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The rapid growth of e-commerce and the widespread availability of online shopping platforms have significantly transformed consumer behavior in recent years. While these advancements have enhanced convenience and accessibility, they have also introduced challenges, including the emergence of problematic shopping behaviors such as online shopping addiction. Online shopping addiction is characterized by compulsive and excessive online purchasing behaviors that disrupt an individual's daily life, relationships, and overall well-being. Understanding and addressing this phenomenon requires reliable and valid tools to assess its severity and underlying dimensions. In this context, the Online Shopping Addiction Scale, developed by Zhao et al., provides a comprehensive measure to evaluate the multidimensional aspects of online shopping addiction. The current study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale in an Iranian sample. Given the increasing prevalence of online shopping behaviors in Iran, a culturally adapted and validated assessment tool is essential for identifying at-risk individuals and informing targeted interventions. This study also explores the scale's concurrent and divergent validity by examining its relationship with hoarding behaviors and psychological well-being. By establishing the psychometric robustness of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale, this research contributes to the broader understanding of online shopping addiction and provides a foundation for future studies and practical applications in Iranian society.

This study employed a descriptive-analytical evaluation design to assess the psychometric properties of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale. The sample included 500 participants, comprising 404 women and 96 men, residing in Tehran in 2021. Participants were selected through a convenience sampling method and completed three instruments: the Online Shopping Addiction Scale, the Saving Inventory Questionnaire, and the Psychological Well-being Questionnaire. The psychometric analysis of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale involved confirmatory factor analysis, divergent validity, concurrent validity, Pearson correlation, and Cranach's alpha reliability assessment, all conducted using R software version 4.1 with a significance level set at 0.05. To ensure cultural and linguistic appropriateness, the scale was translated into Farsi by two independent English-speaking translators. The translations were compared with the original English version, and a collaborative effort among the translators resulted in a refined Farsi version. This version was tested with individuals from diverse age groups to identify and address any ambiguities. Following this iterative process, the final Farsi version of the questionnaire was developed and used for data collection.

According to the investigations, the average and standard deviation of the age of the research participants were 29.68 and 9.16, respectively. Based on the results obtained, the six-factor structure (Salience, Tolerance, Mood Modification, Withdrawal, Relapse, Conflict) of the online shopping addiction scale was assessed and validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.07). To check the construct validity of the scale, we will first check its confirmatory factor analysis. The suitability of the test items for factor analysis was investigated using the correlation index of the score of each item with the corrected total score. In the study of concurrent and divergent criterion validity, the correlation of the online shopping addiction scale with the positive saving inventory scale was significant. The relationship between online shopping addiction and psychological well-being was also negative and significant. Cranach's alpha coefficient for the total score of the online shopping addiction scale was 0.93  and for its dimensions was 0.72 to 0.91.

The discussion of this study's findings provides strong evidence for the psychometric properties of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale in an Iranian sample. The six-factor structure, including salience, tolerance, mood modification, withdrawal, relapse, and conflict, was validated through confirmatory factor analysis, showcasing the scale’s ability to comprehensively assess various dimensions of online shopping addiction. This multidimensional approach aligns with theoretical frameworks of behavioral addiction, emphasizing the relevance of the scale for capturing the complex nature of compulsive online shopping behaviors. The cultural adaptation process, which involved iterative feedback and linguistic refinement, ensured that the scale was both contextually and linguistically appropriate, further enhancing its reliability and validity. Moreover, the study’s findings on concurrent and divergent validity highlight significant correlations between online shopping addiction, compulsive hoarding behaviors, and psychological well-being.

These results suggest that online shopping addiction not only shares common traits with other compulsive behaviors, but also negatively impacts mental health and overall life satisfaction. The scale's excellent internal consistency across all dimensions indicates its reliability in identifying individuals at risk. While these results underscore the scale’s utility in both clinical and research contexts, they also point to the broader societal implications of increasing reliance on online shopping platforms and the potential psychological challenges that may arise.

A psychologically rich life is the other psychologically desirable life that has recently been conceptualized and introduced by experts in the field of well-being. Another example of a good life is a psychologically rich life, defined by Oishi et al. (2019) as a life with various interesting and perspective-changing experiences. According to them, a psychologically rich life is achieved through novel experiences gained from travel, film, music, sports, and art. Oishi et al. (2019) emphasize that the perspective-changing nature of experiences is essential for a psychologically rich life, such that interesting experiences that do not lead to perspective-changing experiences cannot add to a psychologically rich life. Conceptualizing psychologically rich life as another type of desirable life will stimulate relational and interventional research on psychologically rich life. Normativeizing the Persian version of the psychologically rich life Questionnaire (Oishi et al., 2019) could enable empirical investigation of psychologically rich life in Iranian society and lead Iranian researchers to advance in this field along with international research. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Psychologically Rich Life Questionnaire (Oishi et al., 2019) in two general population groups and College students. For this purpose, two studies were conducted. The first study was conducted on the general population, and the second was on the student population.

In the first study, 450 people from the general population of Shiraz were selected using the convenience sampling method, And they responded to Psychologically rich life questionnaires (Oishi et al., 2019), depression-short form (Beck et al., 1996) and meaning of life (Steger, 2010). In the second study, 220 students of Shiraz University who were studying in the academic year of 2019-2020 were selected by convenience sampling method and answered Psychologically rich life questionnaires (Oishi et al., 2019), the flourishing scale (Diener et al., 2010), the scale of positive and negative feelings (Diener et al., 2010) and the life satisfaction questionnaire (Diener et al., 1985). Convenience sampling was used due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting university closures. An electronic questionnaire was designed, and for the general population, the questionnaire link was sent to participants through family and newsgroups. Also, in the student community, the questionnaire link was placed in student groups by professors and department heads. Before responding to the electronic questionnaire, an option was provided to obtain their consent. SPSS-16 and AMOS-21 statistical software analyzed data. The content, construct, convergent and divergent validity of the mentioned questionnaire were investigated using the opinions of educational and clinical psychology experts, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and correlation coefficients of Psychologically rich life components with related variables, respectively. In order to investigate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cranach's alpha coefficient was used. 

Experts confirmed the representativeness of the questionnaire items to measure psychologically rich life. In the first study, both types of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used for construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the Persian version of the psychologically rich life questionnaire consists of three factors under the headings of «new and various experiences», «unusual experiences», and «non-uniformity». Confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the fit of the three-factor model with the data. Also, in this study, the logical relationship between the components of a psychologically rich life and related variables indicates this questionnaire's convergent and divergent validity. In the second study, confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-factor model of a psychologically rich life is consistent with the data. In this study, the logical relationship between the components of a psychologically rich life with related variables indicates the convergent and divergent validity of the questionnaire. In both studies, Cranach's alpha coefficient confirms the reliability of the questionnaire. 

The research findings show that the questionnaire mentioned has suitable psychometric indicators for measuring the psychologically rich life of the general and student population; researchers can use it.

Shopping addiction is an uncontrollable need that forces a person to go shopping for temporary relief from psychological distress and depression. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the shopping addiction scale in the Iranian sample. This research was a descriptive-analytical study of evaluation type. The sample consisted of 500 women (404) and men (96) in Tehran in 2021 who were selected by the available sampling method and completed the shopping addiction scale, saving inventory, and psychological well-being scale. Psychometric properties of the shopping addiction scale were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, divergent validity, concurrent validity, Pearson correlation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in R software version 4.1 at a significance level of 0.05. The seven-factor structure (Salience, Mood Modification, Conflict, Tolerance, Relapse, Withdrawal, and Problems) of the shopping addiction scale was evaluated and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFI = 0.89, RMSEA = 0.07). In examining the concurrent and divergent criterion validity, the correlation of the online shopping addiction scale with the saving inventory was positive and significant. The relationship between shopping addiction and psychological well-being was also negative and significant. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total score of the in-person addiction scale was 0.96 and for its dimensions was 0.81 to 0.92. The findings indicate the structural validity and acceptable reliability of the shopping addiction scale, and the multidimensional structure of this scale can help to diagnose shopping addiction.

The aim of this study was to validate or determine the psychometric properties of the Reflection Function Questionnaire. The statistical population of this study included all students of Payam Noor universities in West Azerbaijan (Miandoab, Shahindej, Bukan, Urmia) and Tabriz who were studying in the academic year 2017-2018. Among them, 570 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling, and answered the 8-question Reflective Function Questionnaire (RFQ). The collected data was randomly divided into two equal parts (n=285) for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The results obtained from exploratory factor analysis with principal components and oblimin rotation showed a two-factor structure which were named certainty and uncertainty. The amount of eigenvalue for certainty and uncertainty were 2.04 and 1.39, respectively. Also, the first factor (certainty) and the second factor (uncertainty) explained 25.56 and 13.42 percent of the variance of scores. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the bifactor structure (χ2=76.12, df=48, P=0.01; GFI=0.98; AGFI=0.96; CFI=0.98; RMSEA=0.03). Cronbach's alpha coefficients for factors were 0.78 and 0.76, respectively. In addition, the retest results for certainty and uncertainty factors were 0.76 and 0.73, respectively, and the composite reliability index for these two factors were 0.88 and 0.86, respectively. The results of Pearson's correlation to examine convergent validity with attachment styles and Emotion regulation difficulty showed that there is a significant relationship between these variables at the 0.01 level. Also, using the Fornell and Locker index, the discriminant validity of RFQ was confirmed. According to the obtained results, the validity and reliability of the Persian version of RFQ can be confirmed .

This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Compassion to Others Scale which was devel- oped under the title Compassion Scale (CS) by Pommier, Neff & Tóth-Király (2020). Participants included 278 adults (209 females and 69 males; mean age = 28.65, SD= 9.40) from Shiraz. They completed the questionnaires electronically. To check the validity, after a pilot study and doing backward translation, the Persian version of this scale was provided to the participants. The factor structure of the scale was examined by AMOS-22 software. The results confirmed that there are four factors in the Persian version. Also, factor loads and Fit Indices were desirable. Convergent validity was assessed by the correlation between the scores of this scale and the Short Form of the Self-Compassion Scale (Raes, Pommier, Neff & Van Gucht, 2011). The results showed a moderate correlation between the two constructs. The results of the internal con- sistency study by calculating the correlation of subscales with each other and the total score also indicated the construct validity. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient showed the scale (alpha= 0.82) and subscales (minimum alpha= 0.58) have acceptable reliability. A comparison of gender differences showed that women have higher scores in the kindness subscale. In general, according to the findings, it can be concluded that the Persian version of the Compassion Scale has psychometric adequacy and can be used in Iranian society.

The ability to anticipate future situations and needs, known as prospective cognition, is an important skill that children must develop in order to function and plan successfully on a daily basis. The aim of this study was to Investigating of Children's Future Thinking Questionnaire (CFTQ).This questionnaire has 44 items and was created in 2020 by Mazachowski and Mahy.

The present study is a non-experimental study that has been conducted within the framework of a descriptive-analytical research project. The statistical population of the study was the children of kindergartens in military residential settlements in isfahan in 1400. A sample of 200 people was selected by available sampling method. The validity, reliability and structure of the questionnaire were analyzed using by statistical methods of confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, open test coefficient and in SPSS software.

In this study, reliability was obtained by internal consistency method equal to ./89 and retest coefficient with three-week interval was equal to ./84. In the second-order confirmatory factor analysis, the scale structure and all 5 subscales of the test along with its significant factor loads were confirmed.

The results showed that the CFTQ questionnaire has good validity, reliability and structure.

This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the persian version of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire. 300students (123 male and 177 female) were selected by cluster random sampling method. The subjects responded to the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire(Broadbent, Cooper, Fitzgerald & Parkes, 1982), Metacognition Questionnaire (Wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004), and Barkley Deficits in ExecutiveFunctioning Scale (Barkley, 2011). The results of the explorative factor analysis showed the 4 factors with an eigenvalue higher than 1 that wereexplaining 76.81% of variance together. Fit indexes of the confirmatory factor analysis model confirmed the fit of this questionnaire. The results of thecorrelation coefficient showed a significant positive relationship between cognitive failures with metacognition inefficiency and executive dysfunction.Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of Cognitive Failures Questionnaire subscales and the overall score were obtained in the range of 0.65-0.81. Based onfindings, Cognitive Failures Questionnaire appears to be reliable and valid in Iranian populations.

This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the factor structure of the scale "evaluation of cyber security culture and awareness" among the Employees of bank branches Ahvaz city in the spring and summer of 2022.

The research method was based on psychometric methods (factor analysis) and the tool used was the researcher-made scale for the evaluation of cyber security culture and awareness (2022). The population of employees of bank branches Ahvaz city and the statistical sample is 581 employees who were selected by simple random method. The method of data analysis was factor structure, EFA and CFA, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

The fundings showed that the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.88 in reliability and factor structure obtained during the EFA had favorable fit indices (CFI, GFI, RFI, NFI, IFI) covering 6 factors (inefficient human resources, budgeting and awareness, capacity building, employee position, culture of protection of information and security behavior and understanding).

The results showed that this scale has an acceptable factor structure and reliability among bank employees; Therefore, this tool can be used as a reliable tool to evaluate and rank the factors affecting the promotion of cyber security culture and awareness among the employees of Bank of Country branches.

This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties and factor structure of the disruptive mood dysregulation disorder questionnaire in adolescents. The research design was descriptive and the participants included two samples of 291 and 286 people students of the middle school of Kermanshah city in the 1398-99 academic year, selected by multistage cluster sampling method and completed Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Questionnaire (Boudjerida & et al., 2022) and Children’s Depression Scale (Lang & Tisher, 1987). After translating the questionnaire, exploratory factor analysis was used to examine the factor structure of the questionnaire, the results showed that there are 10 items in the form of two factors to measure Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder. Cronbach’s alpha and Split-half method was also used to evaluate the reliability, the results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two factors of anger and aggression and Irritability. The results of correlation with other tests also confirmed the convergent validity of the Questionnaire. Also, all Cronbach’s alpha and Split-half coefficients indicated a high internal consistency of the factors. The results show that this Questionnaire has very good validity and reliability and is effective in measuring Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder in the two dimensions mentioned.

Quality of life today is one of the most important health outcomes that is necessary to measure in cases such as the evaluation of health interventions in many health researches. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the "quality of life questionnaire" for elementary school students. The statistical population of the present study was the second grade students of Khorramabad and the statistical sample was 480 students who were selected by convenience sampling. The instrument used in the research was the "Quality of Life Questionnaire" of Chou et al. (2017). Exploratory factor analysis was used to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire and confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the identified factors. The results showed that the Persian version of the "quality of life questionnaire" for elementary students consists of 4 factors and all 4 factors show acceptable Cronbach's alpha and the validity of the tool is confirmed. Therefore, it can be said that the Persian version of the "quality of life questionnaire" is valid and reliable in the second grade elementary students (fourth, fifth and sixth grade) and can be used in academic counseling centers.

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of School Related Hardiness Scale (SHRS) in Saveh’s late elementary school Students. The research method was descriptive type based on exploratory-survey method. Statistical population was containing all of Saveh’s late elementary school students in 2017-2018 academic years. Sample of research was consisted of 399 students of late elementary schools who were selected using stratified random sampling. A total of 221 people, 55.4% of male and 178 male participants, 44.6%, are female. Assessment instruments consisted of School Related Hardiness Scale (SRHS). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) based on principles component analysis and Varimax rotation and Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA) was conducted. Exploratory factor analysis showed a three main factors measurement model(tree factor of control, commitment, and challenge) and nine subsidiary factors confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The total value of reliability with the value of 0.778 represents the internal validity of the hardiness questionnaire.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Elliott, Mariyama and Pekran Achievement Goal Questionnaire in two groups of junior high school and high school students. Therefore, in the form of a psychometric study to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Achevement Goal Questionnaire; 699 students (279 junior high school students, 420 high school students) of evaz city (located in the south of Fars) who were studying in the academic year 400-99; Multi-stage random cluster sampling method was selected; And answered the questionnaires of achievement goals, academic engagement, academic self-regulation and intrinsic motivation. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the six components of task orientation, task avoidance, self-orientation, self-avoidance, other-approach and other-avoidance. Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the scale; All coefficients indicated acceptable internal consistency of the components of the development goals. The results show that the Elliott et al.'s Achievement Goal Questionnaire has good validity and reliability in junior high and high school students; And has the necessary efficiency to measure the goals of that progress.

The aim of this study was to prepare the Persian version of the orthorexia nervosa Scale and evaluate its psychometric properties.

The sample of the present study consisted of 639 people aged 18 to 65 years living in Tehran who were tested using the available sampling method. The Persian version of the orthorexia nervosa Scale was prepared after the translation-retranslation process and was administered along with the eating attitude test (EAT-26) and Reef psychological well-being questionnaire (REEF-18). The validity of the scale was assessed using construct,  convergent and divergent validity was evaluated through Pearson correlation. Moreover, to assess its reliability, Cronbach's alpha calculation method and composite reliability were used.

The results of exploratory factor analysis indicated the existence of three factors: cognitive, emotional and clinical, and the results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated the goodness of fit and eligibility of the obtained model. Significant correlations between the obtained factors with the eating attitude test and Reef psychological well-being questionnaire also confirmed the convergent and divergent validity of the orthorexia nervosa scale. The reliability of the scale was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and obtained 0.811 for the all scales and ranged 0.69 to 0.735 for specific scales. Moreover, the composite reliability of the scales ranged between 0.78 and 0.82.

In general, it can be said that the Persian version of the orthorexia nervosa Scale has a three-factor structure and has the adequate validity and reliability for use in psychological research in the Iranian sample.

This study intended to construct and validate a wisdom questionnaire in Iran with regard to its dimensions, categories and components in the context. All above-20 Iranians comprised the population. Using random cluster sampling, 985 Iranians with different ethnic, gender, age and academic backgrounds were selected. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that a 6 dimensional structure of wisdom fits the data. The dimensions were Causal Factors (cognitive skills and abilities, emotional intelligence, and personality characteristics), Core Category (existential integrity, harmony and equilibrium), Context Conditions (religiousness, spirituality, self-excellence, ethics, reflection, and challenging experiences), Intervening Conditions (environmental factors, official and unofficial education system, and family), Strategies (wise reasoning, prosocial attitude and behaviors, wellbeing, consulting, guiding and leading others), and Consequences (human perfection and flourishing, common good and a more just world). Overall, wisdom can be defined as a unique, complex, and multifaceted feature encompassing dynamic integrity and balanced account of different components. To describe wisdom as being the best in all its dimensions makes it an unachievable-for-many ideal but if viewed as a continuum, then individuals’ wisdom can be seen as ranging from much/many to less/few of its dimensions. In fact, wisdom dimensions work in a synergic manner to promote it and its sum is greater than its parts.

The excessive and inaccurate use of the Internet poses the risk of "Internet addiction" (Young, 1998). The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of Young's Internet addiction test and its relationship with aggression among 20-30-year-old youth in Tehran. For this purpose, all of the 20-30 year-olds in Tehran who were living in one of Tehran's districts in 1394 participated in this study and424 people selected by available sampling method. For data collection, demographic questionnaire, Yang's Internet addiction and bass and perception aggression were used. For data analysis, internal consistency, exploratory, confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis were used by SPSS and AMOS software. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the whole test is 0.94 indicating the intrinsic consistency and expression of the excellent value of Internet addiction. To determine the factors, exploratory factor analysis was performed and finally, three factors were named as difficulty in control, social problems and control impairment. To determine the best model for data of this research, a confirmatory factor analysis was used and according to the fit indices it was concluded that the 3 factor extractive model of this research is better fitted with the data. Finally, according to the findings of this study, Young's Internet addiction test has good psychometric properties, but has no relation to aggression.

The aim of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire on marriage problems in women who field for a divorce with a history of early marriage. The present research method is an exploratory-confirmatory design and consists of two stages. The first step is the qualitative method and the exploratory method is used to make the tool. For this purpose, while interviewing 15 women applicants for divorce in the form of interviews with focus groups to the theoretical extent of data saturation, the initial form of the questionnaire was prepared. In the second stage of the research, using a quantitative method, the validity and reliability of the Questionnaire were investigated. For this purpose, 160 people were selected by available sampling from among women who field for a divorce with a history of early marriage in Ardabil in 1399, and completed the psychological-marital problems questionnaire and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Hudson Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1992). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods using SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that the psychological-marital problems questionnaire contained 28 questions and 7 approved dimensions, which are: Anxiety, depression, confusion, insecurity and pessimism, nostalgia and loss, lack of mutual understanding and marital conflict. Calculation of validity and reliability of the questionnaire showed that this Questionnaire has high validity and reliability. Therefore, it can be used in research and evaluation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Persian version of the Religious and Spiritual Straggles Scale.

The population included Iranian adults in Tehran in the age range of 14 to 75 years old, who were selected using the available sampling method. The Persian version of the Scale applied with the Elliott (1983) Spiritual well-being and Cohen et al.'s (1994) Perceived Tension Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity were used to evaluate the validity of the scale and Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate its reliability. For examining the reliability of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale, it was performed on 37 subjects and Pearson correlation was used to measure it.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated the fit and desirability of the six-factor model. Significant correlations between the factors of the Scale with of Spiritual Well-being and Perceived Tension also confirmed the divergent and convergent validity of this scale. The reliability of the scale using Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculation for the whole scale is 0.8 and the test-retest correlation coefficient of 0.9 Obtained.

In general, it can be said that the Persian version of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale, which has six factors, has a factor structure similar to the original version of the scale and has the necessary validity and reliability for using in psychological research in the Iranian sample.

The aim of this study was to validate the Persian version of the Disease Acceptance Scale (PDAS) among women 18 years and older during the outbreak of Covid-19 in the autumn of 2021. The instrument used was a modified version of the Disease Acceptance Scale (Leung et al., 2021). Data analysis method Exploratory factor analysis; Confirmatory factor analysis; Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed that the fitness indices in the factor structure obtained during the exploratory analysis had NFI, NNFI, GFI, CFI, IFI, RFI in the range of 0.9, which was approved at the RMSEA level. This article has confirmed the validity of the structure of the Persian version of the tool under study. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each subscale as well as the total scale was higher than 0.7. Group factor analysis also showed that this scale is not affected by gender. Regarding the levels of disease acceptance, the findings showed that 48.8% have a low level of disease acceptance, 43.8% have a moderate level of disease acceptance and 7.5% have a good level of disease acceptance. Given that the validity of this tool has been confirmed, the use of this tool in family counseling centers, care centers for people with underlying diseases, patients with incurable diseases or people with special needs to measure the acceptance of the disease is recommended.

Cyber- aggression is one of the compatibility problems of the youth that has attracted the attention of the investigators at schools and out of school , and it is a sort of violence that occurs repeatedly and over time using electronic equipment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Cyber- aggression questionnaire for Adolescents among Iranian students . The sample size consisted of 386 students ( 167 boys and 219 girls ) from Zanjan city , were selected using Multi - Stages cluster sampling . The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that this questionnaire had 3 factors which in total determined 66.45% of the total variance and Obtained Internal consistency Total questionnaire by Omega coefficient . 90 % and The results also showed that a Negative correlation of this questionnaire with empathy scale and Positive correlation with impulsivity scale This was a Witness for the Criterion Validity of this scale . The results showed there is a significant difference between girls and boys in cyber- aggression. This study confirms the reliability and appropriateness of the questionnaire for measuring cyber - aggression among students .