جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « زمان قبولی » در نشریات گروه « فقه و حقوق »

In all human societies, according to the prevailing legal system, criminal or non-criminal measures are proposed as ways to deal with sexual crimes. In Islamic criminal law, unlike the legal systems in Western countries, sexual assault in the context of marital relations between couples, even if it is done without consent, is not considered an example of sexual assault, and the Islamic legislator has not considered such acts as a crime in a marriage. This is the case that in the West, intimacy with the spouse without consent and other examples of sexual violence with a milder degree are predicted and criminalized, and if the sexual act is performed despite the spouse's lack of consent, it is considered sexual assault in marital relations. Employing a descriptive-analytical method, the present study seeks to answer the problem of how the criminal policy of Islam and the West deal with the phenomenon of sexual assault, which is due to the lack of independent research in the study of this issue in a comparative manner. The results indicate that in both the Islamic and Western systems, significant measures have been adopted in relation to criminal prevention, howerver, in the criminal policy of Islam, in the field of non-criminal prevention, both in terms of social prevention measures and the situation regarding the establishment of rules such as the prohibitions on the secluded intimacy of non-mahram men and women and adornment, along with the encouragement to marriage and the prohibition of celibacy and strictness in marriage, maintaining the necessary distance between men and women in public, facilitating the areas of community participation in criminal response in the field of dealing with sexual assault, such as banning perverts or murdering a stranger in bed, or the mandatory sentence in defense of one's honor, in addition to the special rules regarding criminal prevention, such as the difficulty of proof, the prohibition of the spread of prostitution, and the public execution of the punishment for the purpose of setting an example, are among the measures that shows the superiority of the criminal system of Islam over the West.

The term "unilateral contract" in appearance contains an explicit conflict; due to the fact that contracts have at least two parties and are bilateral. In general, unilateral legal actions are outside the scope of contracts and are the equivalent of unilateral juridical actions. Unilateral contract in English Law refers to a contract in which, upon acceptance, only the offeror has an obligation. The offeree in a unilateral contract has no obligations, and acceptance is done only by conduct. In French Law, the concept of a unilateral contract refers to a single-obligation contract that can be accepted in any of the available ways to express acceptance. In Iranian legal system, a unilateral contract is not recognized under such a title. However, there is a similar entity called single-obligation contracts compatible with its French meaning and comparable with a unilateral contract in English law if acceptance is by conduct. In English law, as a general rule, the contract's conclusion time is the same as the receipt time of acceptance. Due to the offeree's reliance on the offer, the offeror loses the opportunity to refer the offer in the unilateral contract. The contract is concluded from the beginning of the offeree's action. There are many ambiguities in Iran's law regarding the issues raised because the legal texts and the jurists' opinions are not explicit in these cases. While their Inclusion in civil law adds to the richness of legal literature but in practice, this division's effects can eliminate courts' ambiguities in this regard. This comparative study's results indicate that Iranian Law can accept the unilateral contract without any obstacles. This subject is discussed in this article through a descriptive, analytical and comparative method.