جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "naturalism" در نشریات گروه "اخلاق"

Miskawayh spent more than half of his life in the Buyid government. He was concerned about the flourishing of Islamic civilization. His question is what and how civilized society is to be realized, and he has illustrated, in a five-steps, the process of realization of civilized society: In the first step, he considered co-operation and social participation as the most fundamental concept for a civilized society, and based on this basic concept, Speaks of the impossibility of the realization of the happiness outside of society; In the second step, he explores the underlying concept of this concept in the natural needs of man and provides a context for the development of the moral theory of natural law; in the third step, Miskawayh discusses the two factors of religion and communal reason for actualization of the natural character of cooperation, and ,by explaining the functions of the religion, he has illustrated the influence of religious teachings on the strengthening of manners and participation, and thus social cohesion; in the fourth step, he has delineated the final and intermediate ends for social cooperation; And in the fifth step, to accomplish these ends, he proposes a just government structure and a mechanism for oversighting the government to bring society to an ultimate end in the form of religious laws and benevolent free questioning. This paper, by analyzing and citing, beside explanation of these five steps, explores the process of realizing the civilized society and its relation to ethics in Miskawayh's attitude, and it has explained the difference of Miskawayh's moral attitude with Aristotle.

In the history of modern thought there are two turning points. The first one is philosophical-epistemological revolution of Descartes. The appearance and expansion of Descartes philosophy was equal to the decline of the Middle Age's worldview, the birth of human subject and essential changes in debates and subjects of different scientific branches. His philosophy was based on modern-age thoughts such as liberalism, democracy, human rights, scientific rationalism, Legal Positivism in new social relations and institutions. Thus ethical norms and judgments were changed unprecedentedly. The second tuning point which took place in the middle of the twentieth century turned many thoughts of Enlightenment Age into mirage and illusion. Charles Taylor, one of contemporary philosophical turning representatives, believes that Descartes naturalistic epistemology leaded to dominance of the relativist, hedonistic, atomistic and nihilistic interpretation of moral act and deviation from the ideal of modern ethical principality. In addition to absolute advocating of self-actualization and self-honesty, he seeks to find a deeper understanding of life in the framework of inevitable moral goods. The aim of this research is to contemplate coherency and adequacy of ethical thought of one of the prominent figures in contemporary moral philosophy. This article shows that return of Taylor’s moral theory to romanticism tradition to revive the ethical studies is not clear and it is more virtue-oriented religious than the ideal of modern principality. Also, get help from various sources for justifying the ethics of principality increases the ambiguities and inconsistencies of Taylor’s theory. Since Taylor was an analytic philosopher, the methodology of the article is critical-analytic.

The Stoic have taken advantage of philosophy, logics and physics to explain the principles and doctrines of their ethics. They consider ethics as a practical science and use “empirical matters”, “cause and effect” methods between phenomena to prove their fundamental method. It is one of the reasons which show that, the Stoic consider natural laws to show their moral matters. Such as the other schools like Plato and Aristotle Metaphysics, the Stoic pay attention to the ethical problems as, good, bad, virtue, and meanness to demonstrate their principles of ethical philosophy. However, they explain their matter by general natural law. They justified these problems according to the nature law. By fundamental principles they concluded that, adaptation to nature is positive and, opposition to these laws has negative values.The nature of everything is in that it follows the behavioral patterns and structures which the nature of universe or its Creator has situated in their nature. Since they believed that everything occurs according to the nature, and governed by cause and effect principles, things must act based on and in accordance with the nature.The Stoic’s universal views affected their ethics dramatically. In fact, they have used philosophy, naturalist philosophy, and epistemology’s discussion for their ethical principle stability since they justify their main ethical principles and even their epistemology according to the external cosmos. The research method is analytic, descriptive, and explanatory; and the Stoic's fundamentals of ethics have been explained based on their views on man, universe, nature, and God.