جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « civil liability » در نشریات گروه « فلسفه و کلام »

Losses and losses that occur from defamation of dignity, reputation or damage to the social or personal reputation of a person and lead to physical, mental and emotional injuries are known as spiritual damage. Compensation for the moral damages of the victims of obvious violations of human rights is one of the well-known fundamental moral principles of human rights. In this research, the aim is to investigate the moral dimensions of moral damage in the victims of human rights violations and the methods of compensation in international documents.

Since the methods of compensation for moral damage in international documents are more diverse compared to domestic laws, studying these documents will facilitate the identification of commonalities, differences and points of silence in domestic laws. These studies will help to interpret, modify, adjust the differences and fill legal gaps regarding non-material methods of compensation. In order for the victims to make their voice heard by the compensation trustees, there are various mechanisms available. In fact, all the documents and organizational structures of the United Nations, including binding and non-binding documents, as well as its specialized committees, are on the right to compensation for the victims of violations. Human rights have been emphasized and only the type and amount of compensation has been proposed depending on the nature of the damages and the needs of the victims.

Personality rights are among those fundamental human rights that protects an individual against the violation of his or her privacy by others; Today, due to widespread use of internet services and new technologies, these rights have turned into the most challenging legal issues. Internet intermediaries and users may violate the personality rights of individuals and their privacy in cyberspace by publishing their private information. To support these rights, and considering the fact that some general rights to personality are recognized in Iranian law, it is necessary to answer these questions, what are the theoretical foundations of the violation of personality rights by internet intermediaries and users? Considering the fact that violation of such rights is mainly a violation of moral rights, in addition to a guarantee of criminal execution, can a guarantee of civil liability be used in cases related to the violation of personality rights? In the present research, these questions are answered by examining the related issues.

Unauthorized access to the individuals´ private information and data is considered as violation of personality rights and harmful activities resulting in civil liability. Fault-based liability is the dominant foundation of Iranian law. Of course, considering the functions and natures of the two groups of players, i.e. internet intermediaries and users, present in this environment, we should consider the independent and individual civil liabilities of each of these two groups.

Responsibility is a moral component. Liability usually arises from liability, according to which the person is legally liable for the damage he or she has caused to another. One of the most important parts of civil law is civil liability, and since the main purpose of civil liability rules is to compensate for material and moral damages and to repair the damage, the government is no exception to this rule. Obviously, sometimes this responsibility takes on a global dimension and obliges governments to be accountable. This article attempts to describe the ethical dimensions of governments' civil liability for "biosphere".

Examining the responsibility of countries from the perspective of ethics, opinions and judicial procedures is one of the necessities of protection and exploitation of the world environment. The next responsibility is moral, and the ethics embedded in the civil liability of governments are based on a range of intrinsic value principles that are twofold in human-centered and ecological-centered. In recent years, proper human interaction with the world and the solution of global crises have been sought in returning to the foundations of judicial procedures in the international system. Compared to other countries in the world, unfortunately, it must be admitted that Iran has not had an acceptable record in this field due to the problems caused by environmental pollution and damage to the world environment, the lack of accountability of the government and the inefficiency of the judiciary. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent damage to the global environment by designing and developing preventive measures and adopting precise and comprehensive laws and regulations in this field.

One of the basic ethical issues in the field of civil liability is the degree of compatibility of civil liability and social justice and what is the principle of social justice in the field of civil liability? In the field of civil liability, the purpose is to compensate the victim and in Iranian law, fault is the main basis of this type of liability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the degree of compliance between civil liability and social justice and whether social justice can be achieved by relying on the element of guilt? 

In line with the changes in society and the emergence of new values, the law of civil liability is also evolving because of the need to establish social justice. Justice is one of the prominent concepts in the field of philosophy of ethics that philosophers, politicians, jurists and other thinkers have explored the ways to achieve it in society throughout the era. Justice depends on the time, place and transformation of social relations, and the first step in ensuring social justice is to establish the right law so that everyone is aware of their rights and is hopeful and confident in achieving what they deserve. In the field of civil liability, one of the ways to achieve this justice is to use the concept of intentional fault. Various divisions have been created by jurists for fault. Guilt is divided into intentional and unintentional faults based on the spiritual element. Intentional guilt can be the basis of actions and rulings in action that no common sense can deny. One of the most important effects of intentional fault is the effect on the causal relationship. The causal relationship is an essential element and a vital element of civil liability. That is, there must be a connection between the damage inflicted and the fault of the mystics, so that if it were not for the fault (act and omission of the act), there would certainly be no harm. Finally, the theory of fault alone cannot be considered the sole basis of civil liability; because sometimes justice requires that someone who has not been at fault be harmed, the division of responsibility should be based on the degree of guilt.

Exercise activities are often associated with unavoidable risks and injuries, in which sometimes the coach is responsible for and responsible for the compensation. Therefore, each trainer continues his or her training activity with the stress that it may be his / her own compensation. This stress has always caused dissatisfaction and job burnout of coaches and has had a negative effect on coach performance

The purpose of this study is to provide a legal solution to reduce this occupational stress.

This study is a descriptive-analytical study Results and

the results of the survey indicate that the rule of thumb is the responsibility of coaches to reduce their job burnout. Improving the level of performance and job satisfaction of coaches and improving their managerial skills is why coaches need to be familiar with this rule.

Civil liability from nuisance in property laws is one of the major areas in civil liability. People may cause nuisance or inflict harms to the latter through exercising their rights of occupation in properties. This subject matter is the area at which property rights and civil liability converge. On the one hand, the proprietor reserves an unlimited right of occupation in his/her property (Article 30 of the Civil Law). On the other hand, the right to property is restricted to this natural and legal right that the latter's property receives no damage (Article 132 of the Civil Law, and Principle 40 of the Islamic Code). The Civil Law does not have an explicit decree as to the civil liability of the proprietor and has not enumerated its provisions or elements either. Therefore, by comparative study of the subject, and via the analytical-descriptive method, it was concluded that the extra occupation of the reasonable would have the result of civil liability, if it would create nuisance in the property law and damage to the neighbor, whether it is intended or unintended for the proprietor. The absoluteness of the right, reasonableness of the act and satisfaction of needs shall not remove liability. However, the rule of "Prohibition of Detriment" governs the relations arising from vicinity and neighborhood, and the occupation by the occupier is customarily endurable by the vicinity law.

The civil responsibility of the state is a challenge that has been challenged since the formation of modern-day local governments and has experienced many downs and downsides. One of the relatively newer arenas in this area is civil liability due to government financial policies. These policies have greatly influenced the fate of the people and economic activists, and occasionally caused a lot of damage to them. Accordingly, it is necessary to examine the nature of these policies in terms of the category of governance or business, the possibility of compensating for the damage and the basis for this compensation. At the end of this research, it will be clear that the application of financial policies can lead to civil liability of the state, if it is due to the heavy fault of the government or its agents. The basis for this compensation is based on the general theory of fault. Therefore, in the examples of the government's heavy blame for financial policies, such as the application of financial policies, regardless of the state of the country or the lack of monitoring of the implementation of policies and the like, should not cost the government such actions.

This type of responsibility of the attorney is not in the form of a contract, but in the form of a contract, and is outside the principle of "relativity of the contract" and the contractual liability of the party, that is why the party is a party (third party) and that the lawyer of the judiciary in contrast, the legal conflict, will have responsibility or not? There has long been no consensus on this matter, and a traditional view holds that even the notion of responsibility for a lawyer will eliminate his focus on defense and prevent this concern in the area of responsibility for the good defense of the lawyer, but the new theory and career requirements and the lawyer's profession leads to the recognition of the attorney by providing conditions, and the legal assignments, as well as the affirmation of the third party's liability for the lawyer, are suing.

we should account the advertising as a basic Element in the fate of countries, that role plays in both internal and International domain. Sometimes, the advertising is untrue, and includes some Properties that they are not in present goods or specific services.we can study this kind of advertising, in different aspects. From these aspects, we can name the legal and moral effects of false advertisings on human rights, society and Audiences. If the ads contain false, they are searchable in Ethics, In addition to the contractual relationship as breach of contract, and in civil liability. The main question of this Article is that what legal liability for false advertising is, and what are effects on contract between the parties, and also what are morally adverse effects on the audience and the community?