protest action have been mentioned. In this research and based on related theories, 6 conditions of migration and its wide consequences, feelings of deprivation and dissatisfaction, objective deprivation, cultural factors, objective injustice, use of media encouraging protest and perception of the structure of political opportunity and usefulness of protest to explain The occurrence of a protest action in November 2018 was considered. In this article, the Boolean analysis technique was used to discover the necessary or sufficient conditions for the occurrence of protests in November 2018 in Tehran province. In the end, 4 sufficient conditions for the occurrence of protests in Tehran province were verified, which are the condition of feeling deprivation and dissatisfaction in 3 scenarios, the condition of cultural factors in 3 scenarios, the condition of using media encouraging protests in 3 scenarios, the condition of objective deprivation in 2 scenarios and the condition of perception. From the structure of the political opportunity and finding the protest useful in 2 scenarios, there is the condition of the consequences of massive migration in one scenario.

Female-headed households’s lives face challenges due to the absence or weakness of male supervision. Factors such as human biological and social changes have broadened the upward trend of this particular type of female guardianship, and from another perspective, cognition based on the Emic method means cognition from within and awareness of the biological experience and quality of life of these social groups, which will be an effective step in their planning and management. The purpose of this study is to analyze the narrative and identify their dimensions of women heads of households about the concept of poverty in Tehran's 19th district.

The method of this research is qualitative. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 women heads of households in the area. The sample size was determined based on the theoretical saturation criterion as 15. Thematic analysis of narration based on Brown and Clark method in Nvivo 10 software was used to analyze the interview data.

 Analysis eventually led to the emergence of the following four main categories: biotic erosion, social reconstruction of motherhood, rejection, and reproduction of poverty. These findings show that despite the difficult situation and the poor quality of life of this group of women, financial assistance and support from official institutions, even at low levels along with public assistance, play an important role in their lives.

 The important point is that in many cases, these formal and informal protections have only helped to maintain their status quo and have rarely empowered them. That is, it only ensures the survival of their current status with the mentioned characteristics, therefore, directing support is very effective, especially in the field of their employment.

The family is re-created in the two-way interaction with its members and the society. Biological and social changes have led to the emergence of women who are heads of the family. Their personal lives face challenges due to the absence or weakness of male supervision.The presence of Female-headed households in all societies is obvious, but more attention to this population group stems from changes in the statistics of this group compared to previous years.The purpose of this study is Meaning Reconstruction of culture of poverty and identify their dimensions among Female-Headed Households in the 19th District of Tehran in 2021, from another perspective, cognition based on the Emic method means cognition from within and awareness of the biological experience of these social groups .The method of this research is qualitative. In-depth interviews were conducted with 23 Female-Headed Households in the area. The sample size was determined based on the theoretical saturation criterion as 20. Method of thematic analysis of narration based on Brown and Clark method in Nvivo software was used to analyze the interview data. Analysis eventually led to the emergence of the following three main categories: Minimal living, social reconstruction of motherhood and accepted helplessnes.The conceptual model of the culture of poverty was also drawn. These findings show that the culture of poverty is being reproduced with the discovered components in families headed by women. The existence of difficult situation and unfavorable life conditions of this group of women brings them an increasing poverty, which becomes more and more impossible for them to get out of it.

Communication and ability to interact with others, is a primary principle of life in man of modern age’s world. Human looks for somebody with whom feels happy and enjoys more by interacting with them. Various needs in human causes various relations for him. Need to communicate with the opposite sex, sometimes causes relations out of Islamic customs and cultures. This research aims to analyze factors and consequences causing out of wedlock relations among women of Rafsanjan. The method of research is grounded theory and its data has been collected via semi-structured interviews with 15 women. The method of selecting contributors is purposeful and their number is determined by reaching saturation level. From total 1127 raw data, 875 concept, 125 subcategory and 54 categories were extracted from initial data. Finally, nuclear concept of “Deprivation” was chosen as main phenomenon that covers other categories. Results of this research proved that the most important motivation of these women for tending to out of wedlock relations is financial and emotional deprivation. Sense of loneliness and escaping of family frameworks are some casual conditions of this tension. Regret and sense of rejection are from consequences of this relations.

Deprivation implies an unequal situation between the components of a society, a situation in which some citizens enjoy more facilities, privileges, and benefits than others. Members of a deprived group have a feeling of deprivation considering the ratio of their status to the status of other groups. The main reason for deprivation, which seems abnormal, is social changes and leaving a traditional static society and entering an industrial or industrialized society (Emam Jome Zadeh, 2011:49). Modernization, industrialization, and urban population in the world's major cities are growing; hence, due to more opportunities and facilities in urban areas, people migrate to cities and settle around them because of having low incomes. In fact, they create a rich island surrounded by a black belt of deprivation and misery in the name of marginalization (Bazzi et al., 2015:1). In the contemporary "urban society", these areas are low-density and dependent areas around the city center (Moos & Mendez, 2015). It can be said that these areas are characterized by such characteristics as poor social services, poor basic health facilities, insecure incomes, and unsustainable livelihoods (Binte Latif et al., 2016; Zulu et al., 2011). Experiencing and encountering the living conditions in suburbs bring more challenges to girls. These deprivations are not experienced only in the economic dimension. The frameworks and closed space of the social environment hinder the independence of girls' actions and lead to their isolation from the society in some cases. Therefore, this study, with an emphasis on the community of marginalized girls, tried to analyze their lived experiences of deprivation and achieve a deeper identification and understanding of their challenges in their living environment.

A qualitative method was used with an emphasis on phenomenological approach. The target population of the present study was the marginalized girls in "Dolatabad region" of Kermanshah Province. They were interviewed based on the purposive sampling method. The criteria for accepting the samples were being a native girl over 18 years old or a girl, who has lived in the suburbs for more than 10 years of her life, and interested in being interviewed. It should be noted that the duration of more than 10 years of living in the marginal environment had to be precisely determined for dealing with the issues. In this study, the researcher saturated the data by interviewing 18 people. Then, the data were collected based on these questions: What is your mental image of deprivation? How do you describe it? And what circumstances have affected your deprivation or been affected by it? The quotations containing important statements for expressing how the participants experienced the phenomenon were extracted, from among which the important topics were then extracted. The researcher conducted the interview process by taking into account ethical considerations, which took an average time of 45-60 minutes per interview.
 

The increase in marginal settlement and its aftermath and emergence of poor and vulnerable groups have created an unfavorable image in the urban context. This has created multiple deprivations for the residents of suburbs. Marginalized people are among the most deprived sections of the urban society and endure the bitter experience of deprivation more dramatically. The vulnerable, including girls in the suburbs, suffer more from these conditions. They are much more controlled and monitored due to the dominance of traditional networks and common intellectual forms. The deprivation of girls not only stems from the ideas of a limited format, but also from the construction of a suburban society. Widespread poverty has left them with constant doubts about their own futurism and progress because the filthy conditions of the suburban space lead to their withdrawal from social and cultural activities. In this study, according to the interviews conducted, the respondents considered the themes of "unfavorable economic conditions" and "conventional stereotypes" as the main roots of deprivation. In many cases, these factors were considered important in the formation of other areas of deprivation. The issue of deprivation and its consequences can be investigated by implementing useful programs and using social experts’ opinions, to offer appropriate solutions to it via online and offline social networks.

The concept of “Kolbari (Back Carrying)” has its roots in the economic relations in recent decades, and is the product of human society. This study intended to inspect the phenomenon of Kolbari and how it was interpreted from the perspective of active Kolbaran (Back Carriers) in the border region of Paveh City. The data of this qualitative study were collected through interviews, participatory observation and documentation, and the grounded theory method was used for data analysis. With the aim of obtaining theoretical saturation and using qualitative, theoretical, and purposeful sampling, 30 informed individuals were interviewed. The collected data were coded and categorized into 31 concepts, six main categories, and one core category. The six main categories were “ecology of the region”, “negligence of the relevant organizations”, “economic disorganization in the border region”, “pressures from the external structure”, “weakening of traditional modes of production”, and “kinship and cultural closeness”, and the core category, which included other categories, was “underdevelopment and lack of economic growth”. The results showed that Kolbari phenomenon as a historical and contextual issue can be the result of responding to economic, geographical, political, and cultural and livelihood facility deprivations and restrictions and unintended demarcations. The frontiers’ inference of the Kolbari phenomenon can be understood and interpreted as the only inevitable way to respond to underdevelopment and lack of economic growth in various dimensions of economic status, kinship and cultural affinity of the region.

This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the spread of radical ethnic-religious groups in Iran. The research method is descriptive-exploratory and its statistical population is university professors, employees of prisons organization, employees of information and security systems and official members (arrested and not arrested) of radical ethnic-religious groups. 100 people were selected as a statistical sample based on the purposive sampling method. In order to collect information, library resources, documents, as well as questionnaires (closed and open) were used. Exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that ten factors: deprivation, geographical and spatial injustice, unbalanced and heterogeneous national composition, the topographic structure of Iran, incompatibility of religious groups with political borders, dependence on foreign capital, political developments in the region, the influence of foreign powers, Political legitimacy and security threats can affect the spread of radical ethnic-religious groups.

In this study, the welfare status of residents of slums and marginaized areas of the city of Mashhad was investigated and it was hypothesized that the sense of relative deprivation of residents in distressed areas affects the perceived well-being of this group. In this study, the social welfare theory of Keys and Gur and the views of Bella and Chafts on deprivation were used as the theoretical framework. The method of study was descriptive and analytical and the required data were gathered via a questionnaire. The research population consisted of about one million and five hundred thousand people living in the slums of Mashhad, of which a sample of 384 people were selected as the sample by a cluster technique. The results showed that the respondents had a somewhat high sense of deprivation (142.41) and a low level of social welfare (122) and the relationship between items and components of deprivation with social welfare and its dimensions among the sample were significant and inverse. Interpretation of the results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the variables of deprivation of citizenship rights in economic, social and legal dimensions entered the equation in 3 stages and finally explained about 22% of the changes in the dependent variable, i.e. social welfare. Overall, the evaluation of the findings showed that the present research model had a relatively good explanatory and predictive power and in order to achieve sustainable development, the feeling of marginalization should be reduced.

When urbanization occurs at an increasing rate, there are many issues and problems facing cities, including the emergence and expansion of suburban areas and informal settlements. The study of areas and suburban areas, which are called urban challenges, is one of the topics that are at the forefront of the world's social, economic and cultural issues, especially in developing countries. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate marginalization and its relationship with begging.

The research method in the present study is documentary or library. The researcher has collected the necessary information by using the results of the last conferences and gatherings, articles, internal books and reputable internet information databases.

Results and Findings of the Research: 

The findings of the present study showed that; Cultural poverty in marginalized areas, lack of social monitoring, avoidance of surveillance devices, economic poverty, dropout, low literacy, sense of belonging to the environment, high differences between living conditions in these settlements, social tensions, spread of false jobs in the city Hidden and semi-hidden unemployment and chaotic conditions, and where social norms are weakened, have created many problems in marginalized areas, one of the most important of which is begging.

The present study phenomenologicaly examines and analyzes the lived experience of the Nowdeshah’ borderline residences. Based on a thematic analysis, four dimensions of the lived experiences studied are identified consisting of the cultural, environmental, economic and political experiences.  In the cultural and environmental experience, the border is considered as a limiting wall and a factor in the abandonment of human communication, where as the political dimension is considered as a liberating frontier. From the economic point of view, the situation is more complicated and there are three different perspectives which are commonplace to the border phenomenon. The first one believes that the border is "potentially life- limiting". In this perspective the border is a barrier to economic relations, although it is necessary and might be existed and accepted. This is due to that fact that without the border it is too difficult to live and survive. In the second view, the border is seen as “liberalization of the market." In this sense, the frontier makes the two countries' economies more interconnected, and there is a two-way exchange between them, which does not provide for foreign cities. In the third approach, the border is considered as "deprivation from the center". In this view the border is seen an obstacle to development, and even to the acquisition of amenities.

The present study aims to penetrate to the heart of bigenders identity experiences in social interactions. Describing the experience and understanding of bigender identities and consequences of this state are of utmost importance for understanding the lifeworld of these people. Accordingly, the methodology of this study is qualitative and is done with an interpretative-structural approach. Using purposive sampling with 26 samples, hermaphrodite and transsexual bisexuals are deeply interviewed. Bisexuals’ lived experiences in social interactions shows that they understand the situation as sexual conflict, ambiguity of role, discrimination, rejection by parents and society, suffering from painful emotions, feelings of fear, despair, violence, conflict in interaction, and antipathy to body. Their experience and understanding refers to a range of phenomena from social rejection, exclusion, situational discrimination, to embarrassment, stigma, and social label in social interactions. Constructed meanings of these people suggest that bigender identities are experiencing complex, insecure, and difficult lifeworld

The main goal of rural planning in different countries is reaching to development and decreasing regional imbalance and achieving to sustainable development. First step to solving the problem of regional imbalances and reaching to development, knowing the ranking of regions in case of development in various fields such as economic, fundamental communication, social, cultural, medical and education and so on. As an applied research this study with the analytical approach and relying on the results of documentary and field, is to investigate the issue. The tool for data collection was questionnaire at the village level. In thepresent study,using quantitative models, “taxonomy” for Determining and Analysis the Development levels and Degree in Sub districts of Jask County. The results show that 60 percent of district municipalities are in the class deprived and very deprived.

The current survey has been conducted with the aim to examine the relation between religiosity and happiness. For this purpose the relation between the extent of religiosity and happiness has been studied and examined.
In this study religiosity (extent and type) is an independent variable. The extent of religiosity has been measured using Glock and Stark's model and in 4 aspects of faith, experience, result and rituals. Social support, life meaningfulness, and adaptation with frustration and deprivation have been used as intermediate variables, each of which were measured using 7, 11 and 11 phrases, respectively. Happiness is a dependent variable which is measured using Oxford's standard measures and in 29 phrases.
Theoretical Framework: In order to explain the relationship between religiosity and happiness three sets of theoretical studies were used. 1. The views of functionalist sociologists of religion, like Webber, Yinger, Girtz, Luckman, Berger and Odie. 2. Some theorists and thinkers in the scope of happiness, like Cheloby and VinHoven, consider a series of variable which are influential in the increase of happiness levels, and religiosity through its connection with these variables can cause happiness levels to rise. 3. Furthermore, some thinkers and researchers have directly examined and explained the relation between these two (religiosity and happiness) in various researches and reached conclusions; like the theoretical studies of Lim and Putnam, Headey, Kozaryan, etc; which are reviewed thoroughly in the theoretical section of the study.
By examining the theories it was identified that religiosity strengthened people’s happiness by increasing social support, giving meaning to the individual’s life, and strengthening mental and social readiness for facing frustration and deprivation. Based on this model, the hypotheses of the study are: 1- More religious people have higher social support. 2. People with higher social support are happier. 3. More religious people have more meaning in their life. 4. People with meaningful lives are happier. 5. More religious people adapt to frustrations and deprivations better. 6. People who adapt to frustrations and deprivation better are happier. 7. More religious people are happier.
The study was conducted as a survey and the data was gathered from questionnaires. The population of the study were the students of Kharazmi University’s Karaj campus from which a sample of 371 students were selected using Cocran’s sampling formula and proportional stratified method.
The description of the studies variables are presented based on the mean of each variable. In this way that the scope of the scores for each variable are converted to 1 to 3 and then the mean score of each variable is reported. According to the descriptive results of the study, the mean of the variables are as follows: religiosity 2.43; social support 2.74; life meaningfulness 2.38; adaptation to frustration and deprivation 2.01; happiness 1.88.
For examining and testing the relations of the study's variables Pearson’s correlation test, cross tables, two variable regression multi variable regression and path analysis were used. The results of Pearson’s correlation test show that a significant positive correlation exists between religiosity and the studies intermediate variables (social support, meaningfulness of life, and adaptation to frustration and deprivation) and dependent variable (happiness). Also the results of the multi variable regression show that independent variables (extent of religiosity, social support life meaningfulness, adaptation to frustration and deprivation) approximately describe 50.5% of the total changes in the dependent variable (happiness). Furthermore, the effect of religiosity on happiness was significantly negative (in contrast with the results of Pearson’s correlation). The results of path technique show that religiosity can have a positive effect on happiness through the intermediate variables of social support, meaningfulness of life, and adaptation to frustration and deprivation and can have a negative effect on happiness and practically decrease people’s happiness levels by creating a series of variables that were not considered in this study.
It can be stated that religiosity can have a significant positive effect on people’s happiness by providing mechanisms like bringing meaning to people’s lives, creating a network of social relationships, providing social support, providing justifications for frustrations and deprivation that might occur in the individuals life and adapting him to these frustrations and deprivations. Otherwise without considering the role of the intermediate variables, i.e. meaningfulness of life, social support and adaptation to frustrations and deprivation it can even have a relatively weak effect on people’s happiness. In fact, religiosity can have a negative effect on happiness and practically decrease people’s happiness level by developing a series of variables including creating a kind of obsession and fear of sin and its punishments, creating world aversion in the individual and creating dependency and lower levels of self-flourishing, inflexibility, dogmatism and tyranny.
It can be stated that religion still plays an unmatched role in people’s lives (giving meaning to life) which other institutions like family, government and etc. are incapable of therefore they cannot replace religion and until religion plays this incomparable role it will still exist.

Development trends in different countries have different aspects. The process of development of a country is not uniform among provinces and territories. Development of provinces may not fit the trend because of heterogeneous population and economic, social and regional factors. Heterogeneous development and underdevelopment of many regions and provinces of Iran indicate great inequality between provinces of Iran and unequal distribution of the fruits of development throughout the country. In other words, development of Iran in geographic areas due to poor national planning has showed significant differences in the development process. Disparities in development is one of the recent issues has caused by culture of planning. This inequality was the result of multiple factors that cause uneven and unbalanced growth in the region. Unreasonable and disproportionate focus of environmental, social and economic development in the areas will lead to unequal geographical areas, this is reflected in diverse geographical landscape and urban growth. In the face of this development deprivation is a bottlenecks, therefore, there is a necessity of recognizing the diversity and complexity of development and deprivation.
This present type is applied and in contrast to the traditional approach, study space and inequality without understanding the role of creators of space and socioeconomic mechanisms is not possible. In this regard, the use of quantitative models by conceptual geography and environmental behavior as one of the principles in development planning is important. This study has a developmental nature – Applications and combination of research methods are analytical – descriptive. The purpose of this study is identifying the capabilities and limitations of development and poverty in social indicators, economic in Yazd province, which is examined considering to spatial statistics. For the purpose of defining statistical data criteria for each city in Yazd were established by software Grafer, GIS and Excel model TOPSIS and HDI. The aim this research is opportunities and strong identifies of economic and social development indexes of Yazd province that has been study by using is spatial statistic techniques.
Findings: In order to compile the final approach strategic planning is necessary and all factors should be considered as part of the strategic planning process.
Thus, considering to environment is one way to support major strategic planning for joint decision-making and using a systematic analysis of internal and external factors. In this study, taking into account a series of factors is the most important strategic methods. One of the best models of multi-attribute decision making method is TOPSIS. The results show that the county Khatam, Meibod and Saduq are most deprived and center (Yazd) is most developed city in the province. In terms of value equal to0/973 percent and the TOPSIS city of Yazd city seal with the rate of 0/017 percent are the highest and lowest. HDI method is one of the most widely used methods in the study of the geography of the area. United Nations program entitled "UNDP" to rank 130 countries in terms of human resource development. And HDI statistics of Yazd city is 0.26 percent as the most developed city and Khatam HDI equal to 1 as the poorest city in the province. Also, the HDI of Tabas city and Mehriz city are 0.56 and 0.59 percent respectively which indicate the intermediate level of development and poverty among the other township. So to prioritize, townships of Khatam, Saduq and Meibod suffer from deprivation the most. Therefore, these regions can be the first priority for future studies.
The results of the distribution (infrastructure, facilities, services and so on) in the cities of the province showed a lack of coordination and geographical areas capabilities.
So identifying the current status and position of each city in terms of development and comparing them to each other considered as the first step in planning for the elimination of inequalities and regional imbalances. These differences indicate the need for planning and implementation of targeted programs and projects for an integrated and balanced development.

The youngesters’ tendencies toward crime is not a new phenomenon, but has recently turned into a hot issue. The present study tries to test the hypothesis that “there is a relationship between the youngesters’ tendencies toward crime and factors such as dissociation of norms, inappropriate behavioral models, law education, inappropriate social environment, cultural communication and evolution, financial pressures etc.”Questionnaire was used to collect the required data. The findings demonstrated that there is a significant relationship between the youngesters’ tendencies toward crime and the above-mentioned factors.

This article deals with the social construction of inability within the society. The main question is how and through which mechanism inability is produced، and/or reproduced within the society. This article argues that the most important social factor in relation to inability is discrimination applied in a complex، effective and deceptive way، through institutions and structures of the society، and by so doing brings about serious problems for the disabled and the society. This article applying the foundings of a research done within Tehran، considers to mechanism of production and/or reproduction of discrimination، and consequently the disability of visually impaired students within the education institution، concludes this Low-vision students being exposed to institutional discrimination which functions through exercising deprivations and inequality in opportunities، don''t achieve to expected educational success، and experience inability. Disability through a social process which is institutional-structural discrimination، in fact، metamorphoses into inability، thus inability within the society comes into existence.

The number and diversity of various tribes with the different cultures in the demographic composition of the countries encounter the government to the challenges. In our country, Iran, ethnic subcultures are situated at the country margins that the geographical situation of tribes complicates the national security equation. These tribes in the most sensitive state strategic zones (margin of borders) are often under probable influence of neighbor countries and tend to them,therefore it may result in threat and vulnerability of national governing and is very important as regard to the national security strategy. This paper analyzes the role of ethnicity in the development of social crises therein four elements have been raised including relationship between ethnic convergence, institutional protection of being intergroup or out-group, sense of ethnic deprivation and social unrests, as well as the question of “if any relationship exists between the ethnicity and social unrests?” is answered. The research type is applied and its methodology is descriptive-survey. For testing the hypotheses, 989 students residing in border provinces were selected and out of them 165 students have been sampled according to Cochrane formula through stratified sampling procedure and were evaluated by researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of questionnaire was obtained equal to 0.81 by Alpha coefficient of Cronbach.