جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « وثیقه » در نشریات گروه « فقه و حقوق »

The guarantor or guarantor is obligated to summon and deliver the defendant or the defendant. In the guaranty contract or bail contract, the guarantor or the guarantor undertakes to summon the defendant or the defendant, and in case of failure to fulfill this obligation, he undertakes to pay the bail or bail. The main question is, what is the basis and nature of the guarantor's or bailor's obligation to pay the deposit? Is this a result of the forced guarantee of the loss of property, or is it a result of contractual guarantee and responsibility, or is it due to the law, or does the nature or application of these contracts require such a requirement, considering that according to Article 746 of the Civil Code and Article 234 of the Criminal Procedure Law approved in 1392 with Subsequent amendments and additions, which exclude surety and bond in the event of the death of the guarantor or the guarantor, the guarantor's or the guarantor's obligation to summon the surety or the defendant against a non-financial obligation and standing to a person, and only the authority of Cairo, including death or insanity, can void his obligation. he does. He undertakes to pay the debt of the debtor or the convicted person to the defendant or the convicted person if he is unable to fulfill his original obligation. This obligation is a new obligation that arises as a result of the guarantor's or bailor's breach of contract.

Self-help sales take as a guarantee of Breach of Contract without going to court. This institution based on the legal functionalism of and the psychological view to law of contract, so that by reducing the cost and time of compensating the victim and monitoring based on exchange, apply effective enforcement. If the self-help institution is accepted, we can consider it among the authorities and not the functions of the actor, unless in the cases that explicitly foreseen by the legislator. This article is an effort with the aim of removing the ambiguity of the nature of self-help sales, examining the scope and functions of its use in contractual relations and finally determining the position of this subject in Iran's legal system. The result was that according to the existing regulations and the basis of self-help sales, and with the rejection of the opinion that supports the application of the self-help system in all cases, this entitycan be applied only in movable property and specified cases and cases that have been agreed upon. In iranian law, the closest subject to selling self-help is the theory of representation. One of the most important functions of the self-help subject is harm reduction and economic analysis of rights.  The results of the mentioned studies and researches in Iran's legal system have been examined and analyzed and it has been shown that due to the existence of the aforementioned benefits and the acceptance of this subject in the case law, the legislator should formulate regulations in order to determine its territory and position.

In article 774 of the civil code following the well-known opinion in fiqh, the void of the pledge of intangible assets has been specified. The important bases of the void of the pledge of intangible assets have been codified the inalienability of the seizure of the pledged intangible assets and the lack of providing trust and the failure of the payment or settlement of the debt. However, all these cases in fiqh have been questioned. In the legal system of Iran, many regulations have been enacted latter to the civil code that they have no consistency with the traditional rules of the pledge. Some of them have excluded the seizure of the pledged intangible assets from the provisions of the validity of the pledge and some others have recognized the definite nontangible assets such as credits and stocks of guarantee are collateralizable. On the other side, the voidance of the pledge of intangible assets makes such assets to some extent go out of the economic cycle of the society and it causes losses in the business cycle and deprives the property’s owner from the complete benefit of his asset. All these factors make an endeavor for knowing intangible assets be necessary. There are five important approaches have been assessed in this paper which are: utilization of agreement with a no-name, utilization of the Agreement of Pledge utilization of transactions with the right of redemption, acceptance of the implied abrogation (implied appeal) of articles 774 and 772 of the civil code and their exclusion of jus cogens (compelling law -peremptory-).

The establish of a legal relationship between individuals, whether in the form of a contract or outside it, is inevitable. These legal relationships sometimes appear in the context of debt and claim. In order to guarantee and facilitate the collection of claims, Creditor may have received a security from a debtor in order to take advantage of those securities, in case of impossibility of collection of debts from debtor directly. However, sometimes, After the creation of collateral, basic debt may be the subject of a contract that can be named as a transition collateral contract. There are doubts about how the formation of these types of contracts have an effect on the securities of basic debt. Some believe that after concluding of transition collateral contracts, preceding securities of basic debt will be collapsed; However, others believe that the preceding securities of basic debt will be remain. For each of these views, there are some reasons. In general, the second view seems to be stronger. In this article, the author has tried to examine the reasons for each of the above views from an analytical point of view in order to explain the correct point of view.

The historical studies shows that Imamiyah jurists have not thought that there is no difference between mortgage (Arabic: رهن rahn) and pawn but they have defined rahn as loan collateral. But with the consideration of the limits of mortgage contract in our legal system and the impossibility of applying rahn for some assets or promises, some authors have tried by presenting new theories to deal with these limits. One of these theories is the dualities of mortgage contract and pledge. If it is possible to confirm two characteristics “having particular name and specific conditions and decrees” in law for the agreement of the pledge it can be resulted that the mentioned contract is of nominate contracts. The study of the present laws show that the conclusion of the agreement in the form of the mortgage contract is not possible in most cases because of the absence of one of conditions. The legislator has used the term ”وثیقه“ (pawn). These rules can be applied from two sides: first they prove that it has legal base and it has used several times in different rules. Second the legislator has used the term ”وثیقه“ (pawn) in the cases which one of the provisions of the conclusion of the agreement is not and he has refused to apply the term ”رهن“ (mortgage) through this, he has created a modern foundation (establishment) in the legal system.

Financiers usually enjoy various security devices for guarantee of the repayment of the principal and interest, among them one which is very prevalent, in particular in unsecured finance, is “negative pledge covenant”, according to which the borrower promises not to encumber his assets in favor of any other creditor. This clause purports to protect the financier, who is unsecured, vis-à-vis other creditors of the borrower, who have priority, upon enforcement of his claim out of the borrower's assets. Although this clause, which has various kinds, is basically binding inter partes, in some types, the so-called “affirmative negative pledges” might lead to security interests. The negative pledge clause is popular in corporate finance and not only the validity of this clause, but also its default remedies –in particular against third party creditors who have gained the security interests in borrower’ assets- would be rather illusory under Iranian law. The definition, legal nature, validity and default remedies of negative pledge clause are among the main issues which are examined elaborately in this article with a comparative study of English and Iranian law.

Commercial documents are financial instruments indicating money and cash which can be transmitted to others by countersigning. To pledge financial instruments is also a legal action through which, the merchants usually pawn their commercial instruments at a bank and the like to secure their debts or obligations or to earn credits. This model of pledging is one of the most urgent and serious needs in the local or international economic and commercial relations. In many countries, the legislators have provided, in their laws, pledging commercial documents by “countersigning”. In the Iranian law, with regard to the clearness of articles 772 and 774 of civil law, which are based on the famous Imami jurisprudents’ views, the validity of mortgage contract is dependent on the mortgaged property delivery and its being definite object and therefore, to pledge commercial documents is not acceptable. However, with paying attention to the necessity of correct interpretation of laws based on the daily needs and acceptability of the customary delivery as well as the importance of the commercial and secondary laws, we can consider pledging most commercial documents as acceptable. In Egyptian law, too, pledging commercial documents has been accepted under some conditions.

In the legal system of Iran , the possession of the real properties by foreign nationals , in accordance with regulation of the possession of the real properties by foreign nationals, is limited to conditions. in spite of this limitation ,with attention to nature of mortgage's contract ,real properties can be mortgages for foreign nationals ,because in this kind of contracts, the ownership is not transferred. This contracts is governed by article 34 of the Registration Act of 1386 (2008) and the Executive regulation of the Organization of Registration of deeds and properties of 1387 (2006). In the event of non-payment of debt by debtor and issuance of writ of enforcement and non-payment of debt within 10 days from communication of writ of enforcement ,at the request of the creditor ,auction's meeting is hold. If a buyer is not found ,mortgaged property is transferred to mortgagee. In such a condition the mortgage of the real properties for foreign nationals is challenged. in this article to provide an appropriate solution ,the different proposals is analyzed.

Information inequality of the parties to the contract is known as an asymmetric information phenomenon. This causes two other phenomena called adverse selection and moral hazard that are seen in the banking loans market more effectively. In this paper, the role of collateral against this phenomenon has been examined by considering the economic importance of movable property and the need to use these assets for collateralization and attraction of credit. In addition, the requirement of movable collaterals for playing this role has come to light.  This article argues that the use of collateral will efficiently handle adverse selection and moral hazard phenomena within the Iranian banking loans market, especially with respect to the weakness of the tools necessary for tackling with this issue and will also prevent from accumulation of dues. However, the lack of information transparency and confidence in the security rights within movable property weakens the function of this type of collateral and reduces its potential for collateralization. The creation of a public register system of security rights in movable property as the most effective tool for ensuring transparency and confidence in movable

ThePurpose ofThis Article is toAssess the Validityof Mortgageof Debt in Imamie Jurisprudence and Iran Law with a Descriptive andAnalytical Method.According to the FamousView in Imamie JurisprudenceCertain Goodsof Mortgage andthe Possibilityof a Delivery is aValidity Condition.Therefore, Mortgageof Debt isNot Valid.because Debt isNot Tangibleand Deliverable.The Iran Legislator in CivilLaw has Explicitly Ruled inValidity of Mortgage of Debt by Virtue of Article774 as a Consequence of the Jurists. Debts like Demands and Commercial Documents Although, as a Rule,These Properties Like CertainGoods Are Not Deliverable by Mortgages but in Most Cases, It is Possible Customary andSpiritual Deliver of This Kind of property in order to Maintain the Rights of the Mortgagor. And Void of it is far from the Logic and Needs of the Commercial and Economic. Especially as the Research shows in this Article, In Imamie Jurisprudence, there is no Consensus between the Jurists on the Necessity of Delivery. in Iran Law the Legislator in Many Cases Such as Commercial and Bank Laws, Believes Invalidity of Mortgage of Debt and Somehow Reverted Invalidation Verdict in the Civil Code. Therefore, it is Suggested That the Legislator, While Modifying the Civil Code, will Provide the Basis for Accepting All That is Financially Valuable as Mortgage.

In Legal Terminology, Collateral is as back of loan repayment or for obligation responsibility. Despite that Collateral in economics has different functions. In this paper we focus on Economic functions of Secured Transaction, and its role in Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.The Economic efficiency of the collateral is cleared by economic analysis and the theory of efficient breach that comprehensive secured transaction is able to make efficientallocation of goods and services and finally strong economic functions. In studying this collaterally Institution we get that this formality can effect on positive role in economic development by access to credit easily. So for  increasing Economic officiency of secured Transaction, we need to revise  our laws and regulations that have been mentioned in international reports about this approach.

Iran Commerce Law, in the fifth discussion and chapter 1 on the endorsement of the bill, has not referred to the bailing bill. The credited judicial procedure in lack of law and the existing gap has rarely involved in this discussion and can’t be reliable. Due to the necessity of bailing a bill in commercial affairs, it is competent to study this issue. This study is aimed at investigating the possibility of a bailing bill in Iran and French Law. In this study, the nature of bail, contract on the mortgage as the queen of bails, bill, and bailing bill are analyzed in the frame of a contract. Besides, the challenges and barriers to the bailing bill in Iran law and comparing it with French law are focused. In this regard, votes can be analyzed by the lawyers using the descriptive-analytical method. Finally, with the deduction that the bailing bill is inconsistent with the effects of contract on the mortgage, the possibility of a bailing bill in the frame of contract on a mortgage is canceled. As a result, the bailing bill in French law has been suggested as a legislation pattern in Iran commerce law.

The manufacturer may not be able to personally procure needed capital, so he may go to money market to meet it. Banks and financial and credit institutes make loan to manufacturer and if the sum of loan is more than ascertained amount, they demand mortgage in order to be assured that they are able to collect the loan in the case of borrower’s default. Given that the legal rules governing pawn requires pawnee to act through authorities to sell security and collect the credit if the borrower does not repay the loan, the lenders tried to circumvent the rule by taking agency and personally sell the security. Legislator has apparently decided to protect manufacturer by prohibiting irrevocable agency, whereas the rule is not necessary and it can be said that its enactment amounted to ambiguity and uncertainty, because the Registeration Act has previously banned it and annulling agency has been common in the case law.

According to the article 114 of amended legal commercial bill concerning the joint-stock companies, till the manager has not balanced with the company, his stocks will be distrained in the company safe. The questions are: what is the nature of the stocks? And whether the word "manager" includes the director or not? And if the answer is positive, how the article 114 will be executed in the cases in which the director is elected from non-stockholders? in this article, in order to answer these questions, we have studied different kinds of collateral, the nature of the stocks, the nature of the managers, and the jurists' approaches about them. Finally, we concluded that the stocks collateral is an independent legal institution from mortgage contract. The intended purpose of the legislator by the word "manager" is only the board of directors and does not include the director.

Todays complicated international business relationships has requirements that need to be supported by national legal systems. Therefore, to have an active developed economy, countries attempt to make their legal systems flexible enough to support new requirement of modern industries. One of these new requirements is taking receivables as collateral to secure finance facility agreements. Under our mortgage law, taking receivables as security is categorized as intangible collateral which is prohibited based on Civil Code. Now, this question is raised that whether our legal system is ready to recognize intangible collaterals? Since today the international investments and trades are increased, it is expected that legal systems recognize receivables as collateral. This can be a secure mechanisms for ensuring investors that their investments will be returned. It seems that in today's international trads there is no room for traditional securities such as mortgaging tangebels. It is because the merit of transactions is diferent and the requiered investments are huge, thus, traditional securities can not cover such transactions.

Sometimes, with the permission of the legislature and without agreement between the creditor and the debtor, certain property of the debtor's property placed in Mortgages of right of creditors. We will call this type of Security, Statutory Security. This legal entity, by Obtaining the pursuit and preferred from law, is as an important exception to Principle of equality of creditors, the exception that favor some creditors over others. In present article, this legal entity is defined and legal nature, Basis, Instances and Effects of it is analyzed.

In contracts to insure the implementation of contractual obligations, guarantees will obtain from promisor. With reference to the general conditions of guarantees, nature and custody of these guarantees does not have been stipulated in civil law and FIDIC contracts. In civil law about the analysis of the substantive guarantees, the views presented that among the most are: contract guarantee, umbrella clause, article 10 of civil code and collateral guarantee. The most appropriate of view is collateral guarantee that offers a comprehensive analysis of all guarantees. This guarantee is real and personal. Most common of guarantees in FIDIC contracts is type of personal security, too, that contains most similar with personal collateral guarantee in civil law. Custody of guarantee is most important problem that because of ambiguity in the nature of guarantee, the frequency difference is made between contractor and employer. A conditional guarantee create obligations of an accessory nature, where the liability of the guarantor arises upon an established default by the contractor and under on-demand guarantee do not stipulate any condition for payment and when contractor after the on-demand guarantee unfairly has been called, the only remedy available to him would be to pursue the matter in litigation.