جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "graded unity of existence" در نشریات گروه "فلسفه و کلام"

Stephen Hawking, a contemporary theoretical physicist, considered the discovery of a unifying theory in physics to be very effective and he claims the existence of the theory of great unity by claiming the three possibilities. He considers the works and benefits of ontology such as; the possibility of recognizing and describing the laws governing the universe, knowing how the extreme small universe works at the beginning of creation, answering questions about the beginning, the cause of creation, and the role of God as the Creator of the universe for the theory of unity. The metaphysical results and implications of the theory of unity in this article are extracted and examined in a comparative way with the graded unity theory of Mullā Ṣadrā. The graded unity of existence has a significant impact on ontology as well as philosophical epistemology and is a factor for linking sciences with each other, explaining the relationship between the parts of the universe, analyzing human’s liberty without contradicting the divine will, explaining the beginning of the world and answering other ontological ambiguities. It is shown in this research that Hawking’s philosophical questions can be answered with Mullā Ṣadrā’s theory of unity of existence.

"Unity in multiplicity and multiplicity in unity" is an effectual doctrine in explaining the purposes of transcendental wisdom, particularly the unification (tawhid) of existence. Transcendental theosophers like mystics have emphasized this doctrine. For clarifying the different features of this issue, they have put the explanation of the monistic worldview in variegated expressions. Individual unity of existence utilizes justification, explanation, and argumentation to emphasize both unity and multiplicity in the same way. Each of These justifications is illuminating in divine wisdom under abbreviations or fundamental principles. Provided good explanations, essence (haqiqah) and thinness (raqiqah), apparent (Zahir) and manifester (Muzhir), and Simple Essence (Basit al-haqiqah) are those doctrines which are very illuminating in transcendental wisdom. Besides, the principle of "unity in multiplicity and multiplicity in unity" with distinct formulation, has been developed and led the audience to individual unity of existence. Picking some passages from Aqa Ali Modarres' writings and abrading them together, some amateurs in transcendental wisdom expressed that this doctrine in his philosophy is restricted to the gradation of existence and is in contrast to individual unity of existence. Reviewing the claims in these articles and finding the explanation of this doctrine among explicit sayings of Aqa Ali Modarres will pave the way for the sound understanding of transcendental theology.

Different philosophical and gnostic schools have each presented some theories regarding the perfect Man relying on their own specific worldviews. Believing in a worldview based on the “individual unity of existence”, gnostics maintain that it is only the Truth which exists, and what is other than the Truth is only among the modes and manifestations of the Truth. In the view of this group, the perfect Man is a human being who has attained supreme glory. Such a person is indeed the locus of the manifestation of essential and nominal perfections of the Truth rather than having a different existence from the Truth. In his critique of gnostics’ theory of perfect Man, Mutahhari, based on the theory of the graded unity of existence, believes that the perfect Man is a human being who, while actualizing all goals and values to the level of moderation in oneself, has a single goal in mind which is the same proximity to God. According to the gradedness of existence, multiple goals and a single goal are the same but are different in their levels. In multiple goals, the intentions and the ultimate levels of divine proximity are also different. In other words, in the view of Mutahhari, as the graded unity of existence dominates the truth of being, a human being who has attained the graded goal is the same perfect Man. In this paper, the writer explains that none of Mutahhari’s criticisms of gnostics’ views are justified, and explicit references in the related texts demonstrate the falsity of his objections. Therefore, gnostics provide a more complete explanation of the perfect Man, and the existence of this human being is consistent with the individual unity of existence.