جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Aristotle’s logic » در نشریات گروه « فلسفه و کلام »

The role and importance of natural language in philosophy is clearly significant and obvious. Aristotle for systematizing his logic and formalizing its rules was significantly dependent on ordinary language such that he formulated the rules of his logic in the framework of this language. By criticizing Aristotle’s logic on the basis of incompetence and limitations of natural language, Frege developed a new philosophical system by introducing a formal language and a new system of logic. Of course these modifications did not end with Frege and continued in later philosophical systems. In this paper, firstly, we consider natural language and it’s influence on Aristotle’s logic and the problems of its application in ancient logic. Then some of Frege’s innovations in formal language and logic will be discussed. After that, we will examine Frege’s linguistic turn, its turning point, nature and conditions. Finally the effects of formal language in establishing the structure of Frege’s philosophical system will be considered.

Quantum mechanics replaced the traditional mechanics in the early twentieth century. To study Schrodinger’s wave equation, whose position in this new mechanics is like the status of Newton’s movement laws in traditional mechanics, numerous philosophical statements have been offered, one of which is ‘quantum logic’. The founders of quantum logic claim that on the basis of their observations in quantum level, the traditional logic, which previously served as the measurement for right and wrong arguments, lacks the proper efficiency and must be replaced by one of the expressions of quantum logic. In the present article, while shortly introducing quantum mechanics and quantum logic, we have avoided entering the formal discussions of quantum logic and used analytical method to investigate the possibility of replacing the traditional logic with quantum logic. According to this study, it was clarified that one must regard quantum logic just as a mathematical formulization, not an alternative logic, because firstly it is dependent on a certain statement of Schrodinger’s equation, and secondly, one must use traditional logic to falsify it. Applying this logic to traditional and quantum logic would result in truth and falsehood of both logics and not falsehood of traditional logic and truth of alternative logic.

Supposition theory is one of the most important logical- semantic theories which is put forward by medieval logicians in their logical texts and commentaries usually under the discussion topic "Properties of Terms". Since this theory has important consequences and results in logic, philosophy and theology, in this paper we will investigate its conceptual and historical origin. We claim that there is a significant and deep (historical and conceptual) bound between the medieval theory of supposition and Aristotle’s theory of fallacies as he has stated in his treatise “sophistical refutations”. The case-by-base study of Aristotle’s fallacy in comparison to the semantical analysis of medieval logicians support this idea that supposition theory is the implicit semantic of Aristotle’s “sophistical refutations” which has been reinterpreted as an explicit and dependent field of study by medieval logicians, and also it has been extended throughout the late medieval ages due to different semantical problems.

According to Smith, Organon for Aristotle is a special means to demonstrate that first philosophy is possible. For him, it’s incorrect to think that the aim of Organon is the introduction of Aristotle’s methodological theories. In Posterior Analytics, Aristotle by a demonstration tries to show that an undemonstrative knowledge is necessary and sufficient condition for demonstrative knowledge (episteme). The aim of undemonstrative knowledge is the aim of first philosophy, that is, coming to the first principles of any science. Smith considers the demonstration in question depends on other Aristotle’s logical theories in Organon involving theories of definition, predication, dialectic, categories, and deduction. Furthermore, in the last section of Posterior Analytic, Aristotle expressing a process called Nous shows that coming to the undemonstrative knowledge is possible.