جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فناناپذیری » در نشریات گروه « فلسفه و کلام »

The concept of death inspires many philosophical reflections about human existence which can affect the human attitude and lifestyle. As two existentialists, Mullā Sadrā and Jaspers have paid attention to the issue of death and its various dimensions. The comparative and analytical comparison of these two philosophers' opinions shows that from the religious and mystical perspective, Jaspers considers the human encounter with the issue of death, as a boundary situation, one of the most effective factors in the formation of identity and finding the real Human self. By distinguishing the three stages of human empirical being from existenz, he believes that in the transcendental level of existenz, man has the ability to understand immortality or in other words "deathlessness" and the "experience of immortality" and without having an immaterial dimension, he can experience it throughout his life. On the other hand, according to Mullā Sadrā, death and immortality have a broad and systematic conception that is derived from his philosophical and religious foundations. In Sadrā's philosophy, there is a correlation between the immateriality of the soul and its immortality; the soul has different levels of existence, which can achieve the level of immateriality through undergoing the substantial movement and passing its evolutionary levels of existence. The soul does not disappear with the destruction of the body, but, because of being immaterial, it will survive forever as eternal and immortal. He considers immortality to be a graded truth which exists both in this world (through voluntary death) and in the next world.

The core of Jaspers’ philosophical thought is the human existence, particularly reflected in the term Existenz. All other philosophical thoughts of him are related to this axial concept. Jaspers’ concept of Existenz expresses a non-experimental, non-concrete reality of the real individual and personality that can go beyond the objective time. This article investigates Jaspers’ perception of death. Using the thematic analysis method, the article tries to clarify his stance to death and the deathlessness of the Existenz and to give in a better understanding of the human existence in this world. From Jaspers’ viewpoint, the reality of biologic death is related to Dasein, while the borderline position of death – that might lead to the realization of the real self of the individual – is related to Existenz. He tries to show that although the human is a mortal creature, he has a transcendental dimension, too, and cannot be reduced to a mere physical creature in the world. Trying to explain the transcendental aspect of the human, Jaspers deems Existenz as immortal and unlimited. From the viewpoint of Jaspers, the immortality of Existenz does not mean the continuation of life in another realm after death; rather, the person can experience the immortality feeling in an existential moment while he is alive. According to this viewpoint, this immortal moment is timeless, i.e., the past, present, and future relations are not present in it (the way we perceive them); rather, they are perceived simultaneously in that timeless moment.

We can consider Sadra’s salvation theory as an alternative to the three other theories on otherworld salvation, i.e. exclusivism, inclusivism and pluralism . Based on the principles of Al-Hikmat Al-Mota''alie ( such as the principality of existence, its analogical gradation and its perfect identity to the Good ), Sadra believes that, in the end, all people will release from torture, even ones who, according to Quran, are the eternal inhabitant of the hell . Although there may be some differences between Sadra and Ibn Arabi on salvation, in many cases, Sadra’s theory is almost similar to what can be find in Inb Arabi’s works; and Sadra himself confirms that . After explaining Sadra’s theory on otherworld salvation, which we called it universal inclusivism, we, by referring to the works of Ibn Arabi and Mulla Sadra, shall clarify how the former has influenced the latter in the subject in hand.

The theory of Ideas is one of the important philosophical theories which has influenced the views of most philosophers in various periods, and many of them have confirmed or rejected it. The majority of Muslim philosophers have also had to investigate this theory and finally accept it in general. However, they have often interpreted it within the framework of their own philosophical system. Mulla Sadra believes that he has presented an interpretation of the theory of Ideas based on his own philosophical principles which is completely compatible with Plato’s intention. The question is, given the fact that the theory of Ideas is inconsistent with Mulla Sadra’s philosophical principles from many aspects, such as those related to his psychology, was his philosophical endeavor successful? The present research aims to provide an answer to this question through analyzing and exploring the psychological concomitants arising from this theory. Here, after a thorough investigation of the psychological dimensions and concomitants of this theory and explaining Mulla Sadra’s view and defense in this regard, the writers portray the inconsistencies between the psychological principles of the Transcendent Philosophy and the concomitants of the Platonic theory of Ideas while providing a general explanation of Sadrian psychology. Following this, they question Mulla Sadra’s strict defense of this theory. Finally, they conclude that Plato’s belief in the pre-eternity of the soul, his theory of reminiscence of knowledge, and the restriction of his psychology to rational immateriality and its separation from corporeal body, versus Mulla Sadra’s theory of the corporeal origination of the soul and his belief in the acquisition of knowledge and the copulative existence of the soul are among the most important differences between the philosophical schools of these two philosophers. As a result, any attempt to reconcile their views with each other would be futile.