جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « child » در نشریات گروه « فقه و حقوق »

Marriage is one of the fundamental social institutions and falls within the scope of inherent human rights, playing a crucial role in the physical and psychological well-being of individuals. However, child and adolescent marriages, due to their irreparable consequences—particularly for the health of girls—have become a significant challenge. According to international legal instruments, the minimum accepted age for marriage is eighteen years, and marriages below this age are prohibited. In Iran, following the predominant view of Shia jurisprudence, the minimum marriage age is set at thirteen for girls and fifteen for boys, with marriages below this age permitted under specific conditions. Given the physical and psychological harms associated with early marriage, this study, using a library-based method and a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to identify the capacities of the Iranian legal system—including Islamic jurisprudence, domestic laws and regulations, international instruments, and judicial opinions—to prohibit marriages for individuals under eighteen years of age. The study demonstrates the necessity of distinguishing the age of religious responsibility from the age of entitlement to social and civil rights, ultimately proposing the age of eighteen as the legal marriage age, due to the attainment of maturity by minors at this age.

Genes are implicated in the manifestation of not only physical traits but also behaviours, moods and mental illnesses. Genetic modification enables the alteration of an individual's characteristics. In addition, some diseases have a genetic origin that can be treated using this method.
Genetic engineering is classified into four principal categories: somatic gene therapy, somatic genetic enhancement, germline gene therapy, and germline genetic enhancement. The genetic alterations achieved through somatic gene therapy are confined to the individual undergoing the procedure and are not inherited by subsequent generations. In contrast, the consequences of germline gene therapy persist across multiple generations.
The ethical and legal challenges associated with human genetic modification are manifold, with informed consent being a particularly salient issue, particularly in the context of genetic modification of germ cells.
Genes are implicated in the manifestation of not only physical traits but also behaviours, moods and mental illnesses. Genetic modification enables the alteration of an individual's characteristics. In addition, some diseases have a genetic origin that can be treated using this method.
In this study, we employed an analytical-descriptive methodology to examine this challenge and the perspectives that have been put forth in relation to it.
Modern natural law posits reason as the foundation for legal and moral norms, leading to the term "rationalism." The objective of modern natural law or rationalism is to safeguard individual rights. The individual is regarded as the ultimate end, and the principles of individual freedom and the sovereignty of the will are considered to be of paramount importance. This perspective emphasises the importance of undertaking rational tasks in a manner that is guided by benevolent intentions, and posits that the realisation of perfection is contingent upon this approach. The physical and mental faculties serve as the instruments and preliminary steps in the accomplishment of these tasks. From the perspective of rationalism and Kant's thought, people have a moral obligation to pursue their own perfection and that of others. One proposed method for fulfilling this obligation is through genetic modification. However, several principles have been proposed in this thought which are considered to be the most important rational reasons for opposing human genetic modification. Genes are implicated in the manifestation of not only physical traits but also behaviours, moods and mental illnesses. Genetic modification enables the alteration of an individual's characteristics. In addition, some diseases have a genetic origin that can be treated using this method.
In this study, we employed an analytical-descriptive methodology to examine this challenge and the perspectives that have been put forth in relation to it.
The ethical and legal challenges associated with human genetic modification are particularly pertinent in the context of informed consent, particularly in relation to genetic modifications on germ cells.
The question thus arises as to whether an individual is entitled to make a decision to undergo genetic modification with a view to influencing the traits and characteristics of subsequent generations and thereby determining their future and life prospects in a positive or negative manner. This raises the question of whether the principle of informed consent presents an obstacle to human genetic modification. Alternatively, can it be accepted by reference to other rational principles of Kant's moral philosophy, including deontology and the concept of the human being as an end in themselves? What are the human duty and role in perfecting themselves and others on this basis? Is proxy consent accepted by Kant's rational view and can it replace the consent of the patient or a person who is created in the future or not? Given that the majority of objections to human genetic modification have a Kantian basis, is such an approach correct and complete? If this view is not correct, can a view in favour of genetic modification be inferred from Kant's thought?
The initial stage of the discussion centred on an examination of the fundamental principles, concepts and categories of informed consent. This was followed by an investigation into the constituent elements of the process of informed consent and the circumstances under which the principle of informed consent can be applied. In addition, the potential implications of this principle for the field of genetic modification were considered. Finally, this study analyses the effect of Kantian dutyism and the concept of the human being as an end in itself on genetic modification.
It seems that genetic modification does not necessarily mean violating the rights of individuals, and on the other hand, embryos or even germ cells do not have free will, which can be seen as an obstacle to genetic modification. Moreover, human beings have a duty to the happiness of others, and parents have a duty to their children. Although this duty is in conflict with the duty to respect individual autonomy and informed consent, the way out of the conflict is to emphasise the results orientation and to pay attention to the end of the human being, because there is no basis for preferring one of these two tasks over the other, and therefore Kant's thought is blocked in this respect. In this way, the treatment of diseases of genetic origin and the provision of a better life through the development of the individual's traits is the cause and introduction to other rational tasks, in other words, the positive results of genetic modification are preferable to the obstacle of lack of conscious consent. Acceptance of genetic modification and exit will result from this blockage and conflict, and therefore the duty to fulfil the duties of the parents is superior to the duty to respect the individual autonomy of the foetus, and in the meantime there is a difference in the therapeutic goal or the strengthening goal in germline methods or somatic in children will not be incompetent. Finally, according to Kant's view of duty, genetic modification of human embryos can be accepted.

The child's right to mental health in cyberspace has become one of the most important legal issues in the field of international law. This right is very vital for the child and must be protected in cyber space as well. Considering that the virtual space is expanding and children, as digital natives, use it as an interactive and learning space, it is necessary to protect their rights against the dangers in this space. It is very important to pay attention to the physical and psychological harm that is caused by inappropriate and unpleasant content that causes online discrimination and harassment and the use of cyberspace without supervision and control for children. In international law, the protection of children's rights is recognized as a fundamental issue and in this regard, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, has defined the principles of protection of children's rights at the international level. In this context, this research aims to answer these questions: and what are the effects of virtual space in his life? From a legal point of view, what are the duties of governments in protecting the right to the health of children in cyberspace?

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the type of research, which was collected and analyzed by using library resources and examining a wide range of documents and procedures and other research works.

General Comment No. 25, published on 2021, by the Committee on the Rights of the Child, addressed how governments apply the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the digital domain. The committee's purpose of this public commentary was to provide a strategy for legislation and policy making in the field of fulfilling the obligations of governments in the framework of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its optional protocols in the light of the opportunities, risks and challenges of the digital environment.

One of the main components of the right to health is the right to mental health, which is one of the most important examples of children's rights and various factors are effective in threatening or realizing this right of children and cyber space is one of them. The right to health, the right to education, the right to personal security and the right to recreation and entertainment are the rights associated with the growth and excellence of children, which are strongly related to the digital environment in the age of digitalism.

Marriage is known as one of the most outstanding events during lifetime and family is considered as the most important legal foundations in human societies. The requirement to get prepared for it and physical maturity and the growth of wisdom strengths of individuals to commence a joint life and getting married are so important that many of legal systems throughout the world have predetermined a minimum of age range to start such a stage in life. The legal system in Iran has experienced several changes and different regulations from many years ago regarding the minimum age requirement to get married. Child marriage is one of the issues that have deprived many of the children of their rights. Early marriage occurs in ages through which individuals have not reached intellectual and logical maturity. Islam has provided rules related to human rights completely and comprehensively and has emphasized their enactment seriously. It values the human personality and supports human beings and sometimes it emphasizes on women’s rights more and supports their rights specifically. In the present research and using library resources, articles, internet websites, and the viewpoints of the scholars in the field and after the identification of proper marriage age and maturity, the changes in legislations in Iran, the results and outcomes of their implementation were investigated. The results showed that Islam values women greatly in a way that women are considered as human beings with thoughtfulness, faith, action, morals, and independent outlooks and methods and responsive as men. Therefore, considering the fundamentals of Islamic law and human rights foundations and the ranking of the genuine Islamic principles regarding all schools of thought in family rights of the women issues seem necessary and prerequisite.

Today's world has become so dependent on virtual space that it is impossible to imagine life without it. Due to its special characteristics, this space can cause harm to children, such as social, cultural and educational harm, examining the perspective of Iranian jurisprudence and law, the permission of parents to restrict children's access to virtual space with regard to rights. and justifies their assignments. The reasons for this justification of the duty of parents to educate and discipline children have been considered. Protection from harm and dangers of cyberspace is one of the duties of parents. It seems that a global cooperation is necessary for this issue in order to build the future generation in a safe social environment. Lawful virtual space can achieve this goal, so the first step is to legislate in this area with an emphasis on determining the role of each institution and person, including parents, and the next step is to monitor the implementation of these laws and apply guarantees. Performances are foreseen, which of course all require infrastructure.

Right is the most central concept of legal science, the ambiguity in its definition and description causes misplaced expectations and, as a result, the feeling of injustice. According to the abstract concept of right, the researcher should go to analytical tools to get rid of the misconception, using Hofeld's theory in identifying and expanding the types of rights helps the researcher.The right of the child has been given special support by the institution of society due to their special position in the foundation of the future of human society on the one hand and their vulnerability as the first ones who are exposed to the direct attack of harm. Of course, how children's rights are violated is different in different parts of the world. In developing countries, children mostly face poverty and its consequences such as malnutrition, lack of health, medical and educational facilities. And in developed countries, moral problems and the weakness of the family foundation plague them. In any case, the main players in this arena, namely the family, the private sector, and the government, should try to protect everyone from this concept in an all-round interaction.Loneliness, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem and physical problems such as diabetes and dry eyes are some of the possible problems of children in excessive use or early entry into cyber space.Addiction to this space has reduced the child's motivation to interact with others, which has negative effects on his (her) personal communication and social interactions. One of the easiest ways to prevent this problem is to limit the time you use the Internet.The expansion of cyberspace and the great impact of this field on the life and norm of the need to protect the rights of the children in this field, The author's attempt in this article is to use the descriptive and analytical method to identify the right and its analytical structure, define the child and virtual space and health and health and also identify his rights in the relationship between the child and the virtual space in the relevant laws of Iran and Other international laws and documents are discussed and called for moderationIn the current research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed

One of the most important discussions about mahjoor and homeless people is the discussion of guardians. This issue has been discussed and studied in a special way in Islamic jurisprudence and its purpose is to know the deprived people as well as the duties and limits of the qayyim's authority. In this article, an attempt has been made to evaluate and research the topics related to Mahjurin and Qayyim in Imamiya jurisprudence books and Sunni jurisprudence works with a descriptive-analytical method, and it has been investigated in a comparative manner. In this regard, it was found that regarding the authenticity of small non-distinguished acts in the eyes of the Imamiyyah and the Sunnis, they all believe that they are null and void, but regarding the validity of minor non-distinguished acts, the Imamiyyah considers non-financial actions to be correct and financial actions subject to the permission of the guardian, but the Sunnis consider them to be absolutely subject to the permission of the guardian. . Regarding the age of puberty, there is a difference; But Sunni jurists differ. Islamic jurists believe that maturing and growing up is necessary for the safiyah to come out of the stone, and of course, some of the Imamiyya have considered justice as a condition. Regarding the time of testing, Islamic jurists consider testing before puberty and lack of one-time qualification. But some Shafi'i jurists have proposed the test after puberty. Regarding the guardian, they all know the father or paternal ancestor or the person who is installed on their behalf, otherwise the ruler of Sharia or the judge is his guardian, and they consider the limits of the guardian's authority to be bound by the expediency of the guardian. In the civil rights of Iraq, as an Islamic country, under articles 94 and 95, Hajr has been defined and divided into two categories, and it has also been mentioned in Article 111 about the status of Mahjoor.

One of the rights of children that has been emphasized in international documents, domestic laws, and sacred Islamic texts is mental health. This right should also be ensured in the virtual space, and it is necessary for different legal systems to take measures to guarantee the mental health rights of children in the virtual space. However, it seems that this right has been neglected in many countries. This research aims to address the question of what rights children have in the virtual space to ensure their mental health, according to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, domestic laws, and Islamic teachings. Using a descriptive-analytical method and an approach based on the teachings of Islam, this study examines the rights of children in terms of education, play, access to appropriate content, and privacy in the virtual space.

Victimization of children and adolescents is one of the problems of today's world, and the physical and mental conditions of children, their vulnerability and the multitude of cases of child abuse justify the existence of a special judicial system for this group. Until a few decades ago, there were few guidelines in international documents regarding the differential proceedings of delinquent children, and the focus was on delinquency of children, but in the last two decades, under the influence of criminological perspectives and the efforts of civil institutions, this matter has been the focus of legal circles and documents. Despite the approval of the Child and Adolescent Protection Law in 1381 and the Criminal Procedure Law in 1392, Iranian law has not included this issue in the legislative field and has not taken into account the characteristics of differential proceedings. This article has been written in a descriptive-analytical method with the aim of examining the main components of differential proceedings of child victims in the pre-trial stage in Iranian law. In this regard, while explaining the characteristics of the subject, the current situation is examined and the desired situation is explained by looking at international documents. According to the research findings, despite the efforts of the legislator in the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents approved in 1399, shortcomings in this area are still observed.

Along with the advancement of technology and unlimited introduction of computer games around the world, these games quickly opened their place among children and teenagers. The scope and extent of using this phenomenon is such that you can find less children and teenagers who Do not play computer games. Also, in many parts of the city, in parallel with the people's welcome, clubs related to these games have become popular and for more benefit, the most up-to-date games are provided to children and teenagers regardless of this issue. They give age group ratings. Most parents have passively submitted to this situation without worrying about the destructive effects of this commercial-emotional product and have included such activities in their children's extra programs. This article is done to analyze the pathology of the discussed games on the behavior of children and teenagers and at the same time, according to the research and the relevant statistical results, it lists its harmful aspects with targeted software. The prospect of war follows this theme.

This research was written using documents and library resources and descriptive and analytical method.

Based on the studies, it can be said that strengthening the sense of aggression in the mind and psyche of the users, which is observed in many violent games, gradually and unconsciously leads to their belligerence in their behavior and urges them to do abnormal actions in the long term. In playing the game, children and teenagers kill the predetermined goals and destroy the environment around the game by using the game tools.

The results of the research indicate that the addiction of children and teenagers to computer games, especially violent games, can cause deep damage to their psyche and develop a militant, destructive and criminal character in them.

Child abuse is a behavior and situation in which a child becomes a victim of torture and physical, emotional, sexual, emotional, neglectful, and sometimes structural abuse. The World Health Organization considers the issue of child abuse to be significant in four areas; Physical child abuse, sexual child abuse, emotional child abuse, and neglect. The first anti-child abuse law in Iran was approved in 2002 in order to implement international documents and to respond to the call of organizations and institutions supporting child rights and to create a deterrent against the phenomenon of child abuse. With the discovery of the shortcomings of the law and after about two decades, this brief law in 1399 was completely repealed and replaced by another new law. Despite the fact that the Iranian legislature in 2002, according to the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents, in particular, considered physical abuse of children in addition to emotional and psychological abuse, criminalized and punishable, in recent amendments, despite compensating for some shortcomings of the previous law And address issues such as child sexual abuse and child abuse due to neglect; But in general, the most obvious form of child abuse, namely physical child abuse and mental child abuse, has been forgotten, and this important issue has been removed from the examples and scope of child abuse criminalization in Iranian law in complete disbelief and completely ignored by the legislature

Child custody is a significant issue faced by families after divorce in all legal systems. In Iranian law, custody refers to the keeping, care, and regulation of a child's relationships with others, while in Canadian and English law, it encompasses all the rights, duties, powers, responsibilities, and authorities that parents have concerning their child and their property. The crucial question to be addressed is how divorce affects child custody according to the legal systems of Iran, England, and Canada. It appears that while divorce itself does not have a direct impact on the priority of one parent over the other in terms of child custody in Iranian law, the actual determination of custody between the father and mother becomes evident after divorce due to their pre-divorce cohabitation. In Canadian and English law, explicit gender priority in post-divorce custody has largely subsided since the 1970s, with custody laws focusing on an independent assessment of the child's best interests and welfare, thus divorce does not affect the priority of one parent over the other regarding child custody. The research methodology employed in this study is descriptive-analytical and documentary, utilizing a library-based approach. After analyzing the content, the following conclusions were drawn: firstly, it should be noted that Canadian law is similar to English law in most related aspects. Secondly, custody in Iran only encompasses child custody, while in common law, it also includes guardianship and wardship. In common law, both parents can jointly seek custody, and there is no priority between them. The court decides which parent should be responsible for custody based on the child's best interests and welfare. Additionally, the mother's remarriage does not affect custody arrangements. However, in Iranian law, although custody remains with the mother until the child reaches the age of 7, guardianship remains with the father. Anything that endangers the child, such as insanity, leads to the deprivation of custody. Iranian legislation considers the mother's remarriage as a ground for depriving her of custody, but it does not consider the father's remarriage as an effective ground for deprivation. Nevertheless, according to Article 41 of the Law on Family Protection enacted in 2012, the court has the authority to modify or extend custody duration and the custodial parent based on the child's best interests.

Children's rights are one of the most important rights in the laws of Islamic countries, which include financial and non-financial (spiritual) rights; One of the most important spiritual rights of a child is the right to custody; For this reason, the issue of the rights and responsibilities of father and mother in the matter of custody and guardianship of children in religious traditions is one of the issues that have been discussed and challenged by jurists of different countries. This article, which is written in a descriptive-analytical method and applying the laws of Islamic countries, seeks to explain the right of custody in the laws of Islamic countries, and the issue that has caused a distinction between father and mother in the laws of Islamic countries in the matter of custody is thatThese laws and traditions have defined special regulations regarding the guardianship of male and female children by father and mother. According to these traditions, apparently, when the parents are separated, the main criterion in determining the guardian for the child is the child's age.The results of this research show that the laws related to child custody among Muslim countries have tended to prioritize the "best interests of the child" and have set specific duties and responsibilities for parents regarding child custody.

Protecting children is a moral consideration and a legal obligation. This study aimed to provide an operational model for the integration of child and adolescent health care programs in child rights clinics (CRCs).

In this qualitative study, a targeted search for laws and texts related to child/adolescent rights in domestic websites was conducted, using keywords including child/adolescent rights, child/adolescent friendly, or child/adolescent health. After reviewing the related laws and literature of child/adolescent friendly centers, the challenges faced by these centers were determined and the operational model was presented.

A review of the literature shows the establishment of child and adolescent friendly centers and also adolescent health clubs by the Ministry of Health and Medical education with the support of international organizations since 2005, as well as CRCs by the scientific association and national authority of the Children's Rights Convention of the Ministry of Justice since 2015, in Iran. However, the activity of these centers has been stopped due to the cessation of international organizations support and the lack of strategies of inter-sectoral cooperation and community participation. Despite the government's position in protecting children and adolescents in accordance with the mainstream laws and documents and the continuation of the activities of CRCs based on Article 50 of the Executive Regulations of Article 6 of the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents, issues such as the lack of budget allocation and the need for free legal services , the lack of monitoring and accreditation unit, as well as the lack of a link between these clinics and healthcare centers for at-risk children and adolescents, are among the challenges facing these centers. Therefore, integrating healthcare programs for at-risk children and adolescents in the CRCs and providing them with counseling and legal assistance services can be an innovative and preventive solution to ensure their health and well-being.

Considering the suspension of the activity of children and adolescents health centers and clubs, and establishment of the approved structure of CRCs, the management of the challenges facing these clinics and the determination of cases of referrals and services that can be provided be them are recommended by the Supreme Council of Health and Food Security with the participation of representatives of partner organizations.

The realization of judicial justice is one of the issues of children's rights in conflict with the law, which is in line with fair behavior and performance with emphasis on the best interests of the child, which includes supporting the right to a fair trial and the right to participate effectively in the proceedings.However, the Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes the right to respect for children accused or guilty of violating the law and the necessary legal measures in actions without recourse to judicial proceedings and actions within the framework of judicial proceedings to support them to compromise with society and take responsibility It has predicted a constructive role. The current research examines the issue of criminal justice for delinquent children and juveniles with descriptive and analytical methods and by using library studies of the laws of the Children's Convention and the theories of the Committee on the Rights of the Child. As a result, government policies in the judicial justice system should be managed according to the standards of the convention, considering the constructive role of children in society and their best interests.

The present research intends to study the chils rights Convention and the theories of the Committee on the Rights of the Child in the issue of criminal justice for delinquent children and juveniles by using the descriptive and analytical method and using library studies.

The findings indicate that the standards of human rights have stipulated that delinquent children should be dealt with in a separate platform and subject to criminal justice responses. Therefore, the conclusion of these human rights doctrines in the scope of criminal justice is that criminal policy makers "individualize criminal justice responses" identify as a comprehensive/general principle of criminal law.

In the light of the application of criminal considerations for delinquent children and teenagers, government policies in the judicial justice system should be managed according to the standards of the convention, considering the constructive role of children in society and their best interests.

Criminal policy, which is a set of responses of the society in specific mechanisms to the criminal phenomenon and its control and containment, pursues its goals with development oriented responses in terms of the rights of the victim, the criminal and the society.

By collecting information from library resources in a descriptive-analytical method, the research has been presented with an applied purpose.

The differential criminal policy of children with an emphasis on children's rights has a gentle approach based on welfare and expediency with educational goals. The difference of children requires more support and covering the vulnerabilities of puberty, in order to prevent their social breakdown. Every criminal policy is based on principles that predict the scope, criteria and quality of possible reactions against criminals. The principles of children's criminal policy explain the values and ideal concepts of the society in facing the dangerous situation of children and the regulation of the child-centered criminal justice system with regard to the human rights and citizenship of children.

By studying and examining children's rights documents, we found 60 principles of children's criminal policy, which shows that it is differential. The principles of children's criminal policy are an expression of society's sensitivity towards children, which leads to the initiative of the criminal policy apparatus and the necessary coordination in the legislative, judicial and executive fields. Knowing these principles in the best possible way to adopt a protective and restorative approach to the dangerous situation of the child will help child justice activists.

Nowadays, Technology is a grand narrative in our world which has made fantastic changes in human’s life by progressing in hardware and software fields. It should be said that the current development of the digital environment, such as:  information and communication technology, networks, contents, digital services, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, robotics, the creation of blockchain technology and the emergence of the metaverse platform play a role in different aspects of today’s children lives. In addition, with spreading of COVID and the increasing the usage of virtual world which has played an effective role in the production, dissemination and transmission of educational and entertainment information, online accessibility level has been raised up for different groups of society such as children. Meanwhile, children’s rights as the most vulnerable part of the society has been more likely in danger of abuse and assault. Today's children spend too much time for educational, recreational and entertainment activities on the Internet and digital environment. And they are exposed to all types of dangers and threats. The topic of protection of children and teenagers rights is really noticeable and should be support by all governments, civil institutions and other custodians of children's affairs  This survey tries to answer to these questions: Who is the child? What are the effects of the digital environment in his life? What legal and structural mechanisms are accessible in international and local environments for protecting children rights in digital world?.

The child is one of the most vulnerable members of the family, who needs support especially in the case of parents' divorce. Child alimony is one of the important issues in Imami jurisprudence. In this article, this important question has been examined: what is the opinion of Imami jurisprudence regarding Child alimony and what is its criminal sanction from the point of view of jurisprudence and legal issues? This article is descriptive and analytical, and the mentioned question has been investigated using the library method. The findings showed that from the perspective of Imami jurisprudence, child alimony like relatives alimony is father's responsibility to pay it, and if the father is deceased or unable to pay the children's financial support, the grandfather will be responsible for paying the Child alimony. If he is unable to pay, the mother will be responsible for providing the expenses, and if the mother is not alive or is poor, it will be the responsibility of his/her grandfathers. The criminal sanction for not paying the child alimony is imprisonment.

Children, due to vulnerability and specifically their physical weakness and other their disability are considered as one of the groups that are exposed to different types of violence. Furthermore, the right to education as one of the fundamental rights of human being including children, plays a notable role in empowerment, growth and development of the child's human character. In this regard, teaching life skills is one of the requirements of the mentioned points. By using descriptive-analytic method and relying on the library resources, the authors seek to answer this question that what is the relation among the right to education, life skills and reduction of violence against children (VAC)? It seems that there is a direct relationship between the right to education and being equipped with life skills on one side and the reduction of VAC on the other side. In fact, application and enjoyment of the right to education by children raise the possibility of their equipment with life skills and using these skills, through elimination of some psychological and sociological reasons for commitment of VAC, reduces the possibility of VAC. To put it another way, teaching life skills, by empowering children, can prepare them to confront the violence directed against them and the violations of their rights. In this respect, in addition to the state concerned that is the main duty-holder towards child rights, the community as a whole and its members should stand up for protecting children from violence and the violation of their rights. It should be mentioned that children and specifically girls belonging to non-dominant groups such as minorities and indigenous peoples should be deserved special attention and protection both in terms of enjoyment of right to education and consequently learning life skills and in terms of being exposed to more violence because of their double vulnerability.

Child abuse is one of the growing crimes, in recent days and there has been a significant increase in child abuse statistics. Therefore, it is very important to take the necessary measures to prevent such criminal behaviors. Child and Adolescent Protection act, adopted in 1399, is one of the legislative innovations to prevention and legal confrontation with this phenomenon that provided significant legal protections to children and adolescents. However, there are still many legal and practical challenges facing it. In this library research, innovations and challenges of this act were examined, the result of this studies are as follows: One of the innovations of this act is maximizing the capacity of government organizations such as the Welfare Organization to prevent child abuse, identifying and providing legal protection to children and adolescents at risk of victimization such as children dropping out of school, children with parents Prisoners, addicts, and redefining the harms to children and adolescents, such as economic exploitation of children and child pornography. On the other hand, the practical challenges of this law are the restriction of the concept of emotional harassment and the lack of enforcement guarantees for it, the imposition of minimum punishments for abusive parents, the imposition of minimum punishments for sexual harassment, and the lack of appropriate mechanisms to personality file for abused children.