جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « mongols » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Ibn-Khaldun (1332-1406 A.C) was one of the greatest scholars of Islamic civilization. In part of his book, he presents a model for the transformation and evolution of life in nomadism to sedentary. The Mongols were also a nomadic people with a pastoral economy and they had little cognition of sedentary lifestyle and its conditions. In the 13th century, they were able to build a vast empire in Asia and Europe. The Mongol nomadic invasion of Iran (1219 AD) caused the occupation of its eastern regions and afterwards led to the establishment of the Ilkhanate dynasty (1256-1335 AD). The process of confrontation and subsequent domination of the Mongol nomads over the Iranian sedentaries over several years led to Mongols life style switch from nomadic life to sedentaries life. The authors of this article intend to utilize Ibn Khaldun's view in the process of switch the lifestyle of the Mongol nomads from nomadism to sedentary in Iran.
Question: How can it be explained the Mongols life style switch from nomadic life to sedentaries life in Iran according to Ibn- Khaldun's theory?

  The method used in this study is historical analysis.

 The findings show that Ibn-Khaldun's view can explain Mongols switch lifestyle in Iran. Furthermore can be used as a remarkable model to explain and understand the switch of nomadic tribes in Iran especially from the period of Seljuq dynasty to pre- Safavid era.

 During the research, it was determined that Ibn Khaldun emphasizes the three components of geography (nature and climate), economic (lifestyle) and social (asabiyyaht) in studying the lifestyle of nomadic societies and its transformation. These components were used in studying transformation the lifestyle of Mongol society in Iran and was determined proportion of these concepts to the society. Thus, the nomadic Mongols lived in a harsh climate, had a simple life and was away from urban luxuries, the force of asabiyyaht that had caused a strong social cohesion among them led to the defeat of the sedentary Iranians. The Mongols With the conquest of Iran and the interaction with the Iranian sedentary, gradually became accustomed with sedentary lifestyle. The Mongols could not resist the material and immaterial attractiveness of the culture Iranian sedentaries, so they abandoned many Mongol customs and were encouraged to sedentary. Eventually the Mongols began rebuilding and developing damaged cities or building new ones and they dwelt in them.

Research on the situation of women during the Mongol rule, due to the different views that the Mongols had about the position of women in politics and society, is one of the important fields of research on the history of Iran that has attracted the attention of some scholars. However, despite the importance of this field, compared to other fields, a small number of coherent and problem-oriented research in this field has been done and published. Therefore, the publication of the book “Women in Mongol Iran”, which was originally the author's doctoral dissertation, deserves to be introduced, reviewed, and evaluated. The author claims that he has addressed this issue due to the lack of in-depth study in this important field, and therefore, this article seeks to evaluate the achievement of this aim in this book. The present article, in a descriptive-analytical method and with a critical approach, addresses the question: to what extent has the author's achievements been able to achieve a fundamental and deep understanding of women in Mongol Iran? It seems that the author has been successful in achieving his specific goals and, in addition to some content and form, has provided a solid achievement and foundation for further research in this field.

A number of historians and scholars have reported on the extent of the killing and looting of the Mongols by describing them as a savage, vicious, bloodthirsty, predatory, cursed, and far from all human morality with no purpose but to kill people. The extent to which such characteristics can be attributed to the Mongols is in keeping with their historical realities and practices, and the question whether the Mongols were the only culprit in attacking and destroying Iran, are the focus of the present study. Descriptive-analytical research method was used for this purpose. An examination of the situation in Iran on the eve of the Mongol invasion and their behavior during the invasion and rule in Iran show that not only the situation in Iran before the Mongol invasion was calm and with no war and bloodshed, but also the Mongols were not so savage and bloody and were not the only culprit in destruction. it is also believed that Iran, as some historians say, was not so devastated by the Mongol invasion so that it could not find itself in good situation until a thousand years later. In fact, the political and social situation in Iran was very agitated on the eve of the Mongol invasion because of the conflict between the claimants of power, and the Mongols invaded a land where murder and looting had already initiated, and they accelerated the intensity and extent of the killings and destruction with their attacks. Keyword: Mongols, Khorasan, Transoxiana, Looting, Brutality

Throughout history of Iran, tradespeople were so noteworthy to government which had tribal structure and dominated society of Iran, due to their social and economic functions. The situation of marketeer, and especially the tradespeople’s guild improved with the invasion of Mongol to Iran far more than before. Mongol who lived in steppes, from the beginning of their attacks on Iran have honored the tradesman’s productions. Many people of this productive class were saved from dying by Mongols during their slaughter. In this study writers are going to answer the question that what were the effect of Mongols and Ilkhans’ policies on social and political status of guilds in Iran. The results of this study indicates that marginalizing the institution of Hussebeh by non-Muslim Mongols until Ghazan Khan period and supporting the tradesman by Mongols, while attacking on Iran and also preventing them from becoming killed, is rooted in economic and military Mongols’ needs that these were Mongols and Ilkhans’ policies towards tradesman. From the social feature these policies led to formation of associations by tradesman and their close relations with other groups including Fetyan and from political aspect, those caused the presence of guilds in political events both during the Ilkhan and interregnum periods. This study aims to analyse the historical data on the impact of Mongols and Ilkhanian’s policies on the social and political status of guilds in Iran through an analytical descriptive approach.

Formation of the Ilkhanid rule and conversion of Hulagu to Buddhism Let Buddhists to participate in Ilkhanid rule. Buddhists hadnot any role in Iranian politics before، and this was seen as a permission to them to take part in the statecraft. After this، many Buddhists migrated from China، Tibet، and the Uyghurestan to Iran. They built some temples which sought to convert people to Buddhism. Some of the Ilkhanid Kings converted to Buddhism and like Hulagu and Abaqa Khan appointed some of Buddhists as their consultants. Buddhists developed area of their influence up to get involved in military and political affairs. They were in good position till Ghazan converted to Islam and left them between converting to Islam or leaving the country.