جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « برابری » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Although tradition religious association in traditional Iranian society had specific and well-established religious and social functions, with the extensive changes in Iranian society and its increasing modernization, the relationship of these tradition religious association with the characteristics of the new society has been "Problematic". This means that although on the one hand, all tradition religious association, as "Intermediary Institutions" that provide an opportunity for people to interact and collaborate, play an effective role in strengthening the characteristics of civil society, but on the other hand, not all of them act in the same way. In this study, the three "Ideal Types" of the tradition religious association, reflexivity, Identity-oriented and Movement-oriented, were separated and their relationship with some components of civil society was examined. The type of reflexivity moves towards strengthening civil society by striving for "Civic Education" of members of society and spreading civic messages. By focusing on strengthening the "Shiite Identity", the Identity-oriented type moves more towards the creation of "Traditionalist Societies", and Movement-oriented type, focusing on strengthening the "Jihadi organization", pursues the ideal of "Wilaii society".

In “Spheres of Justice,”Walzer offers an explanation of the principles of distributive justice based on an understanding of the meanings of the various social good. This explanation of justice is “pluralistic” and based on the idea of “complex equality.” Walzer’s point is that each area of social life has its own criteria for distributing social good, and one area should not be extended to other areas. The opposite of Walzer’s ideal justice is coercion and domination, which means the domination of the standard of justice in one area over other areas of social life. The diversity of the principles of the distribution of social good, the attempt to reconcile pluralism and equality, and the opposition to the domination of capital over the realm of political power are among the highlights of Walzer”s theory of justice. Walzer’s critics, on the other hand, argue that Walzer’s conservative nature makes him unable to take a clear critical stance on the wrong ways of distributing social good. Lack of a clear criterion for understanding the social criteria of the distribution of goods, the relativity of social meanings, and inability to provide a criterion for criticizing incorrect methods in the distribution of social good are among the most important criticisms of Walzer’s theory of justice.

According to the views on the violation of women's rights in different societies and following the occurrence of democratic revolutions in Europe and the spread of concepts such as equality, women's rights movements also use such a concept. (Equality) They decided to realize women's rights. This article tries to identify the most important branches of feminism and how they use the concepts of equality in two types of descriptive and grammatical (arithmetic and geometric).

In this article, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to examine the topics.

The women's liberation movement, known as feminism, has developed into a variety of disciplines, including liberal, radical, postmodern, cultural, socialism, homosexual, existential, and racial. Critical, psychoanalytic and black and ...

The emergence of different professions of feminism has been the reason for the inefficiency of this movement and the methods used in defending women's rights, although the positive consequences of feminism in defending women's rights can not be ignored.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of organizational democracy indicators on women's psychological capital in the organization. The statistical population in this study is female employees in the Humanities and Cultural Studies Research Institute. The present study is descriptive-objective in terms of practical purpose and in terms of type of method. Standard questionnaires have been used to collect the data required in this study. Analysis and testing of research hypotheses have been done in two sections: descriptive and inferential statistics. In the inferential statistics section, through the laser software, using the model of structural equations and path analysis coefficients, the effect of organizational democracy indicators on women's psychological capital has been studied. Based on the results of the structural equation model, the indicators of critical participation, justice and accountability have had a positive and significant impact on women's psychological capital in the Humanities Research Institute and Cultural Studies. Also, there was no significant relationship between transparency and equality indicators with women's psychological capital.

Equality and Partiality is authored by American (with a Serbian descent) philosopher Thomas Nagle in political philosophy. In this book, the author tries to create a logical correlation between personal and non-personal goods, and by so doing he hopes to have unknotted the moral implications of partiality between these two concepts both in theory and in practice. In the practical sphere, Nagle puts more emphasis on economic aspects of equality among citizens than on the cultural, political, and social aspects. This paper   examines Equality and Partiality in three sections. It first concerns itself with the structure and appearance of the book, then it discusses the position of Nagle and his book in modern political philosophy, and it finally analyzes the content of the book and evaluates the achievement of the Nagle’s book in defending the school of impartiality especially on economic grounds. Nagle’s efforts focus on identifying the problems from his own personal and impersonal views about the social and economic inequality, with the equal presuppositions. Of course, these efforts have not led to clear-cut solutions.

The issue of women and their relation to men have been important subjects discussed by many thinkers in this century, from different points of view, depending on their specialities. In this qualitative research, the view of Ali Shariati on women, their familial and social rights in relation to men have been studied and evaluated. He believed in the paramount importance of women in all social changes and developments. Distinguishing three types of women; traditional, so-called modernized and like-Fatima who is independent, and socially active and responsible, Shariati encouraged women to deny western values and way of life and follow Fatima’s steps in life and implement great values of Islam. Although there are some inconsistencies and masculism tendencies in his views, it can be discerned that he believed in women’s ontological equality to men, their independence, and freedom of choice and will. However, based on his belief in natural law and also in preference of family over the individual, he supported some differences in their roles and rights in the family, such as men's guardianship, their right to polygamy and temporary marriage. T the same time, highlighting women’s talent and capabilities and, considering social relations and institutes being constructed rather than natural, he encouraged women to social presence and participation. He did not delve in different aspects of such contribution and did not elaborate on their social and political rights and their boundaries in details, such as their rights to be elected or appointed in different positions.

Town & country planning is regarded as the main strategy for legal and administrative delocalization of Tehran and in the Constitutional Law, rules for 5 years development, national rules. It focuses on Town & country planning. In all 5 years plans, it is referred to seasonal development, balanced and regional development and Town & country planning and this issue reveals the importance of town & country planning. Moreover, in the years 2004 and 2015 the State Cabinet and Town & Country Planning Council ratified the law for insisting on town & country planning. It is to be noted that although evolutions of town & country planning during recent years confirms evolution of this issue at planning system of Iran and the issue of town & country planning in spite of ups and downs is strongly supported by planning system of Iran; the town & country planning was never executed seriously and some of the consequences for lack of executing this planning are: focus of facilities (political, administrative, scientific, educational, political-administrative, social, cultural, health, treatment and industrial) in metropolis of Tehran. It is to be noted that many problems of Tehran are originated from economic, social and spatial systems and it is necessary to solve these problems not only in Tehran but also in all parts of Iran. Thus, delocalization of Tehran shall be depend on benefiting national and multidimensional approaches. Nowadays, it is required to have inner field approaches toward different topics. It is to be noted that this approach does not negate the independence of different specialty fields; rather, its purpose is benefiting data from other fields if science and preventing from offering single aspect and unilateral strategies and through offering holistic, multidimensional approaches attempting to increase cooperation and overlap between different fields of law and other humanities. Thus, the present research deals with delocalization as inner field topic within frame of Town & country Planning.

Women's rights is one of the important issues in the framework of international human rights; Many international treaties and other documents has been concluded in the field of women's human rights and many international organizations and institutions has had activity in international community so far. International organizations have been applied to monitor on insurance of women's human rights by several functions all over the world and specially their jurisdiction to interpretation of International norms is a key element in development of women's concepts. Some of the important human rights concepts and examples are "non-discrimination", "gender equality", "the right to health", "gender stereotypes" and "sexual and reproductive rights". With respect to the membership of Islamic Republic of Iran in the international treaties including the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), awareness of the recent general comments the international bodies is advantageous to decide effectively in international relations.

Despite the emphasis of Islamic religion on the equality of the rights of individuals, the Islamic punishment law contains various provisions on men and women, some of which are supportive of women, and some others, such as the age of criminal responsibility, martyrdom, Qisas (retaliation in kind) and diya (blood money/ransom), are apparently discriminatory. According to Article 550 of this law, the women’s Diya is half the man’s Diya, and this is usually justified by juridical reasons and the difference in the social and economic status of women and women.
In addition to the silence of the Holy Quran regarding the Diya of women and man, considering the jurisprudential principles related to this issue, as well as the doubt in the authenticity of some evidences, their contradiction with the content of the decrees contained in the Holy Quran, and the appropriation of some related narrations to particular cases, and thus the impossibility of their generalization into similar cases, one can challenge the necessity of the inequality. The lack of consensus in this area, as well as the change in the rational aspects of the difference between women’s and men’s diya, is a sign of the possibility to terminate the inequalities

Literary criticism and it's necessery language doesnt have enough precedence in Persian literary history, becouase the popular language in premodern discourse was the "praise/ dispraise language". The writers and poets in this era usually used praise language and sometimes used dispraise language. But when parliamentary stablished in modern discourse, this language replaced by criticism language gradually and criticism language changed to usual language in modern discourse. The reason of this change must be researched in change of discourse and it's presupposithon. The praise/ dispraise language can be a usual language in a unequality structure, but criticism language is the result of a modern discourse that it's presupposithon is equality and just in this discourse the literary criticism and it's language can be and raise.

Justice is one the most highly regarded virtues in societies and is as old as the human society itself. since people have different perceptions about the idea of justice according to their understanding and social values, the analysis of injustice in a society without considering its mental and perceptional aspects can lead to a misunderstanding. Therefore this study explores the students’ point of view about social justice and investigates the answer of this question: “can we consider the observed difference in people’s points of view about social justice, as related to their religiosity?” The theoretical viewpoints of current study are categorized in 4 groups: Need, Equality, fairness and individualism. Among different religion typologies, Shepherd typology was selected. Using Kukran formula by proportional layer sampling, survey was done among 382 students -332 from Tehran and 50 from Shahed university- were questioned. Results show that there is a correlation between the students’ point of view about justice and their type of religiosity. As their religious beliefs became more secular and individualistic and rationalistic, their points of view about social justice became more liberalized and as their religious beliefs became more traditional, their point of view about social justice became socialistic. Moreover, age and sex have correlation with respondent’s points of view about social justice but there was no significant correlation among social-economic base, semester of study, marital status and field of study and point of view about social justice. Results also show that most of the students had a Ralzi (compound) view about social justice.

Human social relationship requires adhering to principles of ethics, and the wider the range of communication would be the stronger the need for adhering to virtuous ethics becomes. A number of thinkers in the field of ethics hold that variety and diversity of cultures in today’s world have made it impossible for us to determine any shared ethical principles for humans. However, the author of the present paper believes that there are five fundamental ethical principles, all stemming from the common nature of humans, which can be suggested as the common fundamental ethical principles in global media. These principles, which are not at all at odds with varieties and diversities in ethical cultures of different communities, include: human glory, freedom of speech, equality and non-discrimination, social consensus, and social welfare.

Women’s issues are among basic issues of contemporary society which have been offered different solutions. While the first- wave feminists would insist on the gender equality, the second wave would emphasize that women differ from men. The third wave tried to hold on to both sides of the conundrum: equality and difference. Iris Marion Young is one of the theorists of the third wave of feminism who presented the theory of Differentiated Citizenship. Through Consultative Democracy theory of Habermas and Foucault’s theory of Marginalized and Oppressed Groups she tried to plan a type of communicative-participatory democracy in order for women and other oppressed and deprived groups to fully and equally participate with others while maintaining their differences in public areas. On this very basis, the present research analyses Young’s Theory of Differentiated Citizenship to show the extent of success of the theory in offering an alternative solution to the issues of women and deprived social groups.

Social inequality and countinues of class interval is one of the most important problems of human beings. Class interval with injustice, countinues and deepness of inequalities can cause an important and hard question in a society. This study is seeking the effective causes of inequalities within societies. For to explication of the subject form a new outlook, the social capital as an independent variable is compaired with other independent variables, thesis is control condition for survey and explication. The statistical target population of the studies all the citizens above 15 years old in isfahan at the time of survey with a sample of 696 citizens. The needed information has been achieved by analyzing statistical questionnaire. analy the data, multiple regression, modeling and equation structure has been used. The beta values resultes show that variables of luxurity, age, education, rationality, advertisement, need satisfaction are effective in explanative of social inequality. Mean of social inequality and social capital is 2/7 and 2/9. The results of this survey show that social inequality reduces when social capital arises.

Disable people need special legal attention. In this regard, special rules have been gradually developed by domestic and international law. Convention for the Protection of the Disabled Disability (2006) in the international community and the Iranian Act of comprehensive protection of the disable people (1383) in a national community are examples of above mentioned legal development. The article is to analysis the efficiency of Iranian Act by a comparative study. The method of this research is descriptive and analytical. It is descriptive when seek to explain the rules of international law which has been codified in the 2006 Convention for the Protection of the Disabled and is analytical where the international act with the tryies to compare national regulations of protection of disable people. In Comparison which 2006 Convention for the Protection of the Disabled Disability, the Iranian Act of comprehensive protection of the disable people (1383) is as an incomplete law. In this aspect, the Convention may be considered an appropriate model of possible revision of the mention to Act. Taking into account the preventive criminal policy and the protection of the disable people by the procedural and substantial criminal law are among the matters which should be considered be legislators.

The present research is a criticism of feminism according to the Quranic verses and traditions of the infallibles. The research has been conducted in an analytical – descriptive way. All sources related to feminism and Islamic doctrines have been studied for accomplishment of the research. In this study, the classification, analysis, argumentation and conclusion have taken place in view of the nature of the data. The extent and sphere of research include the verses of the Quran, narrations of the infallibles, and views as well as thoughts of the feminists. The history of feminism, its formation and the three waves of feminism are some of the major discussions in this research. Meanwhile, the doctrines of feminism, theories and views of the advocates of feminism and also the criticism of these doctrines from the perspective of Islamic doctrines have also been examined. Considering the findings of this research, it can be said that thefoundations of feminism are basically incompatible with revelatory doctrines, verses and traditions. Despite extensive propagation by Western and European countries, this movement has failed to take any effective and concrete actions towards promoting of women's position and status in the world.

Since in the recent decades some European countries made restrictions for Muslim women wearing hijab, it is necessary to explain minority rights in the international law. Thus, this paper deals with the status of minority rights in the international law and the existing barriers for religious minorities to maintain their rights. And in the light of the principle of “non-prohibition” and “equality” of individuals, article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and “doctrine of margin of evaluation” the paper critically evaluates the prohibition of hijab in the view of international minority rights law. Finally, the paper concludes that prohibition of hijab is a breach of individuals’ human rights and their religious freedom, which is because of social and political pressures.