جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شهودگرایی » در نشریات گروه « فلسفه و کلام »

In this article, by analyzing the opinions of Avicenna and Moore, about the indefinability of good and bad morals, their attitude is explained from the epistemological point of view, The main problem of the research is Avicenna and Moore's attitude about criticizing the naturalistic criterion and criteria for carrying moral characteristics such as good and bad in moral issues. Avicenna states in his opinions that moderation as a metaphysical and natural matter cannot be a criterion for the good or badness of moral issues in all fields, and Moore, by analyzing the naturalistic fallacy, considers pleasure or harmony with nature as the criterion and criterion for carrying good and bad. He does not know moral issues. The results of the research show that the approach of these two thinkers to prove their claim is to pay attention to the logical problem that occurs in the comparison of knowing good and bad with things such as moderation, pleasure, and harmony with nature. To answer the problem, Avicenna and Moore defend the non-naturalistic realism of moral propositions, in the meantime, emphasizing the intuition of the characteristics in the intellectual intuition of the people to find criteria and criteria for the truth and falsity of moral propositions makes it possible to discuss the opinions of these two thinkers. The research method is to analyze the content of the opinions of these two philosophers in order to create a dialogue to compare their opinions.

The rise or fall of schools of thought is influenced by various factors. Looking at the history of the creation of mystical texts over many centuries, the quantitative and qualitative increase or decrease of these texts can be seen.Using the descriptive and analytical method and referring to historical reports, the present research seeks to answer the question of why the frequency of mystical texts has increased significantly in the historical period from 460 to 638 AH. What caused the growth of mystical texts in this period is the expansion of the Ash'ari school and their special attention to the "heart" as a practical tool in epistemology, which can be categorized under cultural developments. Although Mu'tazila school also continued this intellectual life, the dominance of some Ash'ari principles can also be seen in Mu'tazila's writings. Among these principles is "intuitionism and relying on the heart" as a tool of knowledge. The support of the Abbasid caliphs for this school was also in the process of its spread. The existence of a relationship between the leading scholars of this school with the Abbasid rulers or the rulers under their influence was also among the political reasons that greatly contributed to the expansion of the Ash'ari school.

This article explains and compares the views of Ibn Sina and G.E. Moore in the field of realist ethics and while discussing the method of intuition in recognizing moral characteristics. Realism in ethics means the objectivity of moral propositions, and therefore moral properties are intuitive. The main issue of research on the formulation of Ibn Sina's views, along with the principles of realism and the method of intuition, is whether the moral propositions under popular opinion follow the same principles that Moore put forward in the discussion of realism in ethics and how they can be intuitive. Moore's moral realism is based on the intuitionism of moral qualities such as good and evil, which are unacceptable to the natural or metaphysical. According to Ibn Sina, moral realism is defined and intuitive based on the moral presuppositions such as good and bad. In this attitude, the good and the bad for the soul are explained as a being whose exaltation and happiness is a real thing. The results of this study show that for Moore, the relationship between moral issues and predicates such as good and bad is an intuitive thing, which is defined as a good relationship with the greatest possible good, and this combination and understanding requires reflection and intellectual maturity of the moral agent. According to Ibn Sina, the relationship between moral issues and moral presuppositions such as good and bad is explained on the basis of the reputation of moral propositions and the intuitions of the wise of the people.

Philosophical knowledge regarding God always was among main concern for philosophers. In Islamic philosophy the great philosopher, Avicenna has presented in his latest book Al- Esharat a unique way to display how we can come to know the existence of God. Calling this particular way as Seddigin his new approach provoked many discussions. Many thinkers have accepted his new way while putting forward some critiques against his approach. The aim in this research is to deal with Avicenna`s new approach and the writer attempt to defend Avicenna`s new approach by fulminating it on the basis of intuition. The question that is answered in this research is whether the new method that Ibn Sina has introduced about the God in the aforementioned book suffers from the error of inferring an example from the concept? In this regard, relying on the works of Ibn Sina, while presenting an intuitive account, the author will show that Ibn Sina in the intuitive analysis of existence shows the necessary being as the result of his analysis, and in this way he does not make the mistake of inferring an instance of the object from the concept. The result of this research is that the philosophical value of the method that Ibn Sina has presented in this book in relation to the knowledge of God is valid in the form of philosophical thinking and relying on theoretical concepts and has been a successful step within the framework of theoretical concepts.

One of the concepts discussed in meta ethics which is applied in moral situations and has an important role in moral judgments, is obligation or duty which is normative. William David Ross was a philosopher who talked about this subject in detail and differentiated this concept with that of value. He was highly influenced by Prichard’s thoughts, therefore it is important to scrutinize his moral ideas. This paper tries to examine his intuitionism and meta ethical view in light of Prichard’s thoughts. The method of this research is comparative- analytic, and has used books and on line resources in order to see in what extent he accepted Prichard’s ideas and in what extent we can call his thought new. Finally, this research concludes that although Ross was was highly influenced by Prichard, he could overcome his difficulty and bring up his new idea about primafacie duties and differentiate the concept of obligation with that of good according to his meta ethical views.

One of the most important concepts in meta-ethics which are used in moral contexts and has a significant role in moral judgments is the concept of goodness, which is a value concept. William David Ross was a philosopher who scrutinized this concept and said it is not analyzable to other moral concepts such as ought, right, duty and responsibility. Although other philosophers preceded him including Kant and Moore theorized about goodness and had different accounts about this concept, their views had a deep influence on Ross. This paper tries to examine his meta-ethical view in the light of Kant and Moore’s thoughts and their ethical theories. The method of this research is comparative and descriptive and has used books and online sources in order to see in what cases he was influenced by them and to what extent we can call his view new. Finally, this research concludes that though Ross was influenced by them, he could overcome their difficulties and bring up his new theory about this subject. And although he criticized their thoughts, he tried to unite some elements of their views and added other elements to them in order to express his final theory about the goodness of character.

Moral relativism does not acknowledge any universal moral principle and regards ethics as subject to the cultural purposes and changing circumstances. Allameh Tabatabaei reviews and critiques an account of moral relativism in Al-Mizan. The question this paper addresses is the way Tabatabaei critiques moral relativism. The paper surveys the three types of fallacy elaborated by Tabatabaei to reject relativists’ claim: 1. Fallacy of confusion between moral principle and matters of fact; 2. Fallacy of confusion between generalization and continued existence; 3. Fallacy of confusion between objective and hypothetical. Also, it seems that Tabatabaei’s stand in critiquing moral relativists, is moral intuitionism which is based on the innate disposition. This Intuitionism is confirmed, interpreted and elaborated by reason and religion.

Khajeh Nasiroddin Tusi’s ethical theory is one of the most important and noteworthy theories about Islamic philosophical ethics. In this paper we analyze his ethical theory from an ethical epistemology perspective−which is itself one of the main branches of meta-ethics. The primary issue in his theory is the possibility of ethical epistemology. According to the fact that he believes the good and evil actions are rational¡ it can be concluded that knowledge will make the ethical precepts possible correctly or incorrectly. The second issue is the method of justifying ethical precepts. According to the findings of the study¡ about justifying the ethical propositions¡ he is a naturalist in terms of definition. At the end¡ due to the significance of relativism in epistemology of ethics¡ absoluteness or relativity of Tusi’s ethical theory will be evaluated. Based on the main principles of his ethical theory it could be concluded that he rejects ethical relativism and accepts the generality and universality of ethical precepts.

One of the serious topics in theories of ethical education is about their philosophical basis about “ethical knowledge” that each one deals with interpretation of “ethical concepts and propositions” based on its own specific philosophy and makes relations between the nature of human ethical knowledge and philosophical nature of these concepts and propositions. Having a review on the ideas of David Ross and Lawrence Kohlberg¡ this paper has a comparative approach between principles of the philosophy of ethics in two intuitionism and ratiocination approaches and their implications in ethical education. Intuitionists believe that the ethical precepts are valid independent of each other and intuitive understanding would be enough to justify them. For ratiocination¡ ethical precepts are valid when their deduction from each other and their relations are proposed reasonably. Also¡ when explaining the human ethical recognition¡ the intuitionism approach believes that ethical concepts are naturally intuitive and the ethical propositions being independent of each other are valid either and consequently¡ human will understand ethical precepts by his own intuition not by the power of thought and reasoning. On the other hand¡ for ratiocination approach¡ the validity of ethical precepts is due to a reasonable relation between a precept and ethical common principles and consequently¡ the discursive thinking is the ethical recognition tool¡ not intuition. By adapting intuitionism and ratiocination¡ we can achieve “critical intuitionism” based on which we will intuitively come to a judgment in each ethical situation that we need to measure our information and emotions in relation to that situation. Acceptance of this philosophical principle leads to following two principles in ethical education: 1. By hearing¡ seeing and experiencing the ethical experiences the trainee will be noted. 2. The trainee should learn critical thinking in regard to ethical judgments.

Intuitionistic logic, as a non-classical logic, encompasses the principles of logical reasoning which were used by L. E. J. Brouwer in developing his intuitionistic mathematics. Brouwer rejected the principle of the excluded middle on the basis of his philosophy. In his philosophical view, logic is the application of mathematics to the language of mathematics. In other words, logic studies the patterns that characterize valid inference. The resulting linguistic system of logic may be studied mathematically, even independently of the mathematical activities that it was originally abstracted from. In this paper, the philosophical basis of Brouwer’s view about Logic and Mathematics is explained.

Anti-realism was first introduced by Michael Dummett, the contemporary analytic philosopher. He has always preferred to discuss about statements and assertions (instead of entities), such as statements in the past tense, statements about the physical world, and so on. Based on his approach to metaphysical problems, we should initially choose an appropriate model of meaning and a proper conception of the notion of truth applicable to the statements. By doing so, the dispute between realism and anti-realism can be rendered to a disagreement on the kind of meaning the statements may have. After criticizing the realist approach, he goes on to claim that without having proper evidence, we cannot judge on meaning and truth or falsity of linguistic statements. To understand a sentence, Dummett says, is to have the capacity of recognizing what would be counted as evidence for or against it. Therefore, an anti-realist believes that there is no guarantee for every sentence to be certainly true (or false). Or, it cannot be approved for each statement to be necessarily true or false, independently of our knowledge and relevant abilities. An adherent of realism, by contrast, admits the principle of bivalence and acknowledges that sentences are true or false because of the reality existing independently of us. In this essay, after introducing Dummett’s anti-realist approach and his criticisms on realism, I am going to discuss about and explain the correlation between his desired theory of meaning and anti-realism.

In the philosophy of mathematics, there are three important schools: intuitionism, formalism and logicism. Founded by Brouwer, intuitionism puts importance on mathematician's intuition, takes it as the basis, and try to free mathematics of the pure logical relations. Intuitionism takes mental processes as the basis of mathematics. In this part of his article, the author discusses intuitionism and its history.