جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « victim » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The position of restorative justice in Iran's laws, until the approval of the Criminal Procedure Law approved in 2013, can be divided into two periods of legislative manifestations before and after the revolution, in which in the pre-revolutionary manifestations, we see the formation of institutions such as the Houses of Justice and the Arbitration Council. After the revolution similar institutions, including dispute resolution councils, are recognized as symbols and symbols of non-criminal (rehabilitation) effects in the fight against crime.The main question of this research is to examine the place of the restorative justice approach in the new criminal procedure law.The current research method, in terms of the goal, is a part of problem-oriented applied research, the method of collecting data and information is documentary and library, and the collected data and information are analyzed analytically and descriptively.The findings of the research show that the criminal procedure in the past was more security-oriented and paid less attention to the rights of the accused and the rights of citizens.With the emergence of the opinions of legal scholars as well as the emphasis of international organizations, Iran's criminal legal system also used the restorative justice model in the Criminal Procedure Law of 2012 and legal institutions such as abandoning the prosecution, filing the case,suspending punishment, and mediation in the Criminal Procedure Law in the prosecution phase. has been given and in this direction,it seeks a balance between the rights of the society, the rights of the victim and the rights of the criminal.

The need to prevent re-victimization can be examined in two ways: On the one hand, it causes double harm to the victim, whose debilitating effects have outweighed the original harm caused by the crime, On the other hand, it is important because it paves the way for the continuation of the injury-trauma cycle and turning the victim into a criminal. , Therefore, it is necessary to intervene in the process of this cycle through a variety of clinical approaches in order to stop it. The present study, using a descriptive method and library data investigates a variety of effects of crime; including cognitive, behavioral, and biological changes, considering the importance of preventing re-victimization. Findings showed that clinical approaches to coping with injuries such as cognitive, behavioral, behavioral-cognitive approaches and pharmacological interventions are effective in reducing or eliminating double injuries and subsequent recurrent burnout by turning the injury into an opportunity for growing change,Therefore, clinical approaches are a necessary tool for empowering the victim and preventing re-victimization.

Acid attack because of its modern tools of social violence is a relatively new crime in different societies and it has significant negative effects on the individual and society. Therefore, the present paper seeks to identify the characteristics of this crime, clarify the causes of its occurrence, and proposing preventive strategies.

The present research is based on the quantitative method and using content analysis method on these hypotheses: 1- The number of acid attacks varies significantly by acid attacks' causes. 2. Single men were more likely than other groups to be perpetrators of these attacks. 3. The majority of all acid attack victims are Single women. The research sample included 1350 news related to acid attack over the past 17 years, which has been analyzed.

The results of this study indicate that during these seventeen years, 205 news items have been published in the magazine, which has a total of 302 victims and 273 offenders. Most of the victims and criminals are married men and women, and most of asid attacks had happened because of family problems in Iran.

Amending law on asid attack along with providing preventive solutions in the field of filing, threatening acid attack, buying and selling acid and so on can reduce the incidence of this crime.

Rape and sexual assault is an aggressive act in which sexual activity is sometimes aimed at humiliating and raping the lives of victims, relatives, acquaintances and important people related to them with varying degrees of emotion.And inflicts physical, psychological and emotional damage.Countries around the world have taken great strides in the past to reform rape laws and protect their victims.In rape, other countries have pushed their laws toward partisanship, preserving the dignity of individuals from aggression and rape.And most countries have responded to rape other than punishment, they have not considered punishment as their only criterion, and by establishing rape crisis clinics, they have started to support the victims of this type of crime.Unfortunately, our country, in addition to having weaknesses in the laws related to rape and how to prove it.In many cases, for many reasons, it has been observed that the victims who complained did not get what they wanted.In this article, we are trying to play a victim role in this crime and provide suggestions on the establishment of the organization's clinic and its actions.To some extent, the emotional psychological damage of the crimes and the injuries caused by this crime that appeared after it happened And to eliminate the unapproved measure and return the victims of these crimes to normal life.

Proper restorative justice can play an effective role in preventing recurrence of crime and increasing social security. The effectiveness of the envisaged restorative justice measures requires cultural and social infrastructure. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify social and cultural barriers to the implementation of restorative justice in Isfahan province.

In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is considered as descriptive-analytical. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale. The validity of the research was confirmed using construct and face validity the reliability of each of the studied concepts was calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The sample size was set as 359 individuals using quota sampling method appropriate to the statistical population of officers and judicial officials of the Isfahan Prosecutor's Office and Court and based on the Cochran's formula. The research data were described using frequency distribution, relative percentage and mean; and after Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, the data were analyzed by non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson correlation).

Based on the descriptive findings, the average attitudes of officers, prosecutors and court judges towards the implementation of restorative justice in the range of 1-5 were 3.28, 2.94, and 2.75, respectively. On the other hand, the average social barriers among them in the range of 1-4 were 3.10, 2.38, and 2.89, respectively, and the average cultural barriers among them in the range of 1-4 were 2.63, 2.77, and 2.249. In other words, despite the moderate attitude towards the implementation of restorative justice, social and cultural barriers to its implementation are somewhat above average among respondents. Also, based on analytical findings, younger prosecutors and officers familiar with criminal procedure have a more positive view towards restorative justice.

The greater the social and cultural barriers of officers, the more negative their attitude towards the administration of restorative justice. According to court judges, with the increase of social barriers, the administration of restorative justice decreases, and finally, the lack of necessary training for judges of the judiciary make their attitude towards the restoration of restorative justice more negative.

One of the crimes that have a major impact on public safety is rape, which may be triggered by a social crisis with social disrespect and extends beyond the geographical boundaries of the crime scene. In recent years, crime analysis, which is one of the branches of the demographic of offenders and victims, has become increasingly important in law enforcement and justice, and in order to provide a proper response to any problem that has a complete view of it. The purpose of this study is to investigate the various factors that influence the occurrence of this crime by emphasizing on the criminological profile of rape victims and offenders. The research is a descriptive-analytical one. Using texts and theories through online and library research, he attempts to discover the relationships of the factors with the research through the systematic coding and classification of the survey data. In this study, a limited number of rape cases in Shahroud County investigated in the demographic department in the years 95 and 96 were referred to the police. In this study, we will take a look at existing theories with statistical values ​​obtained from quantitative analysis of files. The results show that prior familiarity with the victim and the perpetrator was related to the occurrence of crime and family breakdown, inappropriate communication with peers, virtual networks, inappropriate cultural teachings, inappropriate sexual education, and marginalization of the causes and causes of this. It's a crime.

Rapid socioeconomic changes and the expansion of access to virtual space have left families with many challenges and injuries in the present age; the most important of these injuries is the tragedy of children in the world and including in Iran. This research attempts to investigate the causes of pedophilia in Shiraz in a survey method. This survey is a quantitative correlation. The statistical population of the study consisted of abused children whose reported miscarriages were reported to the social emergency department in Shiraz in 1396. A sample of 100 people was questioned through a valid and reliable questionnaire through available sampling. The data was analyzed using the statistical method "Correlation of Cramér's V. Findings and The results showed that age, place of birth, children's status (work, street and student), type of housing, education, income, and addiction were significantly correlated with child victimization, but in the case of ethnicity variables, The number of family members, the status of parental employment, the interaction of parents with the child and the degree of adherence to the religious orders of this relationship was not observed. Given that according to the findings of this study, the economic situation has a direct impact on the child victimhood and the highest rate of child offenders is committed by fathers, the education of pedophilic children's fathers, especially in less-favored areas, is the most appropriate solution for confronting the pedophile crime in Shiraz.

Recent criminal investigations have shown that traditional criminal justice in its approach has failed to solve the problem of crime rate rising as expected. This incapacity of traditional criminal justice has created new approaches to the criminal phenomenon, its effects and how to deal with it, most notably the approach to restorative justice. In terms of its nature this study is of an applied research type and descriptive-analytic. The data are collected through library studies. The researcher analyzed and evaluated the issue by referring to legal and Islamic jurisprudence resources as well as civil rules and regulations. Findings and The results of this research indicate that contrary to traditional criminal justice, special attention has been paid to the victim and his damages, and the main purpose of the processes and guarantee of the implemented performances is to restore the victim's damage and give the responsibility to the offender. Thus, with restorative justice programs, before enforcing the court order, simply compensate the injured person or other people, and reduce the civil liability of the judicial officers appointed in this research for the employees of the I. R.I. Police. By convening a meeting between the victim and the offender with the civil servant and creating compassionate meetings before the court, and dealing with the subject matter, civil liability of judicial officers may be terminated. Unfortunately, in the current judicial system, the restorative justice institution has not been very well used to compensate for civil liability, but in some cases, the resolution council has made good use of the tools of this institution. Ultimately, international rules and international institutions have recently accepted restorative justice.

Today, the role of victim in prosecution is so important, but not in the stage of verdict. The aim of this research was the study of the reasons of victim's reluctance indicating commission of crime in the crimes against the spiritual dignity in the years of 1394-1395. The study was a field and the method of gathering data was a library one. Hereof, 155 employees of Shahre-kord court (Justice), lawyers and involved people with spiritual dignity crimes were tested. In this regard of self-made questionnaire, 68 questions with the stability of 0/89 were used, the validity of questionnaire were approved by experts. The finding of this study showed that the lack or defect of the proving reasons of crimes against the spiritual dignity can play a significant role in refusing from indicating commission of crime by victim. There is a meaningful relationship between light (lenient) punishments and the victim's reluctance of indicating commission of crime in the crimes against the spiritual dignity and prolongation of procedure plays an important role in reluctance of indicating commission of crime by victims. Also, respectively the importance of lack or defect of crimes proofs against spiritual dignity, the lenient aspect of punishments and reluctance of indicating commission of crime by victims, educations and finally gender (sex) are important barriers to prevent victims from indicating commission of crime in the crimes against the spiritual dignity

The family is first social institute and one of its important social pathology is domestic violence. The main objective of this research was to predicting dimensions of domestic violence upon coping strategies domestically women victim. This research was correlational studies. With multistage random sampling 114 married women who reported domestic violence in their files were selected. Participants answered to three questionnaires: Lazarous test, Domestic Violence Questionnaire. The results showed that coping strategies such as escape and avoidance, responsibility have negative correlation with physical violence, while planned problem solving had a meaningful positive correlation with physical violence. Escape and avoidance variables as well as social support had meaningful positive correlations with psychological violence, while responsibility had a negative correlation with it. Data analysis showed that in general, there is significant correlation between the coping strategies with women who reported domestic violence and it could predict domestic violence based on coping strategies.

Intentional murder of a person is among the most heinous acts, whose punishment according to the holy Quran is eternal chastisement. Regardless of the reasons for murder, one of the significant related issues is the way of its commitment and punishment of culprits. The objective of this article is to study the murder of one person by several persons and its punishment in Islamic law and jurisprudence. Also attempts have been made to verify the authenticity of the known notion of Imamiyah jurisprudents, who permit the killing of all the murderers in retaliation for killing one person. A study of the reasons of the advocates and opponents of permissibility of killing of all the murderers of one person indicates that, on the one hand, the reasons and theoretical documents regarding invalidity of numerical similarity between the murderer and slain forwarded by advocates of permissibility of retaliation are not enough and in some cases are not correct. On the other hand, considering the numerical similarity between the murderer and the slain as a valid base for permitting retaliation is more compatible with penal codes of Islam, for the punishment or retaliation in Islamic judicial system is based on the result of criminal act and its congruity with the punishment of the culprits. Since in murder of one person by several persons, the outcome is death of one person, and hence not more than one person can be killed in retaliation.

This paper investigates the serial murders of Pakdasht form the victimology perspective. The main intention of this study is to find factors that influenced the formation and facilitated the murder of 17 children that were killed in a 19-months period. In this study, three factors including formal control, informal control and the characteristics of victims were investigated as factors affecting the process of killings. This study is based on qualitative research methods, and techniques used comprises of document analysis, content analysis, interviews and observations. It has been tried to provide a clear and realistic image of the process of killings, hence we resorted to first-hand analysis of the document, interviewing the former Police Force officials, interviewing the family of victims, interviewing the youth of the Pakdasht region and analyzing the content of the press from the time that criminals were arrested up to the time that they were executed, through all the available means. The results of this study indicates that factors such as inadequate formal control imposed by the Police and the Judiciary, inadequate informal control imposed by the family and school and local institutions, some characteristics of the victims and the suitable geographical environment, are among the important factors that describe the murder of seventeen 9 to 17 years-old boys in this case.

One of the most important necessities that victimology requires at least within criminal sciences is to create a general theory describing and explaining all concepts، theories and hypotheses which may be used in this scientific sphere. The present article seeks to introduce such a theory، using key terminologies formed the literature and content of victimology from beginning of its emergence since mid of the twentieth century. The new discipline of criminal sciences that I argue in this article has emerged in the light of two criminological and legal approaches. The work of the victimology theory is to incorporating these approaches into a unified field of study which is based upon three key concepts: active personality of victim، nature of victimhood/victimization and passivity of victim. In my final considerations، I conclude that the victimology theory can have virtues and advantages including in criminal etiology، preventing victimization and offending and overall formulating a better criminal policy and criminal justice system in practice.

The study of victim known as victimology has not been attended in traditional criminology which focuses on crime and criminals. But now, there is an interest in theories which have been advanced to explain victimization. While it is the main concern of criminology to ask about the reason behind of offending, victimology asks why some people become the suitable target for criminal activities. The main aim of this study is to find the concept of victimization through the view of women as well as finding a theory to explain the victimization. This research is inspired by grounded theory and tries to understand victimization based on narratives of women. To achieve the objective of research, semi-structured interviews conducted with 46 women in Tehran. However, the results of this study do not generalize in any way because of the small sample size. The result of research shows that concept of victimization includes a range of emotions. In definition of women on victimization three main concepts including “lack of resources and authority”, “vulnerability” and “deprivation of life” have been emerged.
Women explain their victimization by referring to concepts like male domination, deficiency of different structures and gender inequality.

Spousal homicide, in contrast to other forms of murder, is not an incidental crime but one resulting from all sorts of domestic crime, psychological pressures, financial problems and the presumption of infidelity. In this kind of crime not only the spouse but also the family should be considered the true victim and this victimization does irreparable harm to the offspring and leaves them in despair and drives them to committing crime. The reasons for this homicide could be variables such as family status, financial, social or cultural situations and the homicidal personality trait that is sometimes associated with men. In this article, the role of familial and financial factors in light of the preventive measures set up by international laws and organizations will be discussed.

Victims have an important role in the process of criminal justice and without their cooperation this process would be interfered and its formation would face some problems and obstacles. After crime occurrence, those victims who suffered from damage and hurts enter the process of criminal justice. In this regard, police is the first institution that victims deal with. Hence, police have an important role in decreasing the victims’ spiritual and physical hurts and also legally support them. This support would be successful if police take the role of victims into special considerations and ask them to participate in different stages of the cases. In fact, police cannot achieve the required success in supporting the victims and decreasing the damage resulting from crime and in this regard they need the victims’ cooperation. In this study, the documentation, observation, interview, and content analysis methods have been used. The findings of this study show that the victims play a role in different stages: declaring victimization, crime detection, preserving crime scene, recognizing the convict or convicts, gathering the evidence, following up the cases, cooperating with police, obeying police recommendations, and even monitoring police performance including careful investigations, and rapid and accurate processing of the investigations. On the other hand, law enforcement experts believe that for achieving more success in police legal support of victims, it is necessary for the victims to take the police demands into considerations in this process. In order to operationalize the abovementioned issues, police should provide the executive pavements of victims’ participation in different stages of follow-up so that they can achieve the required success in legal supporting of the victims and demanding their rights.

Today, the new developments in the field of criminology have led researchers of social sciences and criminology to look beyond the criminal act and pay attention to the victims of crime. Finding of criminology and victimology show that vulnerable people such as women are "prone to be crime victims “or "potentially vulnerable victims". It is because of their physical weakness and their specific biological, psychological and social characteristics which make them easier goals for offenders. Women are the first choice of offenders because they will meet less risk and cost. This paper is based on library research and its evidence derived from the study of avialable documents, books, and records on women literature. The authors of this paper are to outline how we can support women, as potentially vulnerable groups, against harms and crimes.