جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بهره بردار » در نشریات گروه « فقه و حقوق »

Under traditional public law International responsibility arising out of environmental damages usually imposed on States. But whereas some environmental damages are arising from private sector activities, it is not sufficient to limit this responsibility only on States without providing any responsibility on private sector in many cases. So a positive change created in the field of international responsibility arising out of environmental damages, that it is development of the responsibility scope to private sector. There are two ways for privatizing: approval of primary responsibility of operator instead of origin State responsibility that is named channeling and reducing the level of responsibility from intergovernmental level to civil law level of Origin State.

Transportation of hazardous materials always causes a dangerous environmentand in some cases leads to incompensabledamage. Because of this fact, the specialists of civil liability concerned with the importance of the determination of a specific regime of civil liability. With regard to civil liability arising from transportation of hazardous materials, not only the regime of civil liability has changed into the strict liability but also the new rules concerning the determination of liable person have been emerged.
Contrary to the general rules of traditional regime of civil liability in which this is the wrongful act of the wrongdoer that engages the civil liability, in the context of civil liability arising from transportation of hazardous materials the specific principles such as the principle of “channeling of liability to Operator” plays an important role.
From the perspective of international law, some conventions such as the Basel convention 1989 and its protocol relating to civil liability have tendency to establish the specific regime of civil liability.

Increasing need to the nuclear energy is undeniable reality. At the same time، nuclear industry always has risks of actual or eventual، and in some cases، accurring damages as a result of nuclear incidence is inevitable. Theses facts have made states to adapt particular regulations. This in turn has resulted in shaping rules about liability and nuclear liability in international Conventions. Thus، these laws and conventions through designing of strict and exclusive liability for operators introduce this person as liable of compensation for nuclear damage،on one hand، and on the other hand، apply the principle of government intervention for provision of additional losses prevent damages to the rights of victims. In the Iranian legal system the only way to identify the responsible person for compensations of nuclear damage is to refer to the Iranian civil code. However it is necessary for the Iranian legislators to adapt particulars laws in this area to remove any inadequacy regarding nuclear civil liability.

After the Hiroshima and Nagasaki being bombarded by the USA and also the reactor catastrophe at Chernobyl and There Mill Island and etc., the whole international community became concerned about the damage and loss of life and properties, which might be caused by the nuclear incidents. Nuclear accidents show that, in addition to the loss of life and property, several other serious diseases occur after chronicle low dose irradiation. Distortions of the central nervous system are observed, especially mental illness, as well as malfunction of other organs. Therefore, it seemed necessary to discuss several matters in relation to the nuclear activities, including: limitations created by nuclear plants, and liability and responsibility for injuries and damages caused by them, risk of the use of nuclear energy for the environment, the main principles of the state liabilities, concepts of nuclear activities and incidents and the main civil liabilities of the states and operators. Under the light of these matters, in this article, some fundamental questions related to the international civil liabilities of the states for the nuclear activities are considered in detail. In addition to the discussion as to reduction of the risks, in above cases, the entities which are liable for the given type of damage and loss are dealt with. The international civil liability treaties which contain uniform provisions for the type of damage and loss covered, type of liabilities (i.e. fault based or strict), financial limitations of liabilities are also dealt with properly. We finally came into the conclusion that irrespective of many rules and regulations as to the civil liabilities and responsibilities of the states, there are still some deficiencies which are carefully discussed and dealt with in this article.

increasing need of science and technology to the nuclear energy is undeniable reality in this time and era. At the same time, turning of nuclear industry always has risks of actual or eventual, and in some cases, occurring damages as a result of nuclear incidence is inevitable. Therefore, deliver nuclear damage and concerned to identify responsible have lead government in the way of regulations and special rules. This result rules shaping civil liability and nuclear liability international Conventions. Thus, these laws and conventions with design of strict and exclusive liability operator must be introduced this person as a liable of compensation of nuclear damage, and on the other hand, announced the principle of government intervention in the provision of additional losses on the liability of operator prevent wastage rights of victims. Considering that the Iranian government is not applied toward nuclear legislation and membership in
certain of these conventions. So, identifying responsible for compensation of nuclear damage won’t become possible unless resorting to the rules governing the civil responsibility. But in terms of existing defect and inadequate, legislators should move in direction of specific legislation assembling, and settle nuclear civil liability at the top of the agenda

La directive n° 2004/35 du 21 avril 2004, sur la responsabilité environnementale en ce qui concerne la prévention et la réparation des dommages environnementaux qui a été définitivement adoptée le 31 mars 2004. La directive établit un cadre de responsabilité environnementale fondé sur le principe du «pollueur-payeur», en vue de prévenir et de réparer les dommages environnementaux. d’atteinte à l’environnement limitativement considéré en trois des domaines qui le compose: - les espèces et habitats naturels protégés.  les eaux, entendues au sens large de la directive n° 2000/60 du 23 octobre 2000, établissant un cadre pour une politique communautaire dans le domaine de l’eau; - les sols contaminés du fait de l’introduction directe ou indirecte de substances, préparations, organismes ou micro-organimes. La directive canalise la responsabilité environnementale sur la personne de l’exploitant. l’annexe III de la directive vise à identifier les activités posant des risques pour l’environnement, fussent-ils seulement potentiels, d’une nature telle qu’ils justifient que la responsabilité des exploitants concernés puisse être engagée indépendamment du caractère fautif ou négligent de l’acte ou omission qui est à l’origine du dommage; il s’agit donc d’un régime de responsabilité objective. Le second régime de responsabilité diffère du premier à trois points de vue: les exploitants concernés, la nature de la responsabilité et la catégorie de dommage environnemental couverte. Seuls les exploitants des activités professionnelles autres que celles relevant de l’annexe III sont en effet assujettis à ce second régime, lequel ne jouera que pour autant que l’exploitant soit fautif ou négligent et uniquement lorsque la menace imminente ou le dommage survenu concerne les espèces et habitats naturels protégés.