جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "hawking" در نشریات گروه "فلسفه و کلام"

The issue of the temporal beginning of the cosmos is one of the challenging issues which, in addition to philosophy and theology, has attracted the attention of contemporary physicists, so that some of them have expressed metaphysical-theological reactions and even atheistic opposing in choosing their opinions. Reviewing of Stephen Hawking’s works shows that he merely bases the physical rules that rely on the method of sensation and experience without the use of metaphysical and philosophical methods. Some metaphysical results such as temporal of beginningless have concluded the creation of cosmic and thereby denied the existence of God. The findings of the research in the present article which has been written by descriptive-analytical method and with philosophical approach indicate that Hawking’s cosmic temporal of beginningless is consistent with the view of some philosophers such as Mullā Ṣadrā but Mullā Ṣadrā unlike Hawking does not conclude atheism and atheistic readings from cosmic temporal of beginningless. Some of Hawking’s ontological concepts have led to fallacy of non-sequitur and lead to internal contradictions in philosophical discussions which in this article have been investigated and evaluated with the principles and fundamentals of transcendent theosophy or al-ḥikmat al-muta’āliyah (Arabic: الحکمه المتعالیه). It has been concluded in the end that Mullā Ṣadrā considers the criterion of the cosmic need for cause as “possible” in transcendent theosophy and has concluded between the “cosmic temporal of beginningless” and “the existence of God.”

We can introduce two classes of scenarios. The first, standard model of cosmology proposes a scenario in which the BigBang is beginning, and the second, scenarios where the BigBang is merely a gate to our universe and the universe have more dimensions than ours. The basic question is why and how did the universe come to be out of nothing? To answer such a question, two methods have been taken in the physics: firstly, finite but no boundary model and secondly, the scenario of eternal inflation. Having explained the two classes, I will show that the main experimental and theoretical evidence support the past incomplete directions of the universe; whether we consider it as Big Bang or more developed. Also, the existing models and scenarios are not against the supernatural approach, but also consolidate it.

The issue of the creation of the universe has been a challenge for philosophers, theologians and physicists of all ages. The purpose of this research is to study and compare Hawking’s view on the creation of the universe with that of Mullā Ṣadrā based on the teachings of transcendent philosophy in a descriptive-analytical manner. In this paper, the epistemological and ontological foundations of the two perspectives are compared to clarify the commonalities, disagreements and the advantages. It will be revealed that the concepts of “nothing” and “vacuum” in Hawking’s theory of the creation are different from the concept of vacuum in the transcendent philosophy and hence, do not mean pure non-existence. Referring to the religious teachings and based on his philosophical principles, such as the ontological primacy of existence and substantial motion, as well as the idea of creatio ex nihilo (creation out of non-existence), Mullā Ṣadrā proves the temporal origination of the universe (in a specific sense). According to him, Divine emanation is eternal, constant and inseparable from God and thus, the claim that the creation has begun in a real or imaginary time is rejected.

The beginning and non-eternity of the world is one of the hot topics of modern cosmology that has attracted the Abrahamic believers and philosophers , In the standard model of cosmology this idea has become more prominent than in the past. Some have tried to explain the beginning of the world from zero or nothingness with the fluctuation of the quantum vacuum in the condition of infinite curvature, so that the problem does not turn to a philosophical one. In this article, at first the necessary quantum prerequisites to understand this scenario have explained and then its description are presented, then based on this detailed explanation, we will show two main problems: 1) it includes verbal false reasoning and 2) it still doesn't remove the need for a supernatural agent to explain how the world began from nothing.

Stephen Hawking, a contemporary theoretical physicist, considered the discovery of a unifying theory in physics to be very effective and he claims the existence of the theory of great unity by claiming the three possibilities. He considers the works and benefits of ontology such as; the possibility of recognizing and describing the laws governing the universe, knowing how the extreme small universe works at the beginning of creation, answering questions about the beginning, the cause of creation, and the role of God as the Creator of the universe for the theory of unity. The metaphysical results and implications of the theory of unity in this article are extracted and examined in a comparative way with the graded unity theory of Mullā Ṣadrā. The graded unity of existence has a significant impact on ontology as well as philosophical epistemology and is a factor for linking sciences with each other, explaining the relationship between the parts of the universe, analyzing human’s liberty without contradicting the divine will, explaining the beginning of the world and answering other ontological ambiguities. It is shown in this research that Hawking’s philosophical questions can be answered with Mullā Ṣadrā’s theory of unity of existence.

The theory of God as the product of human ignorance has been presented by many scientists including modern physicists and biologists. In this article, we address the theory from the view point of Stephen Hawking, a physicist. According to him, belief in God is the product of human ignorance. Humans believe in God as the cause of natural phenomena so long as the cause of these phenomena is not discovered by them; But when their cause is revealed, there is no room for believing in God. In the past, the world was considered as the creation of God because of people's deep ignorance, but today when the natural causes of the formation of the world have been revealed thanks to science, there is no need to assume the existence of God. In this paper which is organized in an analytical-descriptive way, first we deal with the model-dependent realism, quantum physics, M- theory, and God as a being covering gaps as the foundations of Hawking's theory and then attention is paid to issues such as the scientific explanation of the origin of the world, the superiority of the scientific explanation over other explanations, and the incompatibility of the scientific explanation with the religious explanation as the three main axes of Hawking's theory. At the end, we will assess the basic elements this theory contains with a critical approach based on Islamic philosophy and theology.