جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "iron age" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

Fibulae are among the objects that were invented in the early Iron Age (1400 BC) and in the middle of this period(about 800 BC), it became common in different regions and its use by different cultures, in various forms and different applications has continued to this day. After the use of these Fibula spread, these constructions were used in various ways, including for Connecting clothes, personal decoration, and in some cases as a talisman. The late Iron Age fibulae of Iran include a variety of types that were found during excavations of various settlement sites and cemeteries. Regarding the history, typology and applications of fibulae discovered from Iran, no comprehensive research has been done in Iran and the researches of Western archaeologists do not include the findings of recent decades. Therefore, there are ambiguities regarding the history of their use, typology, application and construction technique. The present study aims to introduce and study the history and typology of Iron Age fibulae in Iran and tries to achieve the desired goals through descriptive-analytical methods and library tools. The results show that fibulae, after being invented in the Mediterranean basin, gradually spread to other regions and in many cases replaced rod pins.

Straight Pins have been repeatedly among the findings of the metal objects of the settlements, religious sites and cemeteries of the Iron Age of Iran. These artifacts have often been referred to as "Pins" in some of the available sources. In other cases, they have simply been titled as: Garment Pins, hairpins, symbolic and votive objects, defense instruments and shrouds pins without making any distinctions and/or scientific discussions. In this article, we tried to study the various functions of these artifacts by using archaeological, ethno-archeological and historical studies. Based on the results, the studs, regarding their shape and dimension, as well as the place of discovery, had different uses such as: Garment Pin, hair pin, decoration, defensive, symbolic, votive, magic, and ritual as well as complementary and multiple applications. Also one of the functions that has been mentioned earlier in this article is its use as a tool to Ward off the ghosts and evil forces, as well as vile and harassing animals, which is still true for traditional societies and was the case with Zoroastrians from the Ancient and contemporary eras.

Archaeogentics is an interdisciplinary field of research that has a key role in resolving some old problems that have been studied by researchers for a long time, especially by those ones that are focused on archaeology. While this new field of research is well established in developed societies and its potentials are promising for opening new windows of knowledge before human eyes, in our society, like other under developed countries, most researchers are not well aware of its abilities and potentials. Hence this paper tried to briefly introduce the field of archaeogenetic and exemplify some of key questions of prehistory of Iran that can be addressed by this new technique.

In Archaeology the Iron Age refers to the period in which the immigration struggle intensified between different ethnic groups. The best data from these immigrant communities are their funerary structures. So that these structures have been seen in many areas of Archaeological where they are occupied. The most prominent funeral feature of these tribes that can be seen in the most entered lands is a circular stone structure on the grave that surrounds the central space or location of the dead. The study area is ​​one of the flooded rivers of Meshgin city that such a system is one of the important factors in the appearance of the ancient sites of this part of Ardabil province. In archaeological surveys, many Iron Age cemeteries were identified and studied in this area. One of the sensible Features for the tombs of these cemeteries is interesting circle-shaped structures that surround the inside of the grave and location of the dead place. This research is worked with brief background of the transmittal rate of such structures in the second and first millennium B.C graves in different parts of the world with looking for the mythological and symbology studies that why and how the circular structures are made in the ancient Iron Age burials of Meshgin Chayi basin. A sociological regard to this topic shows that there have been special belief between Iron Age societies that believe on those due to appearance and continuation of special methods in the dead interment

Iron Age is one of the key and important periods of the humankind evolutionary process in the world. This period is representative of crucial changes of human life. New citied were erected and urbanization took on a new dimension by large numbers of urban dwellings. Social hierarchies were stabilized and new cultural traditions in human societies emerged by technological, industrial, literature and ideology. But the case in Iranian Plateau is not the same. No region in the Iranian Plateau had experienced an integrated power and literature except the Elamites, unlike neighboring regions such as Mesopotamia and Anatoly. While despite all these lacking and differences the region can’t be disregarded in figuring out the general overview of the Middle Eastern Iron Age puzzle. As the region’s specific geographical characteristics as well as its strategic position made it share an important part in the formation and replacement of the Iron Age cultures in the Middle East. In this regard studying the Iron Ages in Iran and their formation both from geographical and theoretical would be of great importance in knowing this period changes. However, because of geographical complexity of the western Iran knowing the Iron Age cultures, their emergence and develop is not complete and there are many theories on the issue. In order to explain the evolutionary process of the Iron Age societies in the region, this article aims to review and reevaluate the various theories on Iron Age emergence and development through western Iran and

Iron Age is the most influential cultural periods of the components, cultures and features in the North East of Iran with a focus on Greater Khorasan province due to lack of studies, remains unknown and neglected.Before this study, little evidence of the culture of the period in Khorasan few and scattered archaeological survey and excavations showed cultural affinity with the culture obtained in the comparative approach Yaz and Dahistan in Central Asia.By studying the material culture of the Tighe Mohre in Neyshabur plain surface in the form of a systematic survey have been collected, a significant relationship with Yaz culture can be seen in the north-western Neyshabour plains.These similarities with the study, interpreted pottery and settlement patterns.This information along with data from other areas of lowland plains of Khorasan province, Nishapur plain and other basic framework for understanding the cultural elements of the Iron Age traditions.

The issue of Aryan dispersals was first recognized through the linguistic research, subsequently, both Archaeology and Anthropology were involved although compared to them it seems Linguistics had stronger basis for it. Although none of the mentioned disciplines could have ended the dispute, Population Genetics in general and Archaeogenetic in particular could clarify each discipline’ share and produce some practical results in terms of the structure of the Iranian gene pools and how much of it was under the influence of the Aryan migrants. In this research the results of the DNA extraction form the Iron Age (supposedly right after the immigration of the Aryans into the Iranian Plateau) cemetery of Ghar Teppe in southeastern of the Caspian Sea has presented. Comparisons of the Haplogroups for the Iron Age people of Gohar Teppe (H) with their predecessors and contemporary people at the region combining with review of a DNA research for the Iranian populations all indicate that although the biological impact of the so called Aryans were not very significant on the gene pool of the Iranian populations, their cultural influence (new language, ideology, myth…) was very strong. We propose here that the contemporary Iranian populations are the descendants of long-term in situ evolution since the past 40000 years ago, which were culturally mixed with the Aryan immigrants during the past two-three millenniums creating what today we call it the Iranian culture.

The paper is concerning preliminary survey of Qaradaq region of Eastern Azerbaijan in view of ecological, archaeological and ethnographic perspectives. The region under study is poor in fertile soil, underpopulated settlements and nomadic Ubas being its dominant landscape. Indeed, archaeological investigations show the lack of considerable archaeological records up to the Iron age. The main subject matter of the paper is to investigate primary reasons behind permanence of nomadic subsistence in the region up to now as well as its historical and ecological continuation. It has been shown that there is a permanence of cultural traditions for more than three thousand years on the basis of environmental and ecological factors along with the dominance of vertical pastoralism. The main hypothesis was that the endurance in ecological and environmental conditions as well as its particular limitations is the reason behind the permanence of long-term cultural traditions. Ethno-archaeology has been chosen to undertake such a research. archaeological and ethnographical investigations of Qaradaq has been shown once more the principal role of ecosystem in permanence or impermanence of different modes of human life and subsistence. It is clear that ecosystems such as Central Qaradaq in no way allow the formation of settlement systems and moving toward social and cultural complications to occur.

For the first time، invention of iron production technique emerged by the Hittite in Anatolia، in the mid-second millennium BC. (about 1200 BC). Hittite government collapsed and iron production technology expanded to the adjacent areas، including Iran. Soon iron was used for production of various tools، equipments، weapons، ornaments and other items. In Iran، the first iron objected، in a limited number، appeared among the remains of Iron Age I (1200-1450 BC). Iron objects are much more in the Iron Age II (1200-800BC). In the first half of the first millennium BC the widespread use of iron for making tools led to rapid technological advances and extensive changes in the social and economic structures. In this paper، the role of iron production technology in these extensive changes will be studied.

Archaeological excavations on the western part of the Central Iranian Plateau، known as the Qazvin Plain provides invaluable information about the sedentary communities from early occupation to the later prehistoric era. Despite the past archeological data، chronological studies mostly rely on the relative use of the Bayesian modeling for stratigraphically-related radiocarbon dates. The current paper provides a new model for excavations and the chronological framework based on new radiocarbon dating of the six key archeological enclosures in the Qazvin plain. A Bayesian analysis of these data is presented on a site-by-site basis to give the best chronologies. Finally، all dates are combined into a single model of the chronology of the Qazvin Plain from the Late Neolithic to the Iron Age. The procedure aims to use the Bayesian model to predict the transition points between the archaeologically-defined periods with the highest possible precision، to redefine the existing chronology for the Qazvin Plain.

This paper focuses on studying, introducing and comparing seals from the settlement areas and cemeteries in the North of Central Plateau of Iran. These seals were discovered in the previous and present excavations and surveys over the region. Based on the obtained results, the ratio of similarity and difference between the two groups of seals (from the settlement areas and the cemeteries) is quite proportionate to that of the potteries found in the mentioned region (again in the settlement areas and the cemeteries). The differences are not so significant to that ignore the traits they have in common. To put it simply, the specific signs and traits could be generally introduced as the seal making style of the Iron Age.

In March 2004, a fluxgate gradiometer survey was conducted over Tepe Ghabristan, covering approximately 6ha of ground. It identified further areas of the Iron Age cemetery with possible grave pits (Areas B and C). In addition, an irrigation channel was discovered which could be contemporary to these Iron Age graves (Area D). The anomalies in Area E can be interpreted as buried structural remains, possibly linked to metalworking.