جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "معناشناسی اخلاق" در نشریات گروه "فلسفه و کلام"

Moral semantics is one of the topics of moral philosophy that studies the definition of moral concepts, explains the truth, and determines the range of these concepts. Based on an analytical approach and an intellectual explanation, this study addresses the questions of the significance of moral virtues and vices and how we should understand them from the viewpoint of Allameh Tabatabai. Because of its unrealistic and relativistic nature, which leads to chaos, Allameh rejects the sociological approach to the semantics of moral virtues and vices. Instead, he explains the virtue-based and after-life-based approaches through perfection. In his view, the virtue-based and after-life approaches aim to attain worldly and after-life perfection. In moral semantics, however, the monotheistic approach emphasizes divine love as a means of approaching God. According to Allameh, virtues and vices are determined through comparison; therefore, they are philosophical concepts. Hence, the same method applied to philosophical concepts should be used here. In this respect, Allameh abstracts the meaning of these concepts by comparing voluntary behavior with the aim of the Islamic specific morality that is commensurate with human nature. It seems that Allameh has not specified the role of custom and intuition in the semantics of virtues and vices.

Ethics studies the principles of conceptualization and assent of the science of morality that includes the four following subjects: moral semantics, moral epistemology, moral ontology and the logical subjects of ethics. Moral semantics provides the study and semantic analysis of the concepts and moral propositions. Considering that the meaning of the sentence relates to the concepts of the sentence components meaning its subject matter (Arabic: موضوع mawdū‘) and predicate (Arabic: محمول mahmul), the major subjects that are stated in the moral semantics are to study concepts of the subject matter and predicate of the moral sentences. This paper aims to survey the semantics of the mentioned concepts with the analytic method through intellect from the viewpoint of Sheikh Eshraq. He has created the conceptual definition method in the moral semantics and has argued some ethical concepts but he has not mentioned how to get the meaning which constitutes the compound concepts and has not presented a solution for the semantics of the simple moral concepts for those who are not able the witnessing perception of the simple concepts. The solution alternative to this opinion is to notice the attributes of the philosophical concepts that the moral concepts are of these concepts. The most important attribute of the philosophical concepts is comparative and they are achieved by the mental attempt. It is important for the semantics of the moral concepts to compare between the act or the optional feature with the moral goal that the meaning of the mentioned concepts is obtained from this comparison.

The Famous thinkers, explains Īji's view of ethics, like other Ash'arites, as one of divine command theory, But he does not consider moral good and evil to be limited to the meaning of the merit of praising the Shari'a and blame, sometimes also means perfection and imperfection or expediency and corruption. According to Īji's moral ontology, it can be attributed to him that he is realist based on the promise to reason good and evil and he is subjectivist based on the promise to religious good and evil. Although he does not make a logical connection between good and evil moral meanings, he accepts Argument ability for meaning of reason good and evil. his reason for not communicating logically between these meanings, which is God's compulsion, seems invalid because, if explained logically, God's legislative will is based on God's creative will, and it will not be forced by a non-god.

Moral semantics is one of the subjects of moral philosophy which discusses the semantic analysis of moral conceptions and propositions. Moral semantics has a close relationship with the ontology of ethical terms that solves many problems in moral philosophy. Major issues in moral semantics are the s tudy of the concepts of subject, predicate, and concepts in morality, such as perfection and happiness. This research intends to find Farabi’s innovation by review of ethical concepts in Farabi’s thought. Farabi considers the morally good as the relationship between moral actions and their result. He offers an explanation of the absolute good, rejects ethical relativism and proves realism about the morally good. He takes wisdom, in the special sense of the word, the virtue of a human unders tanding that intellects the bes t of things through the supreme knowledge. The supreme knowledge is a kind of rational knowledge with which humans get knowledge of the attainment to his perfection, through the firs t cause. Farabi by this meaning of wisdom explains the nearness of God and the need of man to God, even in achieving ultimate perfection. He by the definition of wisdom explained the kind of moral reality and the way to ultimate perfection in moral philosophy. It seems we can regard the explanation of the higher degree happiness through knowledge by presence of the relation of human perfections to the firs t cause, as completion of Farabi’s theory.

Khajeh Nasiroddin Tusi’s ethical theory is one of the most important and noteworthy theories about Islamic philosophical ethics. In this paper we analyze his ethical theory from an ethical epistemology perspective−which is itself one of the main branches of meta-ethics. The primary issue in his theory is the possibility of ethical epistemology. According to the fact that he believes the good and evil actions are rational¡ it can be concluded that knowledge will make the ethical precepts possible correctly or incorrectly. The second issue is the method of justifying ethical precepts. According to the findings of the study¡ about justifying the ethical propositions¡ he is a naturalist in terms of definition. At the end¡ due to the significance of relativism in epistemology of ethics¡ absoluteness or relativity of Tusi’s ethical theory will be evaluated. Based on the main principles of his ethical theory it could be concluded that he rejects ethical relativism and accepts the generality and universality of ethical precepts.