جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « justification » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Consumption of commodity in its different kinds and forms, has several cultural-social implications which are the basis for justification of the consumption stance of consumers. The objective of this paper is to explain how the consumers justify their conspicuous and posing consumption which is usually accompanied by using brands which are continually being updated. To find out answer to the latent meanings of conspicuous consumption, 38 women in Mashhad, who more or less, had this kind of consumption, were selected through targeted sampling method and in-depth interviews were conducted with them about consumption of body management commodities and services. The findings of coding and analysis of the interview texts show that there are five main justifications for the conspicuous consumption of body management commodities and services:Identity justification of consumption that shows prestige and is a representation of the consumer’s social position; psychological justification in which the individual refers to psychological needs of himself, mankind or women; economic (rational) justification, through which the consumer assesses the consumption choices as rational after comparing consumption–exchange value or economic and social cost-benefit ; Supervisory justification (compulsory) in which the individual finds himself under the supervision of the demands and proposals of significant others or generalized others or ethical and religious doctrines; and habitus justification which refers to “the precedence of the conspicuous consumption pattern or tendency towards it in the individual’s life history”.

With an increase in the social aspect of human life and diversity and plurality of different social systems, planning and policymaking for human societies become more complex. Macro approach, comprehensiveness and process approach to decision-making and policymaking are among the preconditions for the success of management systems. The Shia jurisprudence, as an effective management system, which covers all individual and social aspects of human life, is not an exception. System approach to inference of jurisprudential decrees and rules means that the “duty of the other duty-bound people” and the “other duties of the duty-bound people” should be studied together in the system of jurisprudential decrees. It is also necessary to correctly depict the process of transformation of “beliefs” to “ought tos” so that the jurisprudential decrees are not incompatible with the objectives and principles of jurisprudence and purposes of the legislator. Hence, in the first place, the objective and fundamentals must be precisely studied in the philosophy of jurisprudence and then the doctrines and general policies of the legislator are correctly extracted and their practical domains are determined. Finally, decisions should be made and policies formulated based on a suitable structure and systematization of rules and doctrines as well as determining their proper place in each domain. Attempts have been made in this research to offer five procedures for extraction of Sharia doctrines and also offer some jurisprudential mechanisms for balancing and safeguarding the system.

The main purpose of the present study is to find hidden meanings of sexual sin experiences and also to investigating how these meanings are constructed socially. The results of the phenomenological analysis of sexual sin experiences among 7 female participants (Iranian/ Shi’a) who had sexual relation with the opposite sex (out of religious/ legal marriage) indicated that sexual sin experience starts from a simple chat and acquaintance with the opposite sex and in a short time leads to courtship and sexual relations. Secondly, before committing the sin and in the first sexual sin experience, the perpetrator experiences feeling of resistance against the sin, fear of the sin and difficulty in committing the sin. Thirdly, during the process of committing the sin and as a result of sexual arousal, the perpetrator feels sexual pleasure, emotional enjoyment and a kind of primary pleasure, meanwhile the feeling of guilt turns all these pleasures into torture. Embarrassment, inquietude and fear (the fear of God torment and the sin revealing) are feelings of perpetrator during the process of sin commitment. After committing the sin, a sense of doubt and rethinking about the sin and then, inner pressures and regret appear. These pressures are revealed through unpleasant and strange feelings of inquietude, unfaithfulness, regret, being despised and feeling guilty back of one’s conscience. Feeling guilty back of conscience is the most common feeling which leads to repentance and self-justification to decrease these pressures. To recite the marriage vows, to state having sexual relations with the intention of marriage, and to hope to God’s forgiveness are among common justifications after committing the sexual sin. A last, sexual sin repetition normalizes sin and causes a decrease in guilty feelings, and an increase in sin pleasure, and finally it makes some changes in primary sexual beliefs and values.

Among the internalistic views about the sufficient and necessary conditions of the justification, Coherentism is one of the views against which we are confronted with Foundationalism. In the present essay the view of one of the contemporary epistemologists, Laurence Bonjour, is to be explained. Bonjour, initially deals with the epistemology of perceptual beliefs and tries to establish justification of perceptual beliefs according to his attitude in epistemology, that is Coherentism. The author of the essay while describing the views of Bonjour, holds that the view in question can not satisfy the conditions necessary for justified belief.