جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « just law » در نشریات گروه « فقه و حقوق »

The realm of digital property is a new area in the world of technology that must be addressed in different fields, especially law. In our country, the legislator has not yet provided an explicit text regarding the Digital inheritance property. In addition, like intellectual property rights, although digital property is immaterial, they will have a material effect, including patent rights and author's rights, which are recognized in Iranian law; like intellectual property, virtual properties are not physically tangible, but they have the same financial effects and can be classified as property and inheritance. The findings indicate that so far, the Digital inheritance assets have not yet penetrated Iran's laws, and the internal laws in this regard have not been legislated, despite the need and necessity due to the widespread use of these properties, there was no change in the recognition of digital assets. In this case, do digital properties have a place in Iran's law to be recognized as property or not? The Vice President of New Technologies of the Central Bank published a draft of the requirements and regulations in the field of cryptocurrencies in February 2017, and the bill that was recently submitted to the parliament is an attempt to the legal framework and define the rules of digital property in property can be considered with indulgence. According to the general rules governing material property, the digital property can also be considered as part of the property, be inherited, and at the same time be demanded, divided, and traded. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical.

Since governance has various aspects and dimensions, including economic governance and its subsets,The monetary and financial policy through the central bank of the country's government is considered as monetary governance. With the emergence of new technologies such as blockchain, it seems that this Governance has become relative and has been overshadowed by this technology and has reduced the control of governments over the implementation of monetary policies. Central banks, which see their monetary sovereignty at risk, react based on their understanding of the issue and of course, some governments consider this technology as an opportunity for themselves. Accordingly, this article examines the monetary sovereignty of countries under the influence of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, and with a descriptive-analytical method, it seeks to explain the relationship between cryptocurrencies and the monetary and national sovereignty of countries in the field of international law.

Following the entry of a digital platform operator into the intra-platform market, it is likely that the platform will privilege its affiliated product over the third-party products. This paper attempts to answer whether all forms of preferential treatment should be prohibited and considered anti-competitive, and whether the document proposed by Iran’s Supreme Council of Cyberspace in 2019 is effective in preventing online differentiated treatment. The findings indicate that due to the variety of dominant and non-dominant platforms’ practices, their different effects and the possibility of reaping dynamic efficiency, there is no basis to deviate from the rule of reason in the competition assessment of self-preferencing, and Iran’s Council has gone beyond the principles of competition law by applying the per se illegality rule to any form of self-preferencing. To prevent the anti-competitive effects of self-preferencing and to address the drawbacks of the recent competition document of Iran’s Council, this article suggests the enactment of a new legislation which defines gatekeeper platforms and imposes certain ex-ante obligations on gatekeeper platforms operating in Iran, namely the separation of their horizontal and vertical (intra-platform) operations, setting out the search ranking parameters, and clarifying the conditions for blocking access to the platform.

The purpose of conducting this research is to find out whether the selling authority of the abandoned streams within the legal boundaries and the protection zone of the cities lies with the Ministry of Energy or the municipality. So that the owners of the properties adjacent to the abandoned creeks know from which of these authorities they should buy the bed of the abandoned creek in order to combine it with their property. In this research, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way and with a library method, referring to the available sources in this field, it was concluded that the beds of abandoned natural streams that will not be used in the future and are within the legal and privacy limits of the protection of the cities and the abandoned unnatural streams that are located in this area can be sold by the municipality to the owners of the adjacent properties in order to merge with that property, based on Note 6 of Article 96 of the Municipal Law, and Article 2 of the Law on Fair Water Distribution, does not have the power to override Note 6 of Article 96. However, if the natural stream is registered by the Ministry of Energy, its subsequent abandonment has no effect on the matter, and in any case, the municipality will not be able to sell such a stream in terms of registration in the name of the Ministry of Energy on behalf of the government.

As a supporter of individual and social rights, the judiciary has obligations to protect people's rights, which is within the legal jurisdiction of this branch. Part of the judiciary's obligations in this regard are carried out through the prosecutor. The public prosecutor is a judicial official who officially accuses people of committing a crime and prosecutes them in court. The purpose of this article is to examine the question of what duties and obligations does the prosecutor have in the legal system of Iran and the United States of America in the pursuit of public rights? The present article is theoretical and by using the descriptive-analytical method and in a library form, it has explained the tasks and actions of the prosecutor in the preservation of public rights and citizen's rights. The findings indicate that according to the Constitution of the Judiciary, and accordingly, the prosecutor and the related cyber authorities in this branch should guarantee public rights and deal with the factors that violate these rights in line with their duties. In fact, the feeling of justice and trust in the judicial system is provided to the people as a result of the judicial supervision of the provision and fulfillment of the rights of the citizens. In American law, the prosecutor has important duties in front of public law and civil rights, which must perform these duties fairly and impartially and seek to guarantee justice and the rights of individuals.

Due to the various characteristics of cultural heritage, any attack on it draws the attention of the international community. This can be seen in the reactions of the United Nations (UN) to the destruction, looting, and trafficking of the cultural heritage of countries such as Iraq, Syria and the other countries committed by terrorist groups. What is important here is the United Nations Security Council's reactions to this issue. It seems that, in terms of securitizing cultural heritage, the procedures taken by the Security Council for the protection of cultural heritage have included requiring internal measures (affecting the domestic law of countries) and referring to the humanitarian aspects of cultural heritage. Paying attention to the Security Council’s performance with regard to cultural heritage can be effective since the Security Council, as the main pillar of the UN, has the primary duty of maintaining international peace and security and its decisions are binding for the UN members as per the UN Charter. To this end, this paper, by adopting a descriptive and analytical approach, tries to examine and explain the procedures of the United Nations Security Council for the protection of cultural heritage. Based on the findings of this paper, we conclude that United Nations Security Council’s resolutions have been effective in protecting cultural heritage.

The right to protection of privacy and personal information is one of the rights and freedoms that its aim is to protect the rights of individuals and respect to fundamental human rights. Identification the right to privacy and personal information and protecting it in law and determining the legal and criminal sanction, especially considering that this area is full of many problems can be challenging. The purpose of this article is to examine the protection of privacy and personal information and for understanding the laws in this area better; a comparative study has been conducted. The question of this article is what is the legal framework for the protection of privacy and personal information in Iranian and Canadian law? And Has Iranian law developed in line with other countries? In This research has studied the relevant sources and collected information by descriptive-analytical method After examining the concept of privacy, the protection of privacy and personal information in Canadian and Iranian law will be examined in detail, and finally it will be stated that a comprehensive and unified law is required in Iranian law. It is worthy, as progresses that accrue on this issue in other countries law in recent years, a single and comprehensive law should be formulated in Iranian law and legal gaps in this issue should be eliminated.

Today, the necessity of controlling economic corruption in national resources and adopting an efficient criminal policy in the society is quite noticeable. According to the available statistics, national resource crimes are increasing quantitatively and qualitatively in the country. We are hearing news about the appropriation of agricultural lands, natural resources, mines, and other national resources.

The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical.

Ethical Considerations:

 All ethical principles have been observed in the writing stages of this research.

The results of research studies indicate that in the field of Iranian criminal law related to crimes of national resources, while appropriate criminalization has not been done and we are witnessing certain disadvantages and shortcomings, the punishments determined in terms of type and severity are not suitable for criminal deterrence. Therefore, due to the importance of protection and preservation of natural and national resources, the development of a differential judicial system is felt and it is necessary to include legal protections and the establishment of special proceedings. In addition, due to the special importance of these crimes and their destructive effects on the environment and society, and even their international dimension, special measures regarding temporary detention and precautionary time and other appointments should be taken into consideration, and it is suggested to establish offices and It should be used to have continuous and close communication with neighboring countries for cooperation and protection of natural and national resources.

In the current system, we need a differentiated procedure in the process of trial and execution, which speeds up the process of trial, investigation and prosecution, and the creation of special branches in this field is felt.

The birth of the modern nation-state is the product of the historical and political-social connection of the state and social structures in Western Europe. In Iran, the so-called modern form of this government was created during the time of Reza Pahlavi, which brought with it many challenges in the power relations between the government and the society. This article tries to criticize the structure of political power and the government in the Islamic Republic of Iran by commenting on the standard characteristics of the modern state in the West and to examine the feasibility and pathology of the modern state in Iran.

The method of studying and gathering information and research findings is descriptive-analytical.

Ethical Considerations: 

All ethical principles governing research have been observed in the presentation of this article.

The findings of this article using the library method show that although traces of modernization have been observed at some point in Iran's history, but with a little reflection on the structure of laws and regulations and meditation on the ruling procedures, it can be seen that in the context of governance of Iranian society, there are many ambiguities and deviations from the standards. The emergence of the modern nation-state has occurred, and the creation of a modern state from within this structure should be viewed with skepticism.

One of the prominent aspects of humanitarian law in international armed conflicts, which has more enforcement power than other related regulations, is the rules governing the treatment of prisoners of war. Considering the important and valuable position of the mentioned rules, nowadays many of them are considered as general rules, the violation of which is considered an international crime and criminal responsibility will follow for the wrongdoers in any position and position. This research seeks to answer the question whether Islamic law also includes the observance of the rights of prisoners of war or whether the rules of international law are more progressive in this regard. Based on this, there have been many provisions of contemporary humanitarian law in the texts and doctrines of Islam for more than fourteen centuries. Therefore, according to the principles and rules of humanitarian law, in the field of international regulations, there are rules in the field of armed conflicts that approve the rights of prisoners of war and recommend and confirm their implementation for the subjects of international law. According to international humanitarian law regarding the humane treatment of prisoners, any vindictive and violent act, torture, mutilation, intimidation, medical experiments, insults and humiliation are prohibited. Now, this research aims to prove the alignment of Islamic teachings with international rules and regulations regarding the rights of prisoners of war through descriptive and analytical methods, and on the other hand, to reveal the background and cause of misconceptions surrounding this issue.

The implementation of principles such as freedom of belief and religious freedom and finally the methods about criminal protection of religious freedom of citizens by legal systems are issues that prove the quality of the relationship between religion and State in different countries. European systems in particular, which have experience about the transition from an official religionto a system in which religion is separate from politics and law, are good models for exploring the criminal protection of religious freedom and the relationship between religion and State in general. Therefore, the study of the Italian system regarding thouse issues can be an important, interesting and instructive topic.

The present study was conducted in terms of data collection by documentary method and study of the rules and the jurisprudence of the Italian legal System and the obtained information was analyzed by descriptively-analytically method.

The present study has reached the conclusion that the more the government is dependent on a particular religious school, the more the criminal protection

AbstractOne of the essential needs of every family is the presence of a child who warms the heart of the family. Despite this, some families are deprived of the blessing of having children, and on the other hand, there are children who have been left without a guardian due to natural and unnatural reasons. This is where adoption comes into play. In Iran's legal system, with the approval of the law on the protection of Unsupervised and poorly supervised children and adolescents In 2012, the institution of adoption underwent changes and the basis of adoption was placed in Iran's legal system. The purpose of this research is to investigate the approach of the Iranian legal system towards the institution of adoption and its effects and the way it is carried out. It has created support for orphaned children, but it has not been able to create the effects of a real child in relation to an adopted child.

Comparative law, as a method for the development and reform of national law, plays an important role in the dynamics of legal science, especially in private law. It enables legal scholars from different nations to draw on the experiences of other countries, offering proposals for the reform of legal concepts. On one hand, comparative study in private law facilitates the understanding of domestic law by revealing the different interpretations and solutions that exist in other countries through comparison and juxtaposition. On the other hand, by clarifying the strengths and weaknesses of domestic law, it allows for the utilization of achievements from the countries under study to address and improve deficiencies through legislative and judicial action. Furthermore, it provides a valuable opportunity to present the strengths of domestic law to international and foreign regulatory bodies.This research, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and utilizing library resources, first examines the role of comparative law in private law across both civil law and commercial law branches. It then deepens the study with a case analysis of the obligation to pay, which is increasingly utilized in civil and commercial contracts and serves as a common example to elucidate the practical function of comparative law in both branches. It aims to demonstrate how comparative study and the juxtaposition of legal institutions can significantly contribute to the nurturing and engineering of legal institutions, especially concerning the institution of obligations and its reform within the context of private law, and to serve as a source for presenting innovative solutions. To clarify the practical role of comparative law in private law, which is the most suitable branch for comparative study, a case study of the obligation to pay in the legal systems of England, France, and Iran reveals the necessity for reforming the deficiencies in the regulations regarding obligations within domestic law. The experiences of the countries examined indicate that, firstly, to prevent potential abuse by contracting parties, especially in cases of imbalanced power where contracts are imposed, there should be a possibility to limit the principle of autonomy of will and contractual freedom, as well as to adjust the obligation to pay in order to establish equitable exchange and economic public order. Secondly, the framework for this intervention must be clearly defined to apply only to unconscionable, oppressive, or unreasonable terms, as failing to establish such a framework can disrupt contractual relations between the parties. Therefore, through comparative study, it is essential to legislate for the possibility of controlling the freedom of will of the parties and adjusting the obligation to pay as an exceptional measure, with a clearly defined framework and criteria for its application.

According to paragraph 15 of the general policies of the legislative system announced by the Supreme Leader on 7/6/2018, one of the axes of determining the country's legislative priorities is the implemented principles of the Constitution. In the current situation of the country, the economy is one of the most important priorities of the country. As a result, it is necessary to evaluate the economic principles of the Constitution from this point of view. In addition to sub-paragraph 12 of article 3, the head of article 43 and the sub-section of article 44 of the constitution, the objectives of the economic system have been stated. The forty-third article of the constitution has stated the rules of the economic system of the Islamic Republic of Iran in nine clauses, which are the basic elements of a correct and fair economy. Considering the legal requirement and the necessity of fulfilling these criteria, the basic question is which one of them has been neglected. It is also necessary to look at these rules as a single set so that the system of economic rules of the Islamic Republic of Iran can be evaluated in terms of the level of realization as a coherent package. The results of this research show that due to the lack of a unified and coherent look at the set of rules of the economy of the Islamic Republic of Iran stipulated in Article 43 of the Constitution, some of these rules have been neglected at times, and the implementation of one rule has led to the neglect of another rule.

Criminalization in the legal systems of Iran and the United States has taken an extreme or maximal form, and therefore the author in this article tries to investigate the various aspects of the maximization of criminal legislation in the legal systems of Iran and the United States. In today's era, many countries have faced the phenomenon of maximum criminalization. The damages caused by this problem in various dimensions have affected not only third world and developing countries, but also a country like America. Expressing the fact that this issue means criminalization. Today, maximumism has become one of the most important challenges of many countries, including Iran and the United States, and has forced many to analyze and research the issue. The study of the effect of this phenomenon has been the subject of many researches. This research is also from the angle of His vision has looked at the subject. The research method is descriptive and analytical.

The child's right to mental health in cyberspace has become one of the most important legal issues in the field of international law. This right is very vital for the child and must be protected in cyber space as well. Considering that the virtual space is expanding and children, as digital natives, use it as an interactive and learning space, it is necessary to protect their rights against the dangers in this space. It is very important to pay attention to the physical and psychological harm that is caused by inappropriate and unpleasant content that causes online discrimination and harassment and the use of cyberspace without supervision and control for children. In international law, the protection of children's rights is recognized as a fundamental issue and in this regard, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, has defined the principles of protection of children's rights at the international level. In this context, this research aims to answer these questions: and what are the effects of virtual space in his life? From a legal point of view, what are the duties of governments in protecting the right to the health of children in cyberspace?

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the type of research, which was collected and analyzed by using library resources and examining a wide range of documents and procedures and other research works.

General Comment No. 25, published on 2021, by the Committee on the Rights of the Child, addressed how governments apply the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the digital domain. The committee's purpose of this public commentary was to provide a strategy for legislation and policy making in the field of fulfilling the obligations of governments in the framework of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its optional protocols in the light of the opportunities, risks and challenges of the digital environment.

One of the main components of the right to health is the right to mental health, which is one of the most important examples of children's rights and various factors are effective in threatening or realizing this right of children and cyber space is one of them. The right to health, the right to education, the right to personal security and the right to recreation and entertainment are the rights associated with the growth and excellence of children, which are strongly related to the digital environment in the age of digitalism.

Despite the establishment of the United Nations, military conflicts and wars have not diminished globally; rather, today we witness numerous internal and international conflicts. One significant international war is the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which erupted in 2022 over power dynamics in Eastern Europe. This study aims to analyze the Russia-Ukraine war from the perspective of international law using a descriptive-analytical method. The research findings indicate that Russia's military and cyber-attacks on Ukraine constitute a blatant violation of international law, specifically breaching Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter, which prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state. Consequently, under international law, Russia had no right to invade Ukraine's territory.

Sa'di, in addition to his mystical and romantic themes, also addressed political, social, and legal issues. Among his works, the "Justice, Prudence, and Judgment" chapter of the Bostan, the "Kings' Conduct" chapter of the Golestan, and parts of his treatises are dedicated to the topic of good governance. Justice, as the most prominent ethical institution in law, has been the subject of attention by theorists from the oldest written works of humanity to the present day. Sa'di also refers to this value system in both verse and prose formats. However, unlike the common method in writing scientific texts, or with the dialectical method that was prevalent in the past, he presents the material in the midst of the rich forms of Persian literature and without observing the structure of scientific texts. It is for this reason that extracting a theory from his works requires independent research. The main purpose of this research is to extract a coherent theory of justice from the scattered related points in Sa'di's works. The first secondary objective is to review the prevailing theories of justice in the history of thought and specifically the prevailing theory of justice in Sa'di's time, and the second secondary objective is to identify the principles of justice from Sa'di's perspective. The main question is whether a coherent theory of justice can be extracted from Sa'di's works? The secondary questions are what justice was in Sa'di's world and where does Sa'di's thought stand in the lineage of justice? The research hypothesis is that Sa'di's high position as a first-rate Iranian poet has narrowed the opportunity for deep reflection on the content of his thought. If the elegance and pride of language are set aside, he, as a thinker, has remarkable views in various fields, including justice, which, even if neglected on a global level, meaning that it has not found its place among the theories of justice, has formed part of the subconscious of Iranians and Persian speakers. The research hypothesis is not that Sa'di has a theory of justice in itself, which would leave no room for research. The hypothesis is that by putting together the relatively scattered points of Sa'di's thought on justice, a system of ideas can be presented or a theory can be extracted from it to explain his thought. In addition, the research is free from the assumption that the new scientific achievements of mankind in the field of understanding and constructing the structure of justice are entirely indebted to Sa'di. Instead, it seeks to find the place of this Persian thinker in the history of thought. The research method is in terms of data collection, library-based, in terms of data analysis, analytical-descriptive, and in terms of presenting results, qualitative. For analysis, through content analysis, Sa'di's views on justice are classified and systematized. If in some cases the argument has a comparative aspect, with Aquinas's views, it is only for clarification purposes, not due to the method. It should be emphasized that this research, refraining from taking general positions on Sa'di's thought, only enters his works from the point of view of justice from a legal perspective and in no way claims to know the entire realm of Sa'di. The findings of the research show that in Sa'di's time, independent Iranian governments held power locally and the country was under foreign rule. He has no realistic hope of the reins of power falling into the hands of the just. Therefore, he offers guidelines for making the existing rulers more just. Even Sa'di's praising of kings has a reason in the direction of this goal. Sa'di's theory of justice can be summarized in this way that justice is manifested and manifested in the relationship between rulers and the people. Therefore, the compensatory justice that is manifested in various types of transactions has no place in his theory. The ruler in the position of making decisions about individuals and in different situations must have fair choices. Sa'di offers rules as a beacon for justice, including the precedence of the people's benefit, the prohibition of personal use of the treasury, the prohibition of encroachment on the lives and property of the people, the provision of security, attention to people in crisis, addressing people's complaints, hearing the statements of both parties to the dispute in the trial, and observing the rule of innocence. The central core of justice from Sa'di's point of view is the equal value of human beings with the principle that everyone deserves the treatment that he himself does and must be accountable for his choices. For example, oppressors, fearful kings, criminals, seditious foreigners, and paupers deserve harshness. Such a distinction at first glance resembles the Aristotelian model of treating equals with equals. However, in Sa'di's theory, there is no trace of inequality and grouping of humans based on coercion.

Arbitration is common in foreign investment dispute resolution, but there is no consensus on using arbitration as regard as foreign investors, because there are foreign elements. Dispute resolution of international issues such as foreign investment is most of the often according to the rules of international documents and arbitration is one them. In Iran law there are some challenges on using arbitration for dispute resolution because of exclusions of 139 principle of Constitutional Act. But in International issues, arbitrationn is eminent. One of the most important documents is The Washington Convention acted 1965 that regards the arbitration as one of the methods of dispute resolution on foreign investment. As of finance for Progress and development it is possible to rethink about foreign investment and arbitration is one of the best ways of dispute resolution that has the least cost and the most rate and high efficiency. So, by an international approach to the issue, we try to remove the defects and make this method of dispute resolution on foreign investment eminent in Iran.

Freedom of speech, a cornerstone of democratic societies and a legal-political tool is one of the most contentious issues in human societies. Due to its special nature, it is both a fundamental right and a potential threat to those in power. Consequently, it serves as a key indicator of a democratic system Freedom of speech plays a vital role in preventing tyranny by fostering public awareness and critical thinking, which holds rulers accountable. However, defining its limits and preventing government overreach remains a challenge. The government has a dual obligation: to refrain from unnecessary intervention and to guarantee this right for its citizens. This descriptive-analytical article examines the relationship between Iranian criminal law and citizens' freedom of speech. It seeks to answer the following questions: - Does Iranian criminal law guarantee freedom of speech? - Conversely, do criminal regulations themselves violate citizens' freedom of speech? -What are the examples of these violations?[1 The analysis begins by defining freedom of speech and its limitations as outlined in international documents. It then compares these provisions to the Iranian Constitution. Subsequently, it examines regulations in Iranian criminal law that both support and violate freedom of expression. Freedom of speech allows individuals to express their beliefs without fear of government reprisal. It encompasses the expression of thoughts, theories, values, and opinions through various means, including speech, writing, images, and the press. "Expression" is used broadly, encompassing linguistic (speech, etc.), non-linguistic (images, gestures, etc.), written (books, newspapers, etc.), and non-written forms. Today, art forms like paintings, caricatures, films, theater, and music are also prominent expressions. Even silence is a part of freedom of speech; individuals can choose not to reveal their views. The right to freedom of expression, a cornerstone of human rights, guarantees that all members of society can express ideas and opinions, access resources and information, create and enjoy art, and participate in cultural life and scientific development. This right is characterized by eight key components: Universality: Everyone has this right equally, regardless of race, color, nationality, gender, language, religion, opinion, social origin, or property. Global Scope: This right extends beyond geographical borders. Content: This right encompasses a wide range of information and opinions. Two-Way Communication: This right includes both receiving and transmitting information, ideas, and opinions. Positive Obligation: The right imposes a positive obligation on governments party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. They are required to take necessary measures, such as establishing laws and providing compensation for violations, to ensure its observance. 6. Method of Expression: There are no limitations on the method of expression. Individuals can use any media of their choice to communicate their ideas. No Indirect Interference: Any attempt by the government to directly or indirectly limit this right constitutes interference. Examples of indirect limitations include imposing special taxes on media outlets to hinder their activities or requiring them to broadcast government-approved content or refrain from criticism. Positive Duty of Governments: Freedom of speech necessitates the free flow of information and ideas. This right places a positive duty on governments to ensure its existence. The research findings suggest that Iranian legislators have violated this right by introducing ambiguous and complex terms like "Islamic standards," "Islamic principles," "Islamic rules," "national interests," "public rights," and "contrary to Sharia content and Ethics." These violations occur in both the Constitution and ordinary laws. The Iranian Constitution does not fully recognize this right as an independent and fundamental legal right. Furthermore, criminal legislation implements this right minimally through strict regulations, depriving citizens of its full potential. Iranian laws do not guarantee freedom of speech. The Islamic Penal Code, Press Law, Law on Punishing Unauthorized Activities in Audiovisual Matters, Law Prohibiting the Use of Satellite Receiving Equipment, Law on Political Crimes, and Law on How Parties Operate criminalize acts such as insulting authorities and holy places, assembly and collusion to disrupt security, forming or managing groups with the intention of disrupting national security, acting against national security, propaganda against the regime or for opposing groups, conspiracy against the Islamic Republic of Iran, cooperating with hostile governments, disrupting public peace and order, publishing lies to disturb the public mind, publishing content against public morals, and anti-Islamic educational activities. These all restrict freedom of speech. Moreover, legislators have further hindered the future of freedom of speech by opposing proposals and bills such as "Establishment of Supreme Courts for the Protection of the Constitution," "Amendment of the Press Law," and "Guarantee Freedom of Assemblies and Marches." Conversely, they have proposed legislation like "Protection of Cyberspace," "Punishment of Publishers of Fake News in Cyberspace," "Punishment of Commenting Against the Opinion of Official Authorities," and "How to Hold Ral ...lies." Conversely, they have proposed legislation like "Protection of Cyberspace," "Punishment of Publishers of Fake News in Cyberspace," "Punishment of Commenting Against the Opinion of Official Authorities," and "How to Hold Rallies and Marches." These proposals suggest a potential for further restrictions on freedom of speech.

In conclusion, Iranian criminal law presents a significant challenge to citizens' freedom of speech. The use of ambiguous terms and strict regulations within the legal framework significantly limits the ability of citizens to express themselves freely. The opposition to reforms and proposals for stricter online control suggest a bleak outlook for the future of free speech in Iran.