جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « منابع طبیعی » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Natural resources like oil have an enabling or constraining impact on how societies develop through a variety of mediating pathways. The goal of the study was to investigate the role of mediating social mechanisms in the transmission of the causal effects of natural resources on the development of societies and to ascertain the relative contribution of each of these channels in light of the research gap in the field of mediating social mechanisms. This study was carried out using the panel analysis method with data from 133 countries from 2000 to 2013. The results show that the direct impact of natural resources on development is eliminated by the introduction of transmission channels. This means that natural resources mainly play their causal role indirectly. The results also demonstrated that natural resources affect the development level of societies via the social channels of human capital, institutional quality, and the level of social stability. The most significant social channel through which natural resources influence the development of countries is human capital. The deterioration of the human capital structure is the most significant channel of the unfavorable developmental consequences of the countries that are endowed with or dependent upon natural resources; consequences that can be averted with appropriate policies.

In this research, people violation as a codified indicator of natural resources destruction was assessed in department of Natural Resources and Watershed of Semirom Township that located in Esfahan province. For this purpose descriptive approach was used to analyzing kind and frequency violations on 2169 documents from 2001 up to 2014 in 61 rural regions. Result showed annual average frequency of violations in Semirom Township 15 percent has increased. Also the changes rate of law of article 55 showed on this period 67 percent of fire areas have increased. According to this research the most violations are related to livestock including 44 and 47 law articles. Also the results show that about of frequency and rate of violations is significant differences between the period and parts of township. In general, with the increase in the frequency and rate of violations of natural resources, expect more difficult and critical conditions for the management of natural resources in this township.

Today the environment and its protection have become one of the main concerns in different countries. Groups, strata, and different communities are involved in this regard in accordance with their own living conditions. Nomad women can also be very influential due to their participation in various affairs .Therefore, the present research studies the role of nomadic women in the conservation and restoration of natural resources in the city of Choram. This research is an applied and descriptive-analytical survey method. The statistical population of the nomadic women is the city of Choram. thesample size was 368 people. The results show that in terms of individual characteristics: the revearse correlation between ageand conservation and restoration of natural resources is equal to -44.55,the correlation between education, income and marriage with conservation and restoration of natural resources is equal to 0.615,0and 318/0. Also,studying different aspects of women's participation in conservation and restoration of natural resources showed that the average environmental dimension was 3.7,economic, 17.3 social 3.1and managerial 3.8. In general, the results of a single sample T test for the total amount of nomadic women's participation in conservation and restoration activities of natural resources were3.14,and it is seen to be higher than the average.

The purpose of this paper is to find the answer to the question of what is the relationship between the nature of government finances and the quality of governance. In other words, what affects the government's dependence on resources (natural resources and foreign donations) and taxes on the quality of governance? In order to find the theoretical solution to the problem, the theory of the relationship between government and good governance funds was examined. The target population of this study is from 135 countries with a share of natural resources and their taxes on nonfiscal GDP, as well as from 100 countries with a share of external financing in total non-fiscal state revenues. Data from research variables are collected from various international sources for countries with valid data and analyzed in averaged way over the period 2000 to 2015. A quantitative comparative analysis method and linear regression technique have been used to find the empirical solution of the problem and to test the causal conditions. The present research is based on the meanings of the right to comment and accountability, rule of law, corruption control, political stability, regulatory quality (bureaucracy), government efficiency, government size, political participation and economic freedoms as a good governance indexes. The use and influence of renter sources (natural resources and foreign aid) and taxes on all aspects separately. Research findings show that the governing nature of the studied countries is a function of the amount of income from resource sources (natural resources and foreign aid) and taxes, so that, in proportion to the increase in revenues, the quality of governance decreases and vice versa, with increasing revenues Tax, quality governance increases .

Since 1990s researchers have demonstrated increasing interest in studying the association between institutions on one hand, and other issues including economic growth and development, investment, inflation and inequality on the other hand. This mainly lies in the fact that institutions play substantial role in reducing the costs of exchange, insecurity and risks. This evidently echoes the importance of studying the determinants of institutions, which has not received sufficient attention in the existing literature. Development accounts for a key determinant of institutions. The present study examines the effect of development on institutions on the basis of the governance index. The examination focuses on the Islamic countries of D8 during 1996-2014 and employs the auto-regressive method. The results of this study support the statistically significant and positive effects of development and human capital on institutions. On the contrary, institutions are negatively affected by abundant natural resources.

The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the effect of natural resources abundance on military expenditure in the Middle East countries during the years of 1995-2014. For this purpose, design a general model of military expenditure for this countries with the presence of natural resource abundance indicators, Includes two general index: The share of natural resource revenues from the GDP and the share of fuel exports from the merchandise exports and also 5 separate indicators, including: revenue share of oil, natural gas, coal, forests and minerals from the GDP and in order to estimate it, is used Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) in dynamic panel data form. The model estimation results show that general indicators of natural resources abundance had a positive and significant effect on the military expenditure of countries studied. Also, with separate of revenues from natural resources, show that the share revenues of oil and natural gas from the GDP, had a positive and significant effect and revenues from other natural resources, had a meaninglessness effect on the military expenditure in this countries. Accordingly, can say that the energy resources in Middle East countries influence on the military expenditure.So that a one percent increases in the share of oil and natural gas revenues of GDP, respectively, will increase military burden in this countries approximately 0.14 and 0.05 percent.

The aim of this project is defined based on global, national and local levels in which the local level of this project was conducted to develop and widen participatory development approaches in rangeland rehabilitation, enhancement of Carbon Sequestration and improvement of socio-economic living conditions of local communities. Therefore women empowerment in local communities is a fundamental tool to manage and increase participation of women as managers, rehabilitate rangelands as environmental capital, formulate female rural development groups as social capital, generate women micro economy funds as financial capital and so on. Study of women performance in this research shows that women have had direct participation in seeding production, nursery establishment, planting and irrigation for rangeland rehabilitation through organized groups in Village Development Groups (VDGs). They have also had indirect participation through acceptance of fuel innovations and reduced rangeland degradation by 75%. Through the collection of small savings in micro- credit funds they also have had different economic & productive activities to decrease dependence to livestock and use of rangelands for grazing, which has a major role in livestock & rangelands balance.

Production methods in any communities make the foundation and structure of social organizations of that the community. This issue is so important that thinkers such as Marx and advocates of Marxist theories consider the economic factors, namely the production forces and production relations, as the historical evolution motivator of human societies. In Iran, particularly under the influence of Marxism theories, social formations at different historical periods have been investigated and categorized. These categories include feudalism, Asian mode of production, peasants’ mode of production, the capitalist mode of production and a mixture of production methods. Some researchers believe that Iran has a feudalism system and its political economy should be investigated in the light of feudalism and public laws relating to the feudalism development as well as contradictions that bring about the emersion of capitalism from feudalism. Another group of researchers who are mainly influenced by Marxist theories, with an emphasis on Marx's views about the Asian mode of production, evaluate Iran’s history in the form of this model. These researchers believe in Vitfogel theory about Asian mode of production, as it stated in "Oriental despotism" book, based on which Asian societies have passed a special evolution path, and hence, are different from European feudalism. According to this view, all Asian societies are the same regardless of cultural, climatic and geographical diversity. However, some researchers have had enough knowledge about structural differences between feudalism West and pre-capitalist Iran. They state that the main differences between western feudalism and production modes in Iran are the existence of large cities, monetary economics, habitation of Iranian kings and Arbab in cities, lack of hereditary aristocracy and lack of rural-urban conflict, lack of Manorial System and Serfdom system, and presence of concentrated irrigation systems under government management and control of social structures by government. Some researchers, emphasizing the specific formulations of Iran society, have considered a KhanKhani or Molook-u-Tavayefi system for Iran. Exploitation systems of the pastures that were mostly landowning systems are mainly related to the period of land reform and Pahlavi quasi-modern government and these systems have changed drastically. These changes are observable in pasture management field and nomadic people social structure.

The present study aims at describing the historical geography of «Farghaneh» which had been one of the states of the Great Khorasan (the ancient Khorasan and Transoxiana) since the early centuries after the emergence of Islam. Descriptions will also be presented regarding the natural resources، cities، and scholars of the Farghaneh state. Also muslim Arabs'' success in conquering it along with its gubernatorial، administrative، and political conditions from Islamic era up to the modern times will be described. Since the social and cultural issues of Farghaneh have not been addressed adequately in geographical and historical sources، a small portion of the article covers those issues. The research findings suggest that the Farghaneh state had been neighboring Turkish lands and Turkish speaking people. Also، Farghaneh has been part of Persia in ancient times. In addition، It has been governed by Rashedin، Abbasid، and Omavid Caliphate and Iranian، Turk and Mogul governors in Islamic era.

This article’s objective is to present gender analysis to development planners, and introduce its’ application through an experience in Iran. Gender Analysis is a methodology, which provides a comprehensive picture of the men and women’s role and their share in the society, as well as their similarities and differences in needs and priorities. The practical framework of gender analysis includes profiles on four major issues: 1. The development context profile, 2. The activity profile of men and women and their roles, 3. The resources profile, includes men and women’s access and control over resources, 4. The program action profile answering the questions on: “how do we close the gaps between gender”. Also, how do we adapt women and men’s needs to development objectives. Gender analysis workshop with the participation of rural development practitioners proves the need for further educational programs for planners in Iran.