جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « population policy » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Using documentary and library methods, secondary analysis, and resources in the field of historical, demographic, and developmental changes, this article has analyzed the role of development indicators in demographic changes and policy-making in the world and Iran. The main question of the article was what is the connection between demographic changes and development, and what scenario can be proposed for the population policy of a country like Iran? The findings showed that demographic indicators have changed in line with developmental changes and developed and developing countries of the world - including Iran - have different demographic indicators. Countries with high population growth have lower rates of success and human development than developed countries with lower population growth. In line with the second demographic transition, a type of cultural transition has occurred in family values and having children in less developed countries which affects the behavior of having children. Finally, population policy scenarios are presented in relation to the rate of population growth and the level of development of countries. The trend of economic, social, and demographic changes shows the necessity of a kind of contingent-comparative population policy. For a society like Iran, a stabilization scenario for a "dynamic balance" is proposed.

In Iran, a number of studies have been conducted on population policies in recent years. By examining these studies, it is evident that no review study has examined these studies and provided a clearer picture of the state of population policy studies. Most of the articles were written in documentary and descriptive form and in some periods (2010 and 2015) were more published, which can be caused by the persuasion of researchers through some factors such as the desire of politicians to change the population policy and also communicating the general policies of the population. The conflict of opinions in population policy approaches in Iran is evident, most of the studies have agreed to increase the population policy in the target period. Analyzing the reason for this difference of opinion, the discourse of each of these approaches, and conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses about population policies as well as designing the optimal model of population policy-making in can be suggested

Population size, distribution and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the population have been the concern of thinkers and planners since the distant past and still have a special place. Considering the interrelationship between population and environmental and geographical forces, in this article population distribution in the geographical area of Iran has been studied. In this regard, the descriptive-analytical research method has been used; General population and housing census statistics, review of library studies and review of high-level documents were used. Finally, demographic strategies were determined in accordance with the environmental conditions and demographic window opportunity in the economic, social, demographic and geographic, environmental and security domains. New population centers should be established in the northeast, center, southeast, and southern coasts of the country according to geographical capabilities, ecological conditions, and in line with the implementation of general population policies. and decentralization of the population center of the capital should be given serious attention. Neglecting strategies based on environmental and population conditions can face the country with environmental destruction and the two phenomena of population aging and youth in the future and increase the country's costs; and turn the population from a factor of development into an obstacle to development.

Fertility in Iran and many provinces has reached low levels. Yazd province is one of the few provinces that experiences fertility above the replacement level (about 2.3 children) in recent years. The reasons for the higher fertility of this province have become important at both micro and macro levels. The main purpose of this study is to identify the interpretation and understanding of Yazdi women about chldbearing. The approach of this research is qualitative. The participants were 25 married women from Yazd city, who were selected by purposeful sampling in 2017. Data analysis was done with qualitative content analysis technique, The core category is"childbearing as a dualism of risk and certainty" which is derived from the two main categories of "giving meaning and assurance and the risks of childbearing". The findings show that the economic, social and cultural background and religious values play a role in the fertility decisions . Despite knowing and paying attention to the risk of having children, they consider it a source of security and good and blessing and family and religious values.This approach and people's understanding of having children has prevented them from becoming childless and having only one child. However, the continuation of this situation in the future depends on the socio-economic context of the country and the province, and the adoption of government policies and support for young couples and families and facilitating the conditions of marriage and childbearing will guarantee the continuation of these conditions.

This study aims at identifying the areas of work-family conflict as well as the ways to balance work and family plans. Its approach is qualitative, and its methodology is based on phenomenology. The sample involves 27 women with children under 12, who work in Tehran Municipality. They are selected through purposive sampling with maximum variety in terms of age, number of children, position, and type of contract, then to be determined based on the theoretical saturation level. The data collection method is in-depth interview and the analysis method is thematic analysis, extracted in three methods of open, axial, and selective coding. Based on this study’s findings, the areas of conflict are divided into 8 sub-themes and 3 main themes: "high job requirements", "unequal gender approach in the private and public spheres", and "abandonment and marginalization of policies for family and childbearing ". Working mothers also make great efforts to adapt and use a variety of strategies. These strategies, extracted from a total of 95 basic concepts and 18 sub-themes, are classified into two main themes, namely "bounded rationality" and "formation of non-traditional organizational arrangements". In general, while policy initiatives can be effective in helping women adapt to dual roles, many women still address these issues on an individual or personal level. Working women feel that the policies adopted by the organization are insufficient and have no executive guarantee; therefore, they do not affect their lives significantly.

The relationship between number of children in the family and children's human capital has important implications for optimal population policy. We examine the relationship between number of children in the family and children educational outcomes. Using the two percent sample of individual records from Iran Population Census 2011, we constructed a sample of school age children. The empirical model allows for non-linear effects of children quantity on their educational attainment while controlling for other observable household characteristics. Birth order was a key confounding factor which was controlled for. Educational attainment was measured by school progression constructed from comparing actual school grade and expected school grade based on age. Estimation results, using unrestricted ordinary least squares with controlling for confounders including birth order, shows an inverse-U relationship between number of children in the family and educational outcomes; children’s educational performance improves significantly as the number of children increases from one to two. But for families with three or more children, increasing the number of children significantly deteriorates educational outcomes. This corroborates previous findings in the recent literature.

The population is considered one of the topics of interest to planners and policy-makers in any community. Nowadays, the population is not only as a single subject but it is a vast and complex political, social, economic and security matter that must be seen its all aspects comprehensively and accurately. Iran's demographic problem is not only in growth rate but there are also inappropriate distribution of population and high population density in urban areas and we claim that this matter is the main reason for reducing of the growth rate of iran’s population. Thus, in policies should be attention to this point. The importance of indirect legislative policies concerning the population is much more than direct policies; which of course did not pay attention to it, and both of these policies should be made with a focus on the principle of proportionality and regionalism. In fact, according to the government's limited financial resources and the need to take effective measures to increase the population, what should be of interest to legislators and politicians, is the attention to the public acts and regulaions. So the success rate of these policies will increase and in addition to population increase, it will also help to harmonic and proportional distribution.

The aim of this paper is to examine the timing of the transition to aging in the context of fertility transition and its effects and consequences in 47 Muslim majority countries. Data are taken from the United Nations Population Division database. Results indicate that Muslim majority countries, except Kuwait, have experienced different fertility levels but similar trends during the period 2010-1990. According to this study, population aging will be the dominant demographic phenomenon in most Muslim majority countries in the mid 21th century. However, the results show differences in the timing of transition to aging among these countries. Findings strongly suggest that aging is largely influenced by the severity of fertility decline during the fertility transition period. Since, from among those Muslim majority countries which experienced fertility at or below replacement level, there is no comprehensive population policy to deal with the consequences of low fertility and population aging in the future, and due to the fact that policy making for the elderly demands time, it seems that adopting a comprehensive population policy in these countries to regulate the issues of the elderly population in the near future is necessary.

In this paper we examine changes occurred in Iran's population regarding evaluation of United Nations population projections during 1900-2006. In order to adapt United Nations population projections on the basis of Iran's condition, population studies and research center using census data in 2006 as base year, have evaluated United Nations population projection of Iran. The projection is on the basis of continuing current situation (low scenario of United Nations population projection that has been according to current trend and pattern of declining fertility) and the trend of suitable increasing in Iran's fertility level during 40 years ahead to 2 children for per mother. Findings indicate that if the Iran's population growth follows gradual or slow one, country's populatiowill reach 97 million in 1425 and the population growth will be positive. However, If Iran experience suitable trend of total fertility rate partly more than replacement level, we will never encounter continues growth of population, it can be also say that, growth rate of population will be lower than current growth rate and the age structure will have appropriate balance.

The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is one of the relatively new regional cooperation organizations that have brought together six Asian members of the ex-Soviet Union (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) with four major countries of the region (Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan and Turkey). The main aim of this paper is to identify demographic transition and specifically highlight age structure transition and its pattern in the ECO Countries during 1950-2025. According to applied demographic paradigm, this study has measured the changes in age structure by applying the demographic indices such as population size, population growth rate and total fertility rate using a comparative approach. Data are taken from the UN Projection/Estimations in the five years ago which are comparable in terms of demographic experiences of diverse countries over the past half century. This comparative study showed that during 1950-1975 the high fertility rate led to relative increase of population under 15 years and decrease of various indices of ageing. However, all these countries, experienced signs of reduction of fertility over 1980-2010. Hence, with appearance of fertility control in this decade, the share of population under 15 years has reduced gradually, and the share of population aged 15-64 years has increased. Continuation of this trend in future can change the age structure of the population and reduce significantly the population under 15 years and lead the population into ageing. This study showed that six Asian members of the ex-Soviet Union have followed the population age structure of Russia with a rapid population ageing. These results will have implications for population policies in the ECO region.