جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « priority » در نشریات گروه « علوم قرآن و حدیث »

Some commentators and scholars of Quranic sciences believe that interpreting according to the order of the surahs is the best way to understand the Quran and serve it; Because in this way, the states and stages of revelation can be clearly and accurately understood, and in this way, the reader is placed in the space of the revelation of the Quran and its conditions, relationships, purposes, and concepts, and the wisdom of the revelation is revealed to him. Therefore, from the beginning of Islam, some companions and followers tried to collect the Quran based on the order of descent. In the meantime, the list provided by Ibn Abbas based on the narration of Ata Khorasani of the order in which the surahs of the Quran were revealed is more reliable. Abdullah ben Abbas was a distinguished student of Ali (PBUH) and his interpretations of various verses of the Qur'an have a privileged position in interpretation. It shows him well compared to other Companions. In this article, it has been shown with Quranic, historical and narrative evidence that the mentioned list also has many weaknesses, and the priority and delay of the surahs in that list is facing serious problems. In addition, the precedence and backwardness of the surahs in that list does not necessarily mean the precedence and backwardness of the verses of those surahs; Several examples have been given to clarify this matter.

Defamiliarization is one of the concepts of the Russian school of formalism, and it includes all the tricks and techniques that the author uses them consciously to present the speeches in an unfamiliar or strange way by abnormality, changing the structure of the text, alienating the normal norms and concepts of language, and making it more difficult. He tries to portray his desired concepts in an unusual language and highlights his words by deviating from the standard language and creating a challenge for the audience to comprehend the meaning of the text and postponing the moment of perception in order to literary pursuit and further contemplation. Nahj alBalaghah is one of the most important and influential masterpieces that has various enchanting and attractive literary structures and can be viewed from different angles at any time. One of the reasons that makes this eternal work so wonderful is that Imam Ali has used defamiliarization by applying literary language and mastering the composition and structure of its sentences; so, the analysis of this precious work from this point of view is very important and can expose the hidden artistic angles of and its prominences to the audience. The present study, with a descriptive analytical method and inspired by the components of structural defamiliarization based on the theories of syntactic thinkers of Basra and Kufa schools, has investigated the phenomenon of defamiliarization of “priority of predicate on subject” in Nahj alBalaghah. The result of research shows that Imam Ali (as), due to structure, by using aesthetic techniques such as, priority of predicate on subject, puts the narrative context of sermons and letters beyond the ordinary texts and depicts the desired concepts in the most beautiful way, and this has increased the impact in the minds of the audience as much as possible. In fact, by ignoring the known syntactic components and changing the structure and layout of the sentences, Imam (AS) has caused defamiliarization and consequently highlighting his words and has increased the ability to induce concepts to the audience. Extensive application of the defamiliarization method of “priority of predicate on subject”, in addition to changing the mood of the speech and removing fatigue from the listener, has reduced the monotony of speech and by emphasizing the speech in the abovementioned manner, the speaker's emotional ups and downs are more embodied, and increase its dynamism and influence.

The knowledge of priority and posterity has long been of interest to the scholars of eloquence and Qur’anic sciences. This technique has been used to beautify the word, to express the limit, to emphasize more on a point, the importance of an attribute on another attribute or a report on another report in speech. This knowledge has been divided by scholars of priority and posterity into species that need to be reviewed and examined. With the descriptive-analytical study, this research first seeks to explain the proposed species and then to critique and review them, and in the end review them and finally to enrich the previous views by providing a comprehensive classification.Finally, the typology of priority and posterity fall into six categories, which include obligatory syntactic, permission syntactic, constraining syntactic, hierarchical, interpretive, and comparative priority and posterity, from among which obligatory syntactic has no example in the Qur’an and is mostly related to poetry. The typology presented in this research does not have the shortcomings of the previous divisions and is more efficient in identifying the type of priority and posterity of Qur’anic words, phrases and verses.

Priority and posterity are one of the expressive styles of the Qur’an and among its means of brevity, which denote the inimitability and beauty of style of the Holy Qur’an. Nevertheless, some of the orientalists have claimed that the Qur’an’s priority (taqaddum) and posterity (ta’akhkhur), especially the priority and posterity of jar and majrūr (a preposition and the word it governs) have caused confusion among the addressees. Accordingly, examining various types and evidences of priority and posterity of jar and majrūr in the Holy Qur’an shows that this would result in understanding most of the verses and familiarization with style and art of rhetoric and eloquence and finally better understanding the Qur’an’s inimitability. In addition, all the prepositions do not have the same functions; rather, some of them have become prior over others due to their superior role and status and a number due to their conformity with the context of previous verses.