جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "رواقیون" در نشریات گروه "فلسفه و کلام"

In this article, the relationship between lifestyle and the meaning of life in Mozad’s stoic school is investigated. An old school that considers the meaning of philosophy as a way of life and advocates stylization, and its teachings have been taken into consideration today. The way of life is one of the concerns of human beings, and to identify its strengths and weaknesses, in order to present an ideal style, the meaning of relevant and effective life should be sought in it. The mining of life is formed based on ontology, anthropology and values are formed. After deriving it in the Stoic school, her behavioral teachings are examined in the four areas of interaction with oneself, with others and with existence. Existence of defects such as how to interpret the essence of existence and man in the intellectual foundations of the Stoics has caused the emergence of a multifaceted and ambiguous meaning of life, and as a result, the lifestyle resulting from this school has conflicts and challenges such as how to communicate with the Creator and the practical obligations resulting from it. Human communication and how to interact with other species and how to accept modernity and resilience are facing the requirements technological life.

Hellenism is a strange period in the history of philosophy, between the Ancient and Middle Ages. This period includes important thoughts such as Epicureanism, Stoicism and Neo-Platonic philosophy and has had considerable effects on the following centuries. Based on the books and sources available on Hellenistic philosophy, this study reviews the anthropology of the two schools: the Epicureans and the Stoics; and, in this way, it tries to review a part of the history of anthropology. The results of this paper showed that ancient Greek doctrines had penetrated the lower layers of Hellenistic philosophy (Hellenism), but Hellenistic philosophers were not just imitators and had considerable innovations. Relying on the instrument of sense and the material-atomic attitude to the world, Epicurus considered man a being consisting of a collection of atoms, so he denied life after death. Respecting moral virtues and defending responsibility, he assumed that man was free from predestination and considered his happiness to be pleasure and freedom from suffering. On the other side, by adding the element of ‘acknowledgment’ to sensory perceptions, the Stoics changed the criterion of knowledge and had been formalistic with a materialistic attitude. They considered man’s identity to be in form or pneuma. In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method, after presenting an explanation of epistemological and cosmological frameworks, the four following topics are discussed: ‘human identity’, ‘determinism and freedom’, ‘man’s relationship with Allah and life after death’ and ‘human happiness’ in Epicurean and Stoic philosophy.

Humility, in this paper, is described as the central concept in understanding Montaigne's philosophy. It is the common ground that relates all the themes and concerns in his thought. When speaking about theology, epistemology and politics, he just wants to revive the spirit of humility in these areas. This paper shows Montaigne not as a skeptic but as a humble philosopher and humility as the key to his philosophy in four areas of knowledge, virtue, theology and politics. His humility led to a reasonable skepticism in knowledge and a natural and spontaneous virtue in ethics and battling humanism of his age in theology and resisting against both dictatorship and revolution in politics. Finally, Montaigne is recognized as a philosopher who wants to dwell humanity in its right position and brings the importance of body, nature and emotions to attention. He reminds us again and again that we as humans are natural, bodily and emotional beings and our virtue and happiness is dependent on accepting these human conditions.

It can be said that the first major part of stoicism is the logic of Logos theory. This principle، from which the concept of natural law is interpreted from، is the largest contribution of Greek culture to the human thinking heritage. In Stoicism، Logos is the rational order governing the world or the structure that indicates the rational order of the world. This rational principle is described as fire or God in appropriate contexts. From the Stoics’ point of view، the nature is the crystallization of a general، i. e.، comprehensive and cosmopolitan، law; and this single law that is the most supreme general law، is the theoretical basis of egalitarian idea and the world order in Stoicism. The present article seeks to put to test، with the contextualistic approach، the hypothesis that the concept of Logos or the eternal law has found its way from the a priori thought of Socrates (specially the Heraclitus idea) to Hellenistic age and Stoics’ idea and، while evolving this concept، it has formed the theoretical basis of concepts such as equality and the world order in this school. This article has been written with the descriptive-analytical method.

There is no doubt that the relation between philosophy and religion has been one of the most important theoretical challenges in the history of thought. The main argument of this article is to demonstrate that important principles of the political theology of Christianity, like divine system of the universe, logos, etc., that are rooted in the Greek and Roman views. So, stoic philosophy has been transferred many progressive principles of the Greek political philosophy to the political thought of Christianity. This article has been written based on the theoretical subject matter of Augustine and Aquinas thoughts.

In this article Descartes philosophy is considered from on ethical point of view. At first the importance of morality in the big picture of his philosophy is demonstrated. Descartes is introduced as a sage whose philosophy is first of all an ethical and therapeutic one. We have considered Descartes similarities with Stoics and explored the most practical aspects of his philosophy illustrated in his letters especially. After that, two important passions in Descartes' ethics are clarified, i.e., generosity and love. At the end we have emphasized that – against some current conceptions about Descartes philosophy – his deepest and most ultimate concerns were about some ancient ideas such as good life, ethics, and wisdom.

Diodorus، Philo، and Chrysippus were the most important Megarin-stoic logicians. Modalities were one of the most interesting topics for them. In the history of logic، their views about modal concepts، definition of necessity، possibility، impossibility and the relations between these concepts are important and can be helpful to illustrate some other logicians’ views. Because of the deterministic view which is associated with his definitions of the modal concepts، Diodorus’ views have been discussed more than two other logicians’ views،. Philo and Chrysippus’ definitions are closer to common sense but aren’t compatible with their deterministic views.