جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مهاجرت » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Education facilitates migration by increasing economic efficiency. Studies show that immigrants have higher education than non-immigrants. Migration of highly educated people can create changes in the composition of the population of origin and destination of migration.This study has investigated the effect of internal migration on the changes in the education level of the population of the counties and the gender differences of this effect by using the census data of 2011 and 2016 and the statistical yearbook of Iran Statistics Center in 2016 and with the method of secondary data analysis. To calculate the effect of migration the method of the Compositional Impact of migration was used.The findings showed that the biggest change was in the level of higher education of the population of women and men. The share of the population of men and women with higher education in developed counties has increased due to immigration, and the share of the population of men and women with higher education in less developed counties has decreased. Examining the gender differences showed that these changes were more in the female population of the counties than in the male population.The results of this study indicate that the existence of regional inequalities in access to educational and employment opportunities has led to the migration of women with higher education compared to men with higher education from less developed counties, especially from the semi-western and northeastern regions of Iran. Considering the importance of educated manpower in achieving economic and social growth and development, taking measures to develop less developed counties can provide the basis for increasing the speed of development of these areas by reducing the migration of educated people.

In recent years, there has been a notable increase in independent geographical mobility and migration among women, coinciding with changes in the status and role of women. Particularly from the standpoint of migrant women, the extent and repercussions of this phenomenon remain obscure. The purpose of this study is to understand the causes and effects of young women’s independent migration. The research was carried out utilizing a qualitative methodology. By means of semi-structured interviews, information was gathered from eighteen young women who migrated to Yazd on their own. Participants were selected using methods of purposfull-snowball sampling. Grounded theory coding were utilized to analyze the data. The analysis yielded seven primary themes, of which one was identified as the central theme. Preference for estrangement, housing constraints, job/financial security, independence, social distancing from the host community, misalignment, and familial pressure and control are the major themes. Additionally, a dual-identity construction was recognized as a pivotal motif. The results suggest that individuals develop a dual identity as a result of the mixture of an uncertain upbringing at home and a complex existence at the destination. Although they migrate in response to pressures and restrictions from their country of origin, acclimatization and life in their country of origin present obstacles. Due to their encounter with novel circumstances, they develop a dual identity.

Land reform is the most important event in the land ownership system in the contemporary history of Iran. Also, agrarian reforms can be considered as one of the most important social and economic reform programs in Iran in the contemporary period. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the process and consequences of land reforms in the eastern areas of Gilan province. The method of conducting this research was library and documents. The results of the research showed that the evolution of land reforms led to the formation of marginalization around Tehran and other big cities of Iran and changed the demographic composition of Iranian cities. And this migration of agricultural workers and well-to-do people has caused the fall of agriculture and animal husbandry, and in the process of this migration, at the same time, the formation of a new stratification, which has become the working-rural society of Iran, and the process of formation of this stratum with a new social aspiration in the decade post-20 years, after adjusting the political blockade and creating a democratic environment, it should be seen from this angle. The land reform allowed peasants and small farmers to have greater control over their own land and resources. It empowered them to make decisions regarding agricultural practices, crop choices, and investment in their farms. This newfound autonomy led to the emergence of vibrant rural communities with a stronger sense of self-reliance and collective identity.

International migration has become widespread in last two decades and it is also very important for Iran. This research tries to evaluate Iranian government’s policy toward sustainable return of elites. This ethnographic research conducted through 54 semi structured interviews as well as participant observation and expert interview with relevant organizations. Research theoretical considerations consist of social capital theory, network theory and reintegration approach. It seems that supports which have been launched by Iranian government concentrates on financial dimensions of reintegration. While sustainable return has social and cultural obligations. It seems that the government's support facilities are focused on micro level, and institution building and networking are given less attention. On the other hand, the main focus of policymaking is to return to economic support, and its social, cultural and psychological aspects are given less attention.

The migratory experience presents complex challenges as migrants navigate their identities within host societies. These challenges can lead either to successful integration into new communities or to a state of unresolved suspension. This duality is particularly relevant for elite migrants, where the trajectories of migration and potential return can act as critical indicators of societal conditions and development. This study examines the various processes and factors that shape the migration experience and the identity challenges confronted by migrants. Social identity is understood as a dynamic construct, continuously influenced by contextual evaluations. Using an interpretive approach and grounded theory method, the research draws insights from narrative interviews with 19 Iranian migrants in Germany, which were analyzed using a three-stage coding technique. The findings indicate that Iranian migrants often reassess their home society through a Western perspective, giving rise to feelings of identity dislocation. The encountered challenges can result in two primary pathways: a fragmented process of socialization that contributes to unresolved suspension, or successful integration into the host society. When integration is achieved, the likelihood of return decreases, as these individuals are more entrenched in their new environment. Conversely, those who experience unresolved suspension may continue their economic activities in the host country while struggling with a sense of liminality. This may ultimately compel them to return home due to the strong pull of social ties and the difficulties of establishing meaningful connections in the host society. This interplay of identity and belonging informs the broader understanding of the migrant experience in contemporary contexts.

The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the countries that has continuously faced the problem of migration. Although the issue of immigration has plagued the country since the beginning of the Islamic Revolution, it has gained new and more serious dimensions in recent years. The withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA and the return of sanctions against Iran caused the fear of losing the peace of life in the economic sector and increased dissatisfaction and criticism of the government, which caused a new wave of migration from inside to outside. Based on this, the main issue in this thesis is to investigate the immigration situation during the years after the revolution and the factors affecting its aggravation. The findings of the research show that the unilateral withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA and the increase in sanctions have caused an increase in migration to other places. In recent years, statistics indicate that Iran has entered a new wave of immigration, which has been intensified by sanctions.

Migration as multi-level phenomenon has many reflections on economic, social, cultural and even security fields of each country and migration governance is a form of policymaking and implementation of immigration policies to regulate the arrival of immigrants and provide facilities to prevent the departure of elites. According to importance of immigration and governance in this field the present study tries to address this main question, how the evolution of migration governance has been occurred in Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis is that, governance of immigration in Islamic Republic of Iran has been changed from thereat-oriented perspective to an opportunity-oriented perspectiveand therefore has undergone a theoretical revolution. The research method is a descriptive-analytical article and data collection using documents and lectures and the type of research is practical because at the end of article some suggestion are presented for improving the governance of immigration in Islamic Republic of Iran. The finding of research indicates that the thereat-oriented view of migration phenomenon has undergone a theoretical turn and is inclined towards the opportunity-oriented direction and from this perspective suggestion include creating a positive image of Islamic Republic of Iran's future, rebuilding the media policy, redefining the governance of immigration under neighborhood policy, creating capacities for attraction and growth of international private companies has been presented.

Child labor is a widespread phenomenon in many big cities of the world. But in the meantime, some small cities are also experiencing this phenomenon. The desert city of Meybod, with its Special history, in the heart of Iran, witnessing this phenomenon. With a population of 100,000 people, Meybod has a large number of immigrants and is experiencing rapid social, cultural and economic changes. The growth of immigration and the experience of rapid changes have occurred due to unbalanced industrial development in the last decade. The result of this situation is the expansion of the social consequences of this process, including the appearance of working children in this small town. For this reason, in this research, an attempt has been made to study working children at the intersection of unbalanced industrialization and the large body of immigrants. This research has tried to use methodological pluralism with a pragmatist paradigm by using of critical ethnography with the Carspecken approach. In the meantime, by using participatory and non-participatory observations, initial reconstruction was done in the data, and then dialogue-oriented data was collected with in-depth interviews. The main categories extracted from these interviews were presented in the form of categories including the solidarity of working children and the growth of industries, the spread of fake jobs, organized context, children's emotional labor, family exploitation, instrumentalization and traumatization, the cracked city, and the law in a coma. The results showed that working children are at the intersection of excessive immigration and unbalanced industrial development.

With the increase of human communication between societies, the phenomenon of migration is considered as one of the most important social, political, economic and international issues. The purpose of this study was to design a model for maintaining sports elites in Iran. This research aims to be developmental-applicative, and in terms of nature, it is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) with a combined exploratory-sequential design. The target community of the research was experts who were aware of the research topic. In order to conduct in-depth interviews and collect qualitative data from the targeted snowball technique until the theoretical saturation stage, 21 people were selected as a sample and to complete the researcher-made questionnaires in quantitative section, a sample of 5 people was suggested. The validity of the data of the qualitative part of the research was confirmed through continuous observation and review by a colleague and the reliability of these data was estimated to be 87% using the two coder index method. The validity of the data in the quantitative part was confirmed 80% by using the Lawshe content validity ratio and their reliability was confirmed 88% with the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Using the thematic analysis method based on the model of Braun and Clark (2006) and using the Maxqda10 software, the effective indicators on the maintenance of sports elites were identified and then modeling was done using structural-interpretive analysis (ISM) and using Matlab2016 software. In the research findings

The management of the development process, characterized by unequal interventions and access by elites, along with the performance of political institutions as drivers of development, is considered a significant factor influencing the distribution of development benefits between regions. The disparity in benefitting from developmental opportunities will result in population mobility and increased migration to urban centers and metropolises, consistently directing development policy towards central areas.
In this article, alongside referencing theoretical foundations and reviewing previous research, we have examined the empirical aspects and governmental development measures based on an inductive approach, utilizing a mixed method incorporating two qualitative methodologies: document analysis of registered data and information, and qualitative interviews. In exploring the structural factors and political decisions influencing migration, registered data from documents compiled by the Budget and Planning Organization have been utilized, while qualitative interviews have been employed to elucidate the reasons and primary motives driving individuals' inclination towards migration.
The research findings indicate the predominance of a centralized pattern in development policymaking. Examination of indicators reveals that a balanced and equitable distribution of development among provincial cities has not been achieved, with migration stemming from the unequal allocation of resources commensurate with the potentials and capacities of regions. Until there is a shift towards balancing the distribution of resources and acknowledging regional capacities in the implementation of development policies by policymakers and executors, the issue of population distribution imbalance will persist unresolved.

Unbalanced industrial development and the lack of coordination of cultural, economic, and social structures in attracting the development criteria will lead to rapid developments in some structures and backwardness of other structures of society. The result of such a process is what we see in industrial cities today. In fact, the focus on industries in industrial cities has led to a massive flood of immigrants and created a variety of patterns of life in these cities, which causes many social damage, one of which is the phenomenon of Dumpster diving. In fact, Dumpster divers are a group of people, who informally collect, sort, process, and sell urban waste, thus earning their living through the collection and recycling of waste and its sale. It is important to address the issue of Dumpster diving from different angles. Firstly, it is crucial to thoroughly examine the negative consequences of Dumpster diving on Dumpster divers themselves, the general public, and the city as a whole. Secondly, the deprivation of fundamental rights for Dumpster divers is a pressing issue that needs to be addressed. Thirdly, the nature of their work and the conditions, under which they operate, give rise to numerous problems and injuries, posing a threat not only to the individuals involved, but also to the overall health of the community. Meybod, a small yet fully industrialized city, has experienced a significant rise in Dumpster diving. Consequently, both immigrants and native residents of the city, who are responsible and law-abiding citizens, express deep concern regarding this matter. The prevalence of this issue is evident in small cities like Meybod, where a significant number of waste collectors, who are part of the Dumpster diving community, operate. This situation is largely a result of the imbalanced industrial development witnessed in the past decade. Over the course of the last three decades, Meybod has experienced an annual influx of over 1,000 immigrants, leading to rapid social and cultural transformations within the city. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the phenomenon of Dumpster diving within the context of unbalanced industrial development and mass migrations. 

This research employed a methodological pluralism approach within a pragmatist paradigm, utilizing critical ethnography with Carspecken's approach. The data collection process involved a combination of participatory and non-participatory observations. Initial data reconstruction was conducted followed by in-depth interviews that focused on dialogue-oriented data collection. A total of 20 individuals were purposefully selected for interviews using a snowball method. The selection process prioritized diversity in terms of gender, education level, age, and other relevant factors. The researchers employed observation techniques, as well as semi-structured and deep interviews, to collect data. The findings from these interviews were categorized into several themes, including Dumpster diving contexts, Dumpster diving economy, exploitative family profiteering, waste city, living with problems, Dumpster diving as a gateway to crime, and institutional promotion of Dumpster diving.

In recent decades, advancements in science and technology have significantly improved the quality of life for people worldwide, addressing numerous diseases and poverty-related issues. However, these advancements have also led to a widening global inequality. This inequality has far-reaching consequences, not only economically, but also politically and socially. It can give rise to various social issues within each country and region, such as large-scale migration. These migrations, in turn, result in significant damages, one of which is the practice of Dumpster diving. Dumpster diving can be attributed to several factors, including unemployment, insufficient income, job loss, lack of government and organizational support (including insurance coverage), addiction, and lack of family support. Individuals may also turn to Dumpster diving due to their reluctance to beg for assistance. Additionally, some individuals perceive Dumpster diving as a lucrative option. In conclusion, while science and technology have brought about positive changes, the widening inequality poses significant challenges. The consequences of this inequality, including Dumpster diving, have profound social implications. Addressing the root causes of Dumpster diving, such as unemployment and lack of support systems, is crucial to mitigate its negative effects and promote a more equitable society. The findings indicated that Dumpster diving was a growing phenomenon directly linked to visible economic and class disparities. While individuals facing adversity in their lives engaged in Dumpster diving, it was the vulnerable and marginalized groups, including women and children, who were most affected and derived minimal economic benefits from this practice. The primary beneficiaries of this industry were the local managers, who controlled its profits. Consequently, this situation further exacerbated the complexity of structural class inequality.

This study explores the semantic interpretation of marriage between Iranian women and Afghan men. With Iran becoming a significant hub for Afghan migrants in recent decades, driven by geographical proximity and intensified by political unrest, economic strife, and socio-political factors in Afghanistan, this research adopts a qualitative research methodology and grounded theory approach. Targeted sampling was utilized to enlist Iranian women married to Afghan men, with data gathered through semi-structured interviews. The sample included 12 women, determined by theoretical saturation. Data analysis involved a three-step coding process, identifying 106 concepts, 35 subcategories, 10 main categories, and one core category. The main categories covered causal conditions such as patriarchy and forced marriage, contextual factors like family difficulties and poverty, and interventional aspects such as diverse response perceptions and legal barriers. The core category highlighted the theme of "unwanted selection and life." The findings reveal significant challenges in the marriages of Iranian women to Afghan men, shaped by social conditions, leading to an undesirable trajectory for these women and their families.

Migration, a significant driver of demographic change, induces deep and multifaceted transformations within population, both in the long and short term. Afghanistan, due to historical and cultural ties with its neighbors and marked by political and economic turmoil, has become a prominent source of migrants to Iran.
In host countries, intermarriage between migrants and native populations is commonplace, signifying cultural assimilation and social integration. In Iran, the influx of Afghan migrants has increased the incidence of mixed marriages, bringing challenges for Iranian women stemming from cultural differences, societal stigma, and legal intricacies. With the growing number of such unions, issues like poverty, children's educational access, and lack of support services have emerged, highlighting the complex interplay between migration, cultural adaptation, and family dynamics in Iranian society. This study aims to explore the semantic underpinnings of mixed marriages and shed light on Iranian women's perceptions of these unions within the Iranian socio-cultural milieu. 

Methods and Data:

This study adopts a qualitative research methodology and grounded theory framework, following Strauss and Corbin's systematic approach. The research focuses on Iranian women married to Afghan spouses, selecting Shiraz as the study's research field due to its long-standing acceptance of Afghan migrants, offering a suitable context for this inquiry. Participants were selected through purposive sampling and were chosen based on their readiness and willingness to participate in interviews. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 participants, lasting between 40 to 90 minutes on average, recorded with participants' consent, transcribed word-for-word, and coded to identify both main and sub-themes.
Ensuring the credibility and trustworthiness of qualitative research is crucial. Guba and Lincoln (1994) criterion of "trustworthiness" was employed to evaluate the research's quality. The researchers avoided personal bias, precluding preconceived notions during data collection and analysis phases, thus reinforcing the credibility of the findings. Moreover, expert oversight and guidance were incorporated throughout the interviewing, data analysis, and coding stages to enhance the reliability of the data and the conclusions drawn. The participants were 12 Iranian women who were married to Afghan men, living in Shiraz. They mostly had education up to pre-secondary school and were aged between 30 to 48 years. These participants provided insights into their marital lives with Afghan spouses.

Through data coding and analysis, 106 concepts, 35 subcategories, 10 main categories, and one core category were identified. The study's main categories fell into primary conditions ("paternalistic attitudes and forced marriage," "cohesion and pressure from foreign nationals"), contextual conditions ("hardships within the paternal household," "lack and scarcity of awareness," "poverty and feelings of deprivation," and "fatalism"), and interventional conditions ("perceptions of diverse responses," "administrative and legal obstacles," "lack of foresight," "financial and occupational instability for foreign nationals").
The analysis of concepts and categories in the study reveals various factors influencing the marriages and lives of Iranian women with Afghan spouses. The challenges faced by some of these women range from
oscillating between coercion and a kind of enforced choice, includes hardships within the paternal household, lack of awareness, poverty, fatalism, paternalistic attitudes leading to forced marriage, cohesion and pressure from foreign nationals, and lack of foresight. The core category emerged is "unwanted selection and life," representing a coerced choice.
While exploring the semantic essence of these concepts, one theme stands out prominently: coerced choice. This theme underscores the lack of agency Iranian women face amidst numerous adversities, pushing them to endure a life they would not ordinarily choose, under normal circumstances. Their decisions are not choosing between good and excellent, or even good and bad options; but rather are between existence and non-existence. Therefore, what seems like a choice, it is actually a quest for survival rather than a true preference.

In conclusion, the extensive migration of Afghans to Iran and the resulting marriages between some of Iranian women and Afghan men have reshaped family dynamics and introduced challenges for some Iranian families. For these women, the usual and voluntary choice in marriage has been replaced by the acceptance of undesirable conditions that it seems to be their preferred choices. This family lifestyle bears psychological, identity, and social implications for the women, their families, and children resulting from these marriages. In this regard, further research on the multiple consequences of such marriages is recommended. From both an operational and legal standpoint, it is recommended to implement effective oversight of foreign nationals' presence and their marriages, coupled with a comprehensive reform of migration regulations.

This article is extracted from the master thesis of the first author in the field of demography, completed at the Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences of Shiraz University. The authors appreciate the participants in the interviews of the research and the anonymous reviewers of the present paper for their constructive feedbacks.

With the intensification of nationalism after the First World War and the increase of travel and cultural exchanges, the common feelings between the Persians of India and the supporters of archaic nationalism in Iran intensified. As a result of the growth of nationalism and attention to the issue of land and nationality, the Persians of India became more interested in their ancestral land and the possibility of returning to it, especially after the start of the war between Muslims and Hindus and the threat to their financial and life security. For intellectuals and supporters of modernism and archaic nationalists who sought strategies to reform Iran's economy and culture in order to overcome what they perceived as a long period of cultural decline, economic poverty, and political weakness, a greater relationship with the Persians of India and gaining support All-round efforts on their part could play an important role. The first Pahlavi government was also influenced by its nationalistic approach and economic policy, and was interested in the migration of Persians from India to Iran. The current research aims to answer this main question: What was the approach of the first Pahlavi government and the Persians of India to the issue of immigration to Iran? The findings of the research, based on first-hand sources and based on historical methods and on the basis of description and analysis, show that despite the initial inclinations of some Indian Persian leaders and the interest of Reza Shah and the comprehensive efforts of the first Pahlavi men's government This issue failed due to the conflict with the British policies in India, the lack of social justice in the eyes of Indian Parsis and the structure of the absolute Pahlavi government and the ambivalence among the Indian Parsis on this issue. the lack of social justice in the eyes of Indian Parsis and the structure of the absolute Pahlavi government and the ambivalence among the Indian Parsis on this issue.

This research aimed to investigate the factors of repulsion and attraction in the migration of villages by focusing on the narratives of migrants. Most of the research that have dealt with this issue have generally ignored the mental interpretation of immigrants regarding the factors affecting the repulsion of the origin and the attractiveness of the destination. The population studied in this research are families who migrated from Kamfirouz and settled in Saadi and Javadiyeh towns of Shiraz. The narrative method was used to obtain the life narrative of these people. Moreover, the interview method was used to collect the required data. The interviews were conducted using an exploratory approach and in a semi-structured manner in the residences of these people. After 22 detailed interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved. Four obtained models are: 1) Immigrant families with economic poverty; 2) Families that have undergone normative value transformation; 3) Rural landowners living on the outskirts of the city; 4) Families interested in work and constant effort (work culture). The results showed that from the participants’ perspective, the repulsive factors are lack of development, seasonal unemployment, lack of welfare and educational facilities, intense collective surveillance and violation of privacy of personal life. Moreover, urban attractiveness factors are the acquisition of higher social status, modern orientation, the existence of a network of previous acquaintances, the availability of suitable educational facilities, and higher welfare facilities in the city.

In recent decades, there have been significant developments in immigration often referred to as the age of immigration. These developments highlight the increasing participation of women in the migration process and the rise of independent female migrants, a phenomenon known as the feminization of migration (Khaje Nouri & Sharifi, 2022). Research indicates notable changes in both quantitative and qualitative aspects of women's migration. In terms of quantity, women now constitute nearly half of all immigrants. Moreover, in terms of quality, women are no longer solely dependent immigrants; they now play a crucial and influential role in migration flows (Sadeghi & Valadvand, 2015). According to the latest statistics released by the United Nations, as of 2020, the proportion of immigrant women stands at 3.5% of the global population, while the proportion of immigrant men is 3.7% of the world's male population (21). In Iran, the representation of women in migration has increased from 45% during the period of 1986-1996 to 48.6% during the period of 2011-2016. Additionally, based on immigration and net immigration data from 2011-2016, Yazd Province is among the top four provinces in Iran that attract immigrants and is considered an appealing destination for both genders (Mushfiq & Khazaei, 2015). Despite the changing migration patterns in the country and the increasing number of women migrating in the past decade, there has been limited research conducted in this field. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of qualitative studies examining the migration experiences of women. Given that Yazd is recognized as one of the most immigrant-friendly provinces in Iran and a desirable destination for female immigrants, this research aimed to analyze the migration process of women from their origin to their destination. The primary objective of this study was to address questions like how women make decisions to migrate and settle in their destination, as well as what challenges and consequences they encounter in the host society and how they navigate through them.

The current research employed a qualitative methodology to investigate the process of women's involvement in migration flows. Given the research objective, the most suitable method for studying this process was grounded theory, utilizing a systematic approach developed by Strauss and Corbin (2008). The participants for this study were selected through purposeful sampling followed by theoretical sampling. The selection of participants aimed to ensure diversity in terms of age, marital status, literacy level, occupation, type of migration (independent or dependent), reasons for migration, and the provinces of origin. To ensure reliable data and gain a comprehensive understanding of the research dimensions, interviews were conducted until data saturation was achieved, meaning that no new information or themes emerged from the interviews. The primary data collection tool employed in this research was a semi-structured interview. Between August and November 2022, the interviews were conducted with 21 women, who had immigrated to Yazd from various provinces in the country. These women had resided in Yazd for a minimum of two years and possessed the aforementioned characteristics.

The findings indicated the initial stages of the atomization process experienced by the migrant women. This process was driven by their self-determination and was closely linked to their struggles in their places of origin. It manifested in various dimensions, including a continuous increase in suffering, a challenging life in their hometowns, and a breakdown of trust due to destabilizing conditions in their places of origin. Faced with these difficult circumstances, the migrant women had experienced a sense of detachment from their places of origin. In their quest to rebuild their lives and find personal fulfillment, they had actively sought to redefine their social networks in relation to their destination of migration. However, upon arrival at their destination, they had encountered challenges, such as a lack of cultural acceptance, economic limitations, and an isolating urban lifestyle. Consequently, they had been compelled to engage in transactional communication as a means of survival. The outcome of this process was the formation of a circle of defined, mutually beneficial, and secure social relationships. These relationships had been continuously shaped, expanded, or restricted based on the fluid conditions they had encountered.

"Sound of Silence" is a reflection on one of the works of Abdulrazak Gurnah, an African novelist who won the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 2021. The purpose of the article is to examine the signs of interactions between the two social worlds of the colonizer and the colonized, which, like the suffering engraved on the consciousness/unconsciousness of the narrator, encourages a writer like Gurnah to write about his destiny. The whole life of the author/narrator has been involved in colonialism and post-colonialism, and this is what imposes the post-colonial theoretical and methodological framework of this writing. The book "Admiring Silence" somehow expresses an ambivalent and shadowy whole that has one end in the homeland and the other end in exile. The book describes and compares the painful odysseys of sounds, colors, cultures, geographies, politics, etc. The main structure of the story and the driving force of the adventures are formed by dualities based on time, place, language, personality, culture and society. According to the historical nature of such novels, Gurnah's story has also put a human effort on paper to be the voice of Subalterns. His success rate is fluctuating and ambiguous. This silent work is expression of wounds.

The objective of this research paper is to analyze the trends observed in spatial population concentration indices within the context of regional and urban balance policies during Iran's first to fifth development plans spanning the period of 1989 to 2015. The study employs a trend analysis methodology, utilizing data derived from Iran's censuses. The findings of the research reveal a consistent inclination of population movement towards urban centers, despite the articulation of regional and urban balance objectives in all development plans. This phenomenon manifests in two distinct forms of population centralization. Firstly, a persistent, overarching pattern of national-level centralization emerges as the gravitational center of population settlements in the country. Secondly, a more localized and variable form of centralization is observed in the regional context, wherein certain areas function as regional centers of population agglomeration. Over the duration of the first to fifth development plans, there is evidence of a decline in urban primacy. Interestingly, cities classified as second-tier (with populations ranging between 100,000 and 250,000) exhibit the highest rates of population growth, while cities belonging to middle-tier categories (with populations ranging between 10,000 and 99,999) experience a negative population growth. In conclusion, the overall outcomes indicate a slight amelioration in regional and urban imbalances. Consequently, a shift is observed in the spatial distribution of regional and urban populations, transitioning from an extreme periphery-center structure towards a periphery-semi-periphery arrangement.

Social exclusion as a modern phenomenon can deprive a part of society from rights and opportunities. Policymakers have paid more attention to this issue in the last two decades in order to prevent dissatisfaction. In the modern world, due to the attention to urbanization, villagers are exposed to social exclusion. According to the theoretical sensitivity of this concept, the present study deals with the experience of social exclusion of the villagers of Shaft city, Gilan province. This research with the qualitative method and data theory strategy of the foundation seeks to understand the experience of social exclusion of the villagers and the field of study is Rastekanar and Chamacha villages of Shaft city. The participants included 22 villagers who were selected purposefully and with theoretical saturation criteria. After analysis, the validity of the data obtained from the interviews was determined by the review method by researchers in the field of social sciences. The core category of the research is "experiences of rejection from resistance to migration"; According to the findings, there are two types of rejection experiences, some people leave the villages and do not have the patience to bear the problems of the village, and instead regret and urban problems await them, and others are not satisfied with leaving the village and resist the hardships. The result is that the social exclusion of the villagers as an example of the discriminatory behavior and inefficiency of the government and local officials, in addition to the negative consequences for the people, causes the marginalization of the natives and the excessive presence of non-natives in the villages.

The purpose of this research is to meta-analyze the qualitative studies conducted on the "Iranian Digital Diaspora". The statistical population includes the research done about the issue during the last 20 years inside and outside the country out of which 13 studies were selected using purposeful sampling. The research results show that the most important study foci of the Iranian Digital Diaspora include "narratives and ways of self-expression of the Iranian immigrants", "representation of identity dimensions of the Iranian immigrants", "the role of Digital Diaspora in increasing political, economic, and sociocultural activism in Iran", "the importance of place in the activism of immigrants in the virtual space" and "the existence of diversity, ambiguity, and individualism among Iranian Digital Diaspora". Research, also, shows that this field of study has not received enough attention from domestic researchers. The research findings indicate the tangible effects of virtual space on the identity and cultural dimensions of the Iranian Diaspora. These studies have emphasized the effect of positive and influential aspects of modern technologies on activism of the immigrants, and the possible negative aspects of the virtual space have not been studied. Based on the results, with the help of virtual space, communication among the Iranians inside and outside the country has increased the ability and social capital of the Iranian immigrants and has caused Iranian immigrants to have a more prominent presence in Iran’s political and civil activisms. Also, despite the trans-spatial and trans-temporal nature of communication in cyberspace, the shadows of the elements of place and the nation-state are obvious in the communication of the Iranian Digital Diaspora

Introduction Social distance is a term coined by Bogardus (1941) to describe the feelings and attitudes of people of one group towards another one. Social distance occurs when there is little understanding and familiarity between groups of people. Social distancing can be experienced and institutionalized at societal, group, and individual levels. When social distance is high, it is often accompanied by feelings of mistrust, fear, and apprehension. More than four decades have passed since the arrival of Afghan immigrants in Iran. The second-generation Afghan immigrants have a higher economic and social status than the first-generation immigrants. Reducing social distance is the prerequisite for the integration of immigrants in the host society. The present study aimed to analyze social distance among Afghan immigrants in Iran with a qualitative approach in order to answer the following questions: What understanding and interpretation do immigrants have of social distance and its processes in interaction with the host society? What are the mechanisms and processes in the formation of social distance between immigrants and the host society?  Material and MethodsThis qualitative study used a constructivist grounded theory approach to investigate, explain, and understand the phenomenon or meanings that people create around their views, values, attitudes, experiences, life histories, and ways of being in the world. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 45 first- and second-generation immigrants in Tehran and Yazd cities. The participants were selected using purposive snowball sampling through contacts with trusted people among the immigrants and introductions by them. An effort was made to include a variety of people in the sample from the ages of 18 to 65 years with different residence statuses (having an Amayesh card, passport, and Iranian birth certificate due to marriage, as well as those without a residence card). In addition, such characteristics as gender, ethnicity, and generational status were taken into consideration. Lincoln and Guba’s criteria were used to evaluate and validate the categories. First, the member control technique was applied by taking the constructivist data analysis strategy. Based on this method, the research focused all its attention on the interpretation of the data. Instead of using the linear method, it used the circular method (continuous back and forth between data collection and analysis) to discover the common or contradictory themes. Discussion and Conclusion The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed by using theoretical identification at the three levels of initial, centralized, and theoretical coding, including Institutional distance, media distance, emotional distance, limited maximal level of aspirations, problematic sense of belonging, preferred intra-network interaction, marriage as a threat or opportunity, and individual context of distance. Finally, the core category of "two-way demarcation" was discovered, which covered all the 17 categories extracted from the analysis. The findings showed that the immigrants faced legal restrictions at the socio-economic and civil-political levels, which limited their access to citizenship rights. Alba and Nye (2003) state that through limited access to citizenship, systems of stratification, in which ethnic demarcations shape access to certain positions, can be perpetuated. The immigrants stated that they felt helpless against the law and a sense of distance from Iranian citizens and society. In other words, they experienced an emotional distance from the host society. Bogardus (1941) considers sympathy and mutual affection as the determinant elements of social-emotional distance. When they are manifested, there is closeness between two groups. Simmel (1971) states that immigrants can become emotionally detached from the host society when they enter it. This feeling of "strangeness" may be caused, at least in part, by the host society's attitude toward and treatment of strangers. This strange process depends on a distinct combination of the two opposing factors of closeness and distance, which Bogardus refers to as social distance. Social distance or social closeness is created through certain degrees of understanding, interaction, and intimacy in intergroup or interpersonal social relationships. The findings of this research showed the mechanism of social distancing. The distance created for Afghan immigrants in Iran could be observed through legal barriers, in the form of formal employment discrimination and a status limited to the lowest level of the job ladder, as well as educational restrictions and confined social services.