جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « employment » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Vocational training and employment of criminals is one of the most widely used programs in prisons for re-socialization, correction and rehabilitation. The purpose of this study is a sociological analysis of the narratives of female prisoners working in vocational training and employment units. The method of this research is a qualitative phenomenological study that was conducted using a semi-structured interview. The samples include 16 women who were convicted and were in prison during the months of October to March 2017, which was obtained by using theoretical saturation in determining the sample size and snowball sampling method. Narrative analysis was used to analyze the data obtained from in-depth interviews. Findings show that female prisoners mentioned the most important motivation for attending employment units with categories such as avoiding the monotony of attendance in rooms and daily discipline, using benefits such as visits and telephone calls and leave. In conclusion, this study states that in order to re-socialize female prisoners, pay attention to the talents and creativity of prisoners and generally design programs from the bottom up and pay wages according to labor law and ensuring government support after release, are topics that are ignored by the respondents during the employment of prisoners

The distance between the real self and the ideal self as a problem that generates other social problems has been less noticed by sociologists. This study is conducted in terms of qualitative methodology and using semi-structured interview technique. After reaching saturation with 33 students and scholars from Tehran University, he wants to answer what social issues society should expect after facing the reality of employment and understanding the distance between the real self and the ideal self. The results of this study show that abnormality, cultural conflict, and disorder are three social problems that a disorganized society must prepare to face. This study also found that the distance between the real self and the ideal self can lead to social disorganization and disorganization. leading to a personality. In the discussion of social disorganization, the disorder of lack of specialization, lack of attention to business regulations, lack of business regulations, administrative corruption and lack of meritocracy, and in the discussion of social disorganization, cultural conflict, entry into illegal issues, immigration, lack of job dignity, and degree orientation are considered. take Personality disorganization is also described in the codes of philosophical despair, anger, feeling of shame, lack of independence, materialism and scientific miserliness. In this research, the students and graduates of the field of psychology, which is one of the trends in the field of humanities, showed that it was less difficult than other fields, so the structure of the field of psychology as a representative of pure soft sciences showed stronger with the attention of students and graduates of graduate studies.

The transition of graduates from various levels of the education system, whether it be from schools or universities, into the labor market has become a significant concern in many countries. This concern arises from the realization that a rising unemployment rate, particularly among educated youth, can have numerous economic and social repercussions for societies. Extensive research conducted by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2019 and the CEDEFOP in 2020 has highlighted the critical role of the mismatch between Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and the demands of the labor market in exacerbating the unemployment crisis in low and middle-income countries. Consequently, recognizing the importance of establishing a harmonious relationship between TVET and workforce employment within the labor market, this study aimed to address the following question: To what extent does a balance or imbalance exist between the representation of TVET and employment in the three key sectors of industry, services, and agriculture within the country? With this objective in mind, this research endeavored to provide an overview of the current state of affairs concerning the presence or absence of equilibrium between TVET and employment within the country, while also underscoring the necessity of revising the educational development process based on the requirements of the labor market within this particular educational subsystem.

The present study was an applied research conducted using a quantitative approach and employing a descriptive-analytical method. Secondary research methodology was utilized in this study. The statistical data sources for this study comprised registration statistics of graduates from technical and vocational high schools at the second level, individuals, who have acquired skills through informal training offered by the TVT Organization, as well as graduates from Technical and Vocational Universities and Comprehensive Scientific-Applied Universities during the academic year of 2019/20. These data were categorized according to industry, services, and agriculture clusters. Additionally, data from the labor force census plan in the academic year of 2019/20 were also incorporated. Sampling and data verification processes were conducted using a complete counting approach and all the recorded data were included in the analysis. To address the research questions, descriptive-fuzzy tests, such as averages and standard deviations, were employed, along with inferential tests, such as single-group t-tests, ANOVA, and the TOPSIS and TOPSIS-A methods for data analysis.

The research findings shed light on the current state of compatibility between employment and technical, vocational, and skill training within the sectors of industry, agriculture, and services of the country. Both the descriptive and fuzzy sections of the study revealed a lack of satisfactory alignment between training and employment nationwide with a significant mismatch observed across all three sectors. Specifically, the results indicated that mismatch existed in all clusters, with industry and agriculture experiencing a more pronounced disparity. The mismatch within the services and agriculture clusters primarily stemmed from a shortage of technical, vocational, and skill graduates in the fields related to these sectors. On the other hand, the imbalance within the industry cluster was attributed to an excess of technical, vocational, and skill training surpassing the demands of the labor market. This discrepancy characterized by a shortage of training in the services cluster and an oversupply of training in the industry cluster reflects a common characteristic of less developed societies. It stands in contrast to prevailing and future employment trends worldwide. Unquestionably, this trajectory will inevitably lead to a crisis of mismatch and a surge in unemployment in the country's labor market. In conclusion, the research findings underscored the urgent need to address the imbalance between training and employment in the country. A comprehensive review and revision of the education system, specifically tailored to meet labor market demands within this particular subsystem, are imperative. By aligning technical, vocational, and skill training with the evolving needs of industries in the country, the nation can navigate towards a more harmonious and prosperous labor market, thereby mitigating the risks associated with mismatch and unemployment in the future.

Iran\'s economy is also facing the problem of unemployment due to the abundant supply of labor resulting from the high population rate and the inability to attract them in the country\'s economic activities. Due to the fact that the majority of the country\'s population is young, the issue of employment is considered as one of the main challenges of Iran\'s economy, which will lead to adverse consequences if not given enough attention. Meanwhile, one of the concerns in Aliguderz city is the issue of employment and unemployment. Therefore, it is necessary to research the issue of employment and unemployment in the city and explain the effective factors, components and indicators in this field, in order to provide the possibility of comprehensive employment management in this city. Therefore, the main purpose of the research, which is of a descriptive-analytical type, is to examine the causes and factors of unemployment in this city and the ways out of it, looking at the opportunities and challenges, in order to identify the peninsulas and introduce the existing capacities, the field of management provide comprehensive ignition in this city. The result of the research indicates the fact that Aliguderz city suffers from severe imbalances. For example, despite the reputation of the city and the existence of tourism capacities, stone mines, agriculture, animal husbandry and fish farming,which are potential capacity in creating employment, we are witnessing an increase in unemployment and, of course, migration

The importance and impact of social security on economic variables is one of the topics studied in recent years. Most of these studies have examined the impact of social security expenditure on economic variables. While social security is made up of two parts, resources and expenditure, the review and comparison of the effectiveness of both parts should be considered. In this study, the impact of social security resources and expenditure on economic growth and employment in Iran during the period of 1988 to 2020 has been investigated.

This study has investigated the impact of social security resources and expenses on economic growth and employment using the structural vector autocorrelation (SVAR) model.

In response to fluctuations in unemployment insurance resources, it initially increases and then decreases. The response of economic growth to fluctuations in insurance and unemployment insurance expenditures is positive, but the effect of fluctuations in insurance expenditures is greater. Additionally, employment decreases in response to fluctuations in insurance and expenditure resources, but the effect of insurance resources is greater. In response to fluctuations in insurance expenditure, employment initially increases and then decreases, while in response to fluctuations in unemployment insurance expenditure, it initially decreases and then follows an increasing trend.

Increasing social security resources through insurance premiums should be done with high sensitivity so that it does not have adverse effects on growth and employment, especially in the short term. To increase social security resources, attention to unemployment insurance resources can have a much better effect. The coordination of the social security system with the macroeconomic policies in the adverse economic conditions can increase the efficiency of this system in the economy.

The number of female-headed households has risen in recent years in Iran and the difficulties that these women and their families encounter have prompted politicians and organizations to pay special attention to the employment and empowerment of female-headed households. For this purpose, using the Meta Synthesis method of the documents in this field ( 66 research and official documents ), analysis and then in-depth interviews with informants and stakeholders at three levels of the micro ( female-headed households ), medium ( Social worker), and macro ( Managers and decision makers) were carried out. 24 people were interviewed at different levels of this research. Thematic analysis was then used to analyze the data. The findings in the four areas of vulnerability context, types of livelihood assets, processes and structures, and livelihood strategies of female-headed households reveal that there are many challenges and issues that prevent interventions in the area of employment and empowerment from being as effective as they should be. The validity and reliability of the answers were checked and confirmed. Based on Meta Synthesis and in-depth interview findings, 24 significant challenges and 104 issues were identified in these four areas.Keywords: female-headed households, empowerment, employment, economic empowerment, social protection

The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without expert and efficient human resources. Many factors are effective in the empowerment of human resources, among which education is one of the most important. Gender differences and gaps in education can be introduced as one of the basic obstacles to economic growth and development, and it may prevent women from participating in society. The majority of social experts believe that Iranian society has undergone many social, cultural, political, and educational changes in the last few decades, especially after the Islamic revolution. One of the most important developments, like many developing countries, has been the expansion of education at various levels. This event has been associated with the significant participation of women and girls in education. In order to investigate the impact of these changes in this research, has been investigated, the impact of the positive momentum of women's education and technology on macroeconomic variables such as production, investment, and employment in Iran. The Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been used to achieve the research goals. In this model, the economy is divided into three sectors: households, firms, and the government. Households include people (women and men) who gain utility from consuming goods and services and keeping money and lose utility from working and have the goal of maximizing their utility according to the constraints of the household budget. Firms are producers of intermediate and final goods. A continuum of monopolistically competitive firms produces intermediate domestic goods using labor and capital. There is perfect competition in the production of final goods, with the output of intermediate firms as inputs and according to a production function with constant returns to scale. The imperfect competition in the goods market is introduced by assuming that each firm produces a differentiated good for which it sets the price. Some constraints are imposed on the price adjustment mechanism by assuming that only a fraction of firms can reset their prices in any given period. In particular, a model of staggered price setting due to Calvo (1983) and characterized by random price durations is adopted. Finally, the central bank and the government implement monetary and financial policies. The obtained results from impulse response functions show positive impulse of women’s education increases production and investment, as well as employment. According to the results of the research, it is recommended to pay more attention to appropriate investments in the field of women's education by using appropriate policies in order to obtain as many benefits as possible for scientific development and higher economic growth. In such a way that practical training in jobs related to women increases female labor force participation and creates new job opportunities.

As half of the members of the society, women have a significant impact on economic development; Therefore, despite the importance of this issue, still in Iran, women's employment faces the extremes of both traditional and western discourses. Therefore, due to the existence of extremes and excesses of the two discourses, experts of the Islamic Revolution discourse such as Ayatollah Khamenei created a balanced ratio between these two discourses in order to provide the necessary ground for economic policies on the one hand. And on the other hand, be the guiding light of the economic activity of the Iranian women's society. Therefore, the question of the current research is how women's employment and its limits are drawn in Ayatollah Khamenei's view? In order to answer this question, their statements were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method. The findings showed that they accept the right of ownership and financial independence for women, but they do not consider women as obligated to provide for the family's livelihood. They have also stated that scientific activity is the most desirable activity for women; But don't use education to get a job; Rather, they consider it necessary to increase women's awareness.They accept employment on the condition that it is far from extravagance and luxury, compatible with women's characteristics and accompanied by observance of hijab and does not harm the family role of women.

Intorduction: 

Nowadays, the issue of employment of the physically disabled as one of the basic needs of this group is explored in the context of social entrepreneurship knowledge. The aim of this study is to develop a paradigm model of applying the social entrepreneurship approach in the field of employment of the physically disabled in Khuzestan.

The research method is a qualitative method based on the grounded theory approach data were collected using semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 12 social business professionals and experts. In data analysis, 15 main categories have been extracted around the central category.  Also, in the axial coding stage, The central category of research category "Differentiation and underdevelopment of social entrepreneurship of the disabled" was extracted based on the main categories of the research.

In the paradigm model of research, participation of the disabled as a social entrepreneur, high motivation to work among the disabled and the need to review the world of the disabled have emerged as causal conditions for social entrepreneurship. The educability and the existence of the idea of social entrepreneurship related to the disabled are conceptualized as the contextual conditions of social entrepreneurship for the disabled. Categories such as differentiation, instrumental view of employment of the disabled, disproportionate expertise and responsibility in managerial appointments, lack of job preparation, lack of legal, institutional and financial support are limitations and conditions involved in the development of social entrepreneurship. Workplace adaptation, mental imagery, and planning and policy-making are the main categories of act/interact (strategies) in the paradigm model.

Discussin:

 According to the research findings, social entrepreneurship is a process that in the first stage, by recognizing and defining disability as a physical weakness ,takes into account the level of individual abilities, skills and communication of people with disabilities. In the second stage, by studying and understanding the needs of the society, it will lead to starting a business based on exploitation, innovation and creativity for the disabled and sometimes by themselves. The end result of social entrepreneurship is the entry, participation and role of people with disabilities in the cycle of sustainable development.

One of the most important aspects of global family changes in modern times is the increasing divorce rates. Divorce has various determinants at both the micro and macro levels. This study aims to examine how demographic, economic, and social factors affect marital status (i.e. married versus divorced) in Iran, and to estimate the probability of divorce at the individual and provincial levels using multilevel models. 

Methods and Data:

 Census data from 1976 to 2016, Labor Force Survey, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, Time Use Survey, and Civil Registration data were used for the analysis. For individual-level analysis, 25,163 women and 18,633 men were selected using systematic random sampling from the 2% file of the 2016 Census. At provincial-level, analysis was conducted for 31 provinces in the country were included.

The findings show that age, illiteracy, inactiveness and living in a residential unit of other types increase the probability of divorce for men; however, being the head of household and having a higher education decrease divorce for men. Moreover, residing in a city, illiteracy, education and having children increase the probability of divorce for women. At the provincial level, the sex ratio increases the probability of divorce for men and the ratio of urbanization increases the probability of divorce for women. 

The results suggest that micro and macro level variables have a combined effect on divorce outcomes. Although most of the studies on divorce are done at the individual level, more attention should be paid to the influence of people's living environment on their decision to divorce.

Key Message:

 Most of the studies in the field of divorce are done at the individual level. Few of them have been investigated only at the level of macro-provincial variables. In this study, we showed that in order to better understand the factors of divorce, individual factors and the macro variables should be studied together.

One of the basic goals of development is to achieve universal social welfare and the existence of social welfare in any society is considered as one of the most important characteristics of the development of that society and the reproducer of its development. Laying the groundwork for creating a suitable business and employment environment in any country is one of the important factors in creating economic growth and prosperity and ultimately increasing the economic and social welfare of the people. Therefore, considering the important role that employment can play in realizing the concept of social welfare, in the present study, attempts have been made to identify and rank the key factors and components affecting the employment and social welfare status in Iran.

In this study, in order to identify and accurately define the components affecting employment and welfare, the documentary method and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the experts and specialists of the field of employment and welfare working in the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare. Hierarchy factorization (AHP) and Expert Choice software have been used.

The results show that the investment sub-criterion with a relative weight of 0.115 has the highest priority, and then the sub-criteria respectively are policy-making, banking system, production, and business environment, laws. Then regulations, tax system, international relations, economic indicators, payment system, insurance and social security, justice and equality, manpower, domestic technologies, culture, foreign technologies, and education system were also the sub-criteria identified in the study.

The most important and key factor that can affect the employment and welfare in the country is the concept of investment. In economic theories, investment is known as the engine of economic growth, and is necessary for economic and social development, and it is one of the most important pillars in the growth and development of production units and enterprises.

The vector auto regression model was used to investigate the effect of real sector shocks on the social welfare in Iran during the period of 1980-2019.The results of the impulse response test showed that the Amartya Sen welfare index showed a rapid response to the shocks of total factor productivity growth in the first period, which had a zero effect over time. The utility-oriented welfare index reacts positively to the shocks of total factor productivity growth in the first period, which has decreased from the second period and has become negative even from the fifth period. Amartya Sen Welfare Index and utility-oriented welfare index shows a positive and rapid response to real GDP per capita shocks in the first period, which is adjusted over time, and from the seventh period. The Amartyasen Welfare Index reacts negatively to oil revenue shocks and is very weak. If the utility-oriented welfare index shows a positive response in the first period, but in the following periods, its effect is adjusted and remains partially positive. Amartya Sen welfare index shows a leap and positive response to employment shocks from the first period and its trend continues and from the fifth period it continues in a positive and stable manner and the utility welfare index has a similar trend to Amartya Sen welfare index. Discussion In the Iranian economy, employment leads to increased social welfare, while in the long run, oil revenues, GDP per capita and growth in total factor productivity have led to a decrease in social welfare. Therefore, in the Iranian economy, creating employment and reducing unemployment is the most appropriate factor to increase welfare.

The purpose of the present research is to identify and rank the employment barriers of university graduates in the Iranian labor market. This research is among the applied researches that have been conducted with a mixed exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) approach. The qualitative part was done using the meta-analysis method and as a result, during a seven-step process, a total of 52 documents were selected and analyzed as samples of the qualitative part. The quantitative part of the research was also done using the descriptive method and using the survey method. Sampling was done using criterion sampling technique and80 experts participated in the research. Qualitative part data was analyzed by content analysis method, using thematic content analysis technique and with the help of MAXQDA20 software, and quantitative part data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and using structural equation modeling technique with the help of Smart PLS software. The findings of the qualitative section in the form of 7 factors including; Economic, educational, structural, political, business, cultural and human resources factors were calculated. Also, the results of the expert opinion survey showed that other than the human resource factor, other factors can be considered as obstacles to the employment of university graduates in the Iranian labor market, among which the economic factor is the most important and the cultural factor is the least important. The general results of the research show that in order to remove these obstacles and get out of the existing situation, measures such as; It is inevitable to revise university educations, create culture, launch a comprehensive labor market information system, revise university courses, etc.

Work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family roles, especially mothering, due to having a large amount of job duties. Various conditions are effective in the balanced performance of roles, and its identification can create the necessary grounds for solving the obstacles of establishing the balance between occupational and maternal roles and as a result, be useful for performing these roles as best as possible. In this regard the purpose of the present study was to identify the conditions that affect the balance between work and mothering among women university faculty members based on their lived experience. The present research was conducted using a qualitative method. The target population are women who are faculty members of the universities of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, who have the experience of mothering and employment together. The selection of the participants was done with the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the maximum diversity. The information was collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Sampling and conducting interviews continued until data saturation was reached, and based on this, 20 faculty members of Tehran universities were interviewed. After converting the interviews into text, the interviews were coded using the summary content analysis technique and the conditions affecting the balance between the job role and mothering were extracted. Based on the data analysis, the conditions affecting the establishment of balance include eight main categories: "attitude towards mothering and employment", "Quality of support and companionship by family", "Quality of support and companionship by university", "job requirements of faculty members", "personal characteristics", "children's childhood difficulties", "children's presence at home" and "access to material facilities" and each of them included several sub-categories. The category "attitude towards mothering and employment" includes a positive attitude towards mothering and a positive belief towards employment and mothering together, the category "Quality of support and companionship by family" includes the support and accompaniment by spouse, the lack of support and accompaniment by spouse, the support and accompaniment by one's own family and the spouse and Lack of support and companionship by one's family and spouse, the category "Quality of support and companionship by university" includes understanding the conditions and companionship of the member by colleagues and university officials, lack of understanding of the difficulties and requirements of the mothering role by the university officials, depriving the member of opportunities for Career success due to mothering and the lack of legal support for the role of mothering, the category of "job requirements of faculty members" includes the time urgency of some career activities, the need to focus strongly on career activities in the primary years, the impossibility of using the rules of hours of Breastfeeding and reduction of working hours, the impossibility of actually using maternity leave, the need to spend a lot of time continuously for work activities, the specific job conditions of the field of study, the need to spend a lot of time to achieve career success, the lack of a clear boundary between work and family life, the necessity of continuity of work activities at home, the requirements of career growth and promotion, and the quantity-oriented rules in evaluating the job success, the category of "individual characteristics" includes being hard-worker, perfectionism and scientific obsession, Being highly responsible in work and obsession in child rearing, the category of "children's childhood difficulties" includes breastfeeding difficulties, childhood mischief, dependence Child to mother and the difficulties of using kindergarten, the category of "children's presence at home", including the presence of children at home during summer vacations, the presence of children at home due to the closure of kindergartens and schools, and the presence of children at home due to illness, the category of "access to Material facilities" included the distance from work to home, financial ability and vehicle. Some conditions, such as the support and companionship of the spouse and the university, have a more prominent role in establishing balance, and in addition to helping women to successfully fulfill their career and motherhood duties, by reducing the tensions of fulfilling roles simultaneously and creating the Reassurance and calmness are effective in playing a balanced role of work and motherhood and it is necessary to pay special attention to them.