جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « modernization » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between modernism and change in  behaviour of girls. The research method is a descriptive-correlation type, which is carried out by a survey method. The statistical population of the research consists of all female students of Payam Noor University, Golestan province, with a number of 3,923. According to Cochran's formula, 241 has been randomly selected. The collecting information tool is researcher made questionnaires and the reliability of the questionnaire is found to be acceptable. Data analysis is done at two descriptive and inferential levels using SPSS and AMOS software. Findings show that the variable path of innovation and behaviour change is significant at the confidence level of 99% (b=0.58, p≤0.01). Based on this, it is concluded that with the growth of modernism components in the society, there is an increase of behavioural changes of female students at the society level.

The expansion and completion of the wireless and wireline telegraph network infrastructure is among the crucial measures of the Pahlavi government in the course of establishing a modern and developed society. In addition, as an important and high-speed communication tool, the telegraph was a significant factor for strengthening the body of military authority of the Pahlavi government, which has great impacts on the political, social and historical transformation of Iran specially in that period of restless caused by the initiation of the second world wars. since the international issues were changing rapidly and Iran, in a special geographical position, was attracting the attention of powerful governments in order to protect their interests in the Middle East. In terms of this point of view, paying attention to this crucial element was very important in the continuation of the political rule of the first Pahlavi government so neglecting this matter, was not possible.Based on library sources, descriptive-analytical and cliometric method, the current research is seeking to answer these questions: what were the effects of telegraph network development during the Pahlavi regime? And the budget allocated to this ministry was in line with the development of military power or not? The findings indicate that Reza Shah's efforts to modernize Iran led to the development of the telegraph network as a very practical facility, which was not only as a result of expanding the lines caused by international political conditions, but also a factor for Iran's reformation and revolution in the middle of that time. This network was considered as one of the main components of the expansion of military rule in the country, however, its budget did not grow significantly during Reza Shah's sovereignty. But the budget of the ministry did not grow significantly. The significance of the present research is that it can provide valuable information based on the published statistics related to the dedicated budget to this ministry in the first Pahlavi era and clarify the ambiguous political and social aspects of the society.

Considering the discontinuity of modernity and modernization in Iran, this article tries to look for the effect of discontinuity in the process of development and counter-development while briefly reviewing the national origins of these two concepts in Western countries. The flow of development in advanced industrialized nations proceeded naturally. Due to the long conflicts between the three centers of political, economic and religious power, these countries succeeded in creating legal systems that ensured development. But after the Second World War, when the flow of development entered the countries that faced structural and territorial barriers and lack of legal guarantees, they turned into an anti-development flow. In Iran, this phenomenon started in the form of modernization from the constitutional era. But there were several factors that fueled social and political discontinuity and created major obstacles in the path of development. The discontinuity between modernism and modernity was part of a historical process and caused by insecurities and as a result the concentration of political power. This article intends to explain the effect of political power on social discontinuities, focusing on the issue of development with a political sociological approach The main question is, what factors caused the discontinuities to emerge , and how can these factors be removed?

The present study investigates the formation of social modernization components connected to virtual social networks.

The research is descriptive and wasdone with a survey technique. The statistical population included all the students of Payam Noor University of Golestan province, numbering 6168 people, of which 463 were randomly selected using Cochran's sampling method.

The results of correlation coefficients showed that the relationship between the use of virtual social networks and the components of social modernization, including the variables of universalism, individualism, emotional neutrality, and familyism, was significant. On the other hand, the relationship between this factor and other components of social modernization, including the variables of separation, acquisition, and cosmopolitanism, was not significant. The results of structural equation modeling in the test of research hypotheses showed that the variable of using virtual social networks could explain emotional neutrality, individualism, separation, and universalism from the components of social modernization, respectively.

The result of the research shows that the use of social networks by students has increased the formation of social modernization components (universalism, individualism, emotional neutrality, and separation) in them. Therefore, virtual social networks can be used in the formation of social modernization

 Developmental idealism provides a strong framework for conceptualizing the psychosocial effects of developmental theory in everyday life. Developmental idealism implies that several aspects of modern development originate from Western thought. This article has been carried out with the aim of investigating and sociologically explaining developmental idealism among young people. The research data was collected through a survey and using a questionnaire among 608 youths of Yasouj city who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The findings of the research show that there is a significant relationship between the variables of economic class, materialism, use of virtual space and the Internet, religiosity, individualism, gender attitudes, attitudes towards marriage and developmental idealism, and the age variable has a significant relationship with developmental idealism. didn't have Based on the final model of the research, seven variables that were most related to developmental idealism were selected. These variables are, in order of importance (based on regression coefficients), religiosity (negatively), gender attitudes, use of virtual space, individualism, masculinity and attitude to marriage, which explained the developmental idealism variable. The model of developmental idealism showed that during social changes, social values and norms also change. And in order to prevent any problems from occurring, it is necessary to make decisions regarding any policies and planning in the society with regard to these changes. 

The purpose of this research is the sociologically study of cohabitation phenomenon in Tehran city. In recent years, family institution has experienced many changes which one of them is known cohabitation as a new emerging style of common life. According to nature and subject qualitative research is considered and a purposeful method of sampling and snowball sampling are applied for achieving to theoretical saturation; therefore, in this research 60 person of that experienced cohabitation in 17th Area of Tehran were interviewed. The analyzing of data is based on grounded theory method. The impact factors in the phenomenon of cohabitation can be classified in three categories. The findings show that the following factors have the most impact, including; economic factors (unemployment, lack of job security, costs of marriage) legal factors (the responsibility of marriage, unfair contract between partners and so on) social factors (social changes, generation oppositions, sexual abnormalities and the increasing of conflicts in the society).

Iran’s 1979 revolution caused some changes in the class structure of society and led to a kind of class mobility. After the revolution, the relationship between the government and social classes formed differently based on the level of adherence of each class to the agreed values of the government. Moreover, freedom and justice-seeking slogans during the revolutionary process were a reflection of the democratic and development demands of the new middle class. Now, considering the reformistic and democratic desires of the new middle class and its role in the process of revolution, we encounter a question what changes has Iran post-revolution’s middle class experienced in terms of size, demands, and interaction with the government?This article, which has been done by documentary analysis, has used two different sets of data: the economic data (consumption expenditure per capita) has been obtained from the Brookings Institute. The second type of data, including the rate of university education and white-collar workers (employment), has been obtained from Iran’s statistical yearbooks and the results of the population and housing censuses for different years in Iran.The findings show that the size of the new middle class has increased which is an outcome of the renovation of the war-torn country, the reforms pursued by the Hashemi Rafsanjani and Khatami states and expanding of education across the country. This new middle class has tried to pursue its demands which have been ignored by the government. This contradiction has created some challenges in the relationship between the government and the new middle class.

The establishment of humanities research institutions in Iran was historically slow as their numbers could not reach to that of the fingers of one hand by the 1960s. But in the last decade of Pahlavi's rule, more than 10 institutes and research centers were established in various fields of humanities. Undoubtedly, their emergence was neither accidental nor deliberate. The question arises as why did suddenly so many humanities research institutes emerge in Iran? The current study was carried out using the historical studies method. In this method, first, the required historical data were gathered from the main sources, archival documents and researches and then analyzed in order to provide a new account on causes and process behind the establishment of institutions between 1960s and 1970s, out of which, the Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences was formed. The article, with a brief insight into the developments in Iran after the White Revolution, finally comes to the conclusion that the reason behind the establishment of various research institutions was due to complex problems in the process of modernization, which made the Iranian government subject to contradictions between reforms and repression on the one hand and social and identity conflicts on the other. Since universities had an educational approach, they were practically unable to respond to the country's research needs. Therefore, humanities research institutes could help the government find ways to overcome modernization crises, attract the cooperation of intellectuals and critics in humanities fields, and also show Iran's cultural and civilizational capacities to the people of Iran and beyond. As such, the government put its effort to establish these institutions. The history of Iran's scientific institutions, especially research institutions, has not been documented and we are at the beginning of this path. The author hopes this article would prove a way forward in reminding its importance and necessity.

The institution of the family in Iran has faced important changes during the last few decades, such as a transition from extended family to a nuclear family, an increase in marriage age, a decrease in the marriage rate, an increase in absolute celibacy, a change in criteria for choosing a spouse and increase in divorce. The purpose of this study is to present a picture of the evolution of the family and introduce theoretical approaches with an emphasis on the state of marriage and divorce. To explain the evolution of the family, three theoretical approaches have been used, "modernization theory", "second demographic transition theory" and "postmodern theory". In this study, two methods of "documentary" and "secondary analysis" were used. First, the topics related to the background, literature and research theories have been used from available scientific sources. And then, by referring to the data of the results of the censuses, the civil registration organization and the national survey report, the developments of marriage and divorce have been explained. The results showed that during the last four decades, the share of extended families has decreased and the net marriage rate has decreased, the average age of marriage and divorce rates have increased, and the criteria and methods of choosing a spouse and the attitude towards divorce have changed from traditional dimensions to modern ones. To make policies to increase the marriage rate, reduce the age of marriage and reduce the divorce rate, because the causes of most of the changes that have emerged are socio-cultural, it is suggested that instead of providing loans and facilities for marriage or issuing a directive to reduce divorce,special measures should be takenin the field of cultural issues and to change the lifestyle components in the country.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979 criticized many theories of the revolution and again focused research on the revolution on humanities scholars. So far, this revolution has been studied from economic, political, psychological, social classes, cultural and discourse perspectives, and each of them has proposed new perspectives on the study of the Islamic Revolution. One of them is the book "Revolution in Iran: The Roots of Turmoil" which is written by Mehran Kamerva and published in 1990 by Routledge Publications. Combining the sociological theories of the revolution with psychological and political theories and constructing a multidisciplinary approach to the Iranian revolution, he studies the policies of the government and the political field before the revolution and believes that the Pahlavi regime, after limiting economic ambitions. In the late 1970s and the diplomatic pressures of its main ally, the United States began to decay. Thus, groups and social classes disillusioned with modernization, using the open political space and Shiite ideology and leadership of the clergy, found revolutionary characteristics and with the weakness of the Shah and the regime's repressive forces were able to overthrow the Pahlavi government and replace it with a new political system. In this article, an attempt is made to critique the book based on the methodology of phenomenological sociology and the concept of symbolic mentality.

The press has played an important role in leading public opinion in all human societies, which is why the press is considered the fourth pillar of democracy. The press also played an important role in the constitutional revolution. Although the history of the press in Iran dates back to the mid-nineteenth century, it was mainly during the Constitutional Revolution that Iranians realized the role of informing the press. One of the famous and popular presses of this period was Suresrafil newspaper, which was published under the management of Mirza Jahangir Khan Shirazi and in collaboration with Mirza Ghasem Khan Tabrizi and Mirza Ali Akbar Khan Qazvini known as Dehkhoda. The publication of Suresrafil newspaper started with the victory of the Constitutional Revolution and lasted until the coup d'etat of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar. During this period, 32 issues of this newspaper were published. The present study, by looking at the role of the press in the constitutional revolution, seeks to examine and express the role of this newspaper in raising public awareness. The method of this research is content analysis which in this research has been used to examine the content and objectives of the publication. The findings of this study show that during the Constitutional Revolution, by promoting liberal ideas and criticizing the authoritarian system, the publication played an important role in enlightening public opinion and modernizing Iran during the constitutional period. The final result of the research shows that political and social newspapers like Souresrafil played a decisive role in Iran's constitutional revolution.

The purpose of this article is to investigate how to understand and analyze the main themes of the problem of underdevelopment of the city of Basht  by descriptive phenomenology . Principles of Methodology and analysis in this article is rooted in the philosophy of phenomenology. This paper uses descriptive phenomenological thematic analysis and provides a useful description of how the analysis works. The foundations of epistemology and ontology have been identified and the discourse of modernization has been criticized. modernization has emerged in the form of abnormalities, alienation, and homelessness of the mind in the realm of actors' consciousness.With a critique of the economic logic of growth and development and the formation of endogenous and cultural development approaches, we see the dominance of cultural and non-economic discourses. Local and ecological narratives play a key role and people are willing to participate in the development.

“The Impression of a City: Tehran Today (1977)” by Khosrow Sinai is one of the leading Iranian documentaries that aspires to represent the experience of living in the modern metropolis of Tehran. It has remarkable differences from common urban symphonies, in form and structure, and Sinai doesn’t try to convey the rhythm and pace of the metropolitan life, and he is more in to the representation of some evanescent sparks of metropolitan living experience in the Iranian, traditional to modern, transitional society. The author’s educational background in architecture shows itself through the aesthetics of the film and his exploration in the nature of the modern city. This study, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, using library sources, and an interdisciplinary approach, tries to investigate, how the film represents the metropolitan experience of life, and analyzes the filmmaker’s critical perspective on the process of urban modernization in the Pahlavi’s era

Development is one of the most important preoccupations of third world or post-colonial countries. Although Iran has never been under the control of a country as a complete colony, despite its colonial history and its effects, the category of development has been of great interest to Iranian theorists and thinkers. The main goal of this research is to investigate and study political development from the point of view of Iranian elites. For this purpose, the macro development patterns of rejecting the three paradigms of modernization, dependence and world system were examined and then based on these three paradigms, the position of Iranian elites was studied in the framework of tradition and modernity. Data collection using documentary and library methods and descriptive and analytical research methods. The findings of the research showed that modernist thinkers in Iran are close to the modernization theory, while the ideas of traditional and religious elites are more related to the dependence paradigm.

The main purpose of the research is to study the effective factors of tendency to superstition among citizens. The research method is quantitative meta-analysis, the statistical population of which is 23 documents, of which 18 studies were selected due to the survey and being related to the research problem, compliance with quality and validity, non-probability sampling method from the scientific database of Nurmagz, Jihad Dhanshi, Mag-Iran and Iran has been docked. The results show that there is a relationship between social (0.135), cultural (0.204), psychological (0.365) and economic (0.478) factors with superstition tendency and their total effect was equal to 19. Also, Q test and funnel plot confirmed the existence of heterogeneity (variance) between studies. To check it, contextual variables were considered as moderator variables. The results of the moderator study show that ethnic identity has an effect on superstition tendency and its overall effect is equal to 0.13%. This rate has been higher among Ler and Turks than other ethnic groups. In terms of gender, women are more prone to superstition than men, and the reason for this is the psychological, physical and social difference between men and women in society. Also, football players are less inclined to superstitions and general citizens are more prone to superstitions. From the point of view of the place of life (biospatial-geographic), the residents of the village environment are more interested and willing to explain things with superstitions. The reason for this is geographical isolation, low cultural capital, localism, and people’s compatibility with their traditional and historical norms regarding social affairs.

Consanguineous marriage as one of the prevalence forms of marriage in Iranian society has always attracted the attention of researchers. On the other hand, structural theories claim that with the increase of modernization elements such as changes in economic production, education, urbanization, income growth and consumption expansion, faster communication and network changes, and finally the development of other new technologies, this type of marriage will decrease. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of consanguineous marriage and its supporting factors. In this regard, using multi-stage cluster sampling, 600 eligible women aged 18 to 44 years in urban areas of Bushehr province were studied. The results of the present study showed that consanguineous marriage with 41.2% of marriages is still popular and desirable in the study population. Also, the results of multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed - by controlling other research variables - the probability of consanguineous marriage is higher among respondents whose marriage age is lower and their marriage choice pattern is parent-centered. People with lower education are also more likely to have consanguineous marriages. In general, according to the results of this study, it can be said that the evolution of consanguineous marriage in Iranian society will be more affected by changes in other dimensions of the family and marriage, such as marriage age, spouse selection pattern and fertility changes, rather than directly influenced by the elements of modernization. It seems changes in these support factors leading to the reduction of consanguineous marriages in the future.

Al-Ahmad's radical critiques of the concept of Westernization due to the widespread popularity of various sections of Iranian society at the time of its introduction played an important role in the intellectual and political orientations of Iranian society. Research Findings1- Westernization is a reaction related to modernizationHis views entitled "Westernization" in its technological, economic and social dimensions should be considered as a reaction to the pattern of modernization that was being formed rapidly in the second Pahlavi era and regardless of its consequences. The strong dependence of this process on global capitalism and the prominent role of multinational companies in investing in Iran's domestic industries, along with the growing import of foreign products from oil revenues and the prevalence of consumerism in the urban lifestyle, was a phenomenon that many intellectuals of that period in various forms. It was criticized and Al-Ahmad was one of the pioneers in criticizing this modernization in this direction.2. Critical Westernization of Superficial ModernismThe dependent and accelerated modernization of the Pahlavi government was rooted in a superficial and ignorant modernism that dominated the thought and culture of the elites and constitutionalist and modernist intellectuals of Reza Shah's era and in the Ahmad's era by the formal education system, press and cultural magazines and even some new intellectuals and educated people. dominated. The modernism that prevailed during this period undoubtedly lacked philosophical depth or precise knowledge of the nature of modern culture and civilization, and for this reason it promoted imitation of the modern lifestyle as the main manifestation of modernity. He was involved in cultural and identity debates.3. Weakness of the positive aspects of the concept of westernizationThe lack of philosophical aspect and the emphasis on economic and political aspects of Al-Ahmad's critiques of the accelerated modernization and superficial modernism of the Pahlavi era in the context of the critique of the phenomenon of "Westernization" indicate if his superficial acquaintance with modern European civilization. Except for the strengthening of anti-Western political currents in the form of political and cultural anti-Westernism.

Comparative historical analysis is one of the most important and efficient methodologies in contemporary social sciences. It seems that this methodology can help us develop C. Wright Mills's concepts of sociological imagination.  Theda Skocpol, under the influence of Mills, employed sociology's historical imagination in analyzing social problems.  He argues that there are three approaches to historical sociology: interpretive historical sociology, macro-historical sociology, and analytical historical sociology. In this paper, the characteristics of comparative historical analysis are explained and then the application of this methodology is clarified in analyzing Iran s problems. In the end, the limitations and possibilities are mentioned.

The present study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the effects of modernizationon the Division Pattern of Gender Roles.Survey Research Method is used for this study and it is based on a sample including 227 individuals and they are living in two suburbs of Amlash city which are Azarbon Alia and Azarbon Sofla. The division pattern of gender roles has been investigated using five parameters. It was expected that older people are less tended to accept gender equality in division of roles. But, the study indicated that division pattern of roles is the same among different age groups.In investigating the relationship between pattern of gender roles and individuals’ gender, the respondents whose gender were different, believed in gender equality in division of labour. Also, people with higher socioeconomic status believed in egalitarianism more than people with lower socioeconomic status. In this study, modernization has been evaluated from four dimensions (cultural, social, economic, and political); the study indicated that modernization has changed the traditional division pattern of gender roles, and with people influenced by modern elements, gender attitudes against division of roles has been decreased, and also division of household and social roles are changing toward gender equality.

The present study examines the dynamics of survival and expression values ​​among employees of Ilam city departments. The statistical population of this study is employees who have been employed in Ilam city offices in the year (1357-1397). Sample sampling method was used according to population size. The sample size was estimated to be 384 people through Cochranchr('39')s formula. The data collection method is a questionnaire that was prepared based on Inglehartchr('39')s standard questionnaire with regard to its ecology. The results of the study showed that gender and employment status had an effect on the tendency to survival values ​​among employees, and men were more likely than women to tend to survival values, and the employment status of others was more effective in survival value orientation. The findings also showed that gender, employment status, education level and age of employees did not affect the tendency to express values ​​and only the view of employees of dual generations and work experience in the tendency to expressive values ​​and this basis the second generation is more inclined to There are expressive values, and employees with more work experience are more likely to show expressive values.