جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « n » در نشریات گروه « روانشناسی »

The aim of the current research was to determine the effect of positive psychology group therapy on resilience and death anxiety among people suffering from corona disease.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of methodology, it was a semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all patients admitted to Ghaem Hospital located in Mashhad in 2021. According to the statistical population, 30 people (15 people in each group) were selected and randomly assigned to two groups. To measure the variables, Templer's Death Anxiety Questionnaire (1970) and Ko Noor and Davidson's (2003) resilience were used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-23 software and univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

The results showed that group training based on positivity had an effect on resilience with F(1,37=31.799) and death anxiety with F(1,37=467) of people, these values (α≤0.01) It has been significant.

According to these results, it can be said that positive psychology treatment is effective in increasing resilience and reducing death anxiety, and this treatment can be used to increase resilience and reduce death anxiety in people infected with the corona virus.

The aim of the present study was the effectiveness of the assertiveness training program on the health-promoting behaviors of bullied adolescents.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a one-month follow-up with experimental and control groups. The statistical population included adolescents aged 14 to 17 years old in district 17 of public schools in Tehran. A number of 40 teenagers who met the criteria for entering the research and obtained a high score in Harter's victim questionnaire were randomly selected and assigned to two experimental and control groups. The research tools included Walker et al.'s (1987) health-promoting behaviors questionnaire, which was completed by both groups in three phases: pre-test-post-test and one-month follow-up. The assertiveness training program for victimized teenagers was implemented in 8 sessions of 90 minutes for the experimental group. Data were analyzed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance.

The results showed that the assertiveness training program to victimized teenagers in the variables of happiness and spiritual growth (F=6.44 and P=0.003), responsibility for health (F=327 and P=0.002), interpersonal relationships (4.47=4) F and P=0.019), stress management (F=5.10 and P=0.009) and nutrition (F=4.52 and P=0.022) have an effect. While this amount was not effective for the variable of physical activity (F=0.01 and P=0.988).

Finally, based on the results of this research, it can be said that the assertiveness training program is effective on the health-promoting behaviors of 14-17-year-old teenagers, and this training can be used to improve their health, and the awareness of parents, teachers, managers, and other professionals about these trainings can be helpful.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of mindfulness training on Mind Wandering and Sluggish cognitive tempo in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

quasi-experimental research method with a control group and a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design and the statistical population included adults in Shiraz who had attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and had referred to the counseling center of Shiraz University in 1400-1401. Based on the available sampling method, 10 people who had the necessary characteristics were included in the experimental group and 10 people were included in the control group. The research tools included Barkley adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder rating scale, MWQ Mind Wandering questionnaire and mindfulness training program which was implemented in 8 sessions of 45 minutes, once a week for the experimental group. The data obtained from the questionnaires were measured in two groups in three stages and analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements and SPSS version 22 statistical software.

The results show the changes in the participants' scores from the pre-test to the post-test, in such a way that mindfulness training had an effect on improving the Mind Wandering and Sluggish cognitive tempo of adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (p<0.05) and this effect remained stable in the two-month follow-up phase (p<0.05).

Since mindfulness training has been effective in reducing symptoms related to hyperactivity; It can be used as an effective intervention method to improve Mind Wandering and Sluggish cognitive tempo of adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other people with similar disabilities.

 Depression is a common and recurrent mental disorder and one of the main causes of disability. A large number of depressed people report intrusive negative memories, however, there is no specific therapeutic strategy that specifically targets these memories. In this regard, imagery rescripting is a psychotherapeutic technique that addresses memories and previous experiences and aims to improve negative emotions by changing the inner representation of negative memories and images. Although the treatment was initially developed for traumatized individuals, several interventions have yielded promising results for people suffering from other psychological disorders as well. Also, it seems that the interest in and applications of imagery rescripting for depression are quickly increasing. In this direction, the purpose of this article is to review clinical studies assessing the effects of imagery rescripting on depression, as well as possible processes underlying imagery rescripting.

 The present study is a review article that has been collected through study of 37 articles in the field of imagery rescripting, rescripting, imagery, mental imagery, mental images، intrusive memories and depression.

 The review shows that imagery rescripting is associated with a reduction in cognitive, emotional and behavioral symptoms of depression and related distresses and is an effective intervention for depression, distress of aversive memories and other related variables.

 Overall, it seems that more research is needed to compare different imagery rescripting protocols, investigate mechanisms of change, evaluate modulating factors and therapeutic changes for more effectiveness. Therefore, based on the review, a future research agenda is proposed to provide a sketch for further research in Iranian society.

Becoming heads of households by women is one of the most common psychological and social issues. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group therapy based on emotional schema therapy on balancing the dark personality traits, and increasing flourishing and cognitive flexibility among female heads of households.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all female heads of households of low socio-economic level. Among them, 30 females were selected through the convenience and purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental (N=15) and control groups (N=15). Subjects completed the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (Jonason & Webster, 2010), Flourishing Scale (Diener et al., 2009), and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010). The experimental group received 10 sessions of emotional schema therapy and the control group received cooking training. Both groups completed the questionnaires in two stages before and after the intervention. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance was used to analyze the data.

Results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of dark personality traits, flourishing, and cognitive flexibility (p<0.001).

Thus, Emotional Schema Therapy could help balance dark personality traits and increase the flourishing and cognitive flexibility of female heads of household.

Some studies have shown that parent’s divorce could weaken the social-emotional competence among teenagers. Previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of psychological interventions. However, no research has been found comparing the effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Therapy and Metacognitive Therapy.

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Therapy with Metacognitive Therapy on the emotional-social competence of 13 to 18-year-old male students from divorced families.

The research was a semi-experimental design of pre-test, and post-test type with a three-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research included boys between the ages of 13 and 18 years old in two high schools in the fifth district of Tehran in the academic year 2021-2022. By random sampling, 45 people were selected as a statistical sample in two experimental groups and one control group. Zhou, M. and Ee, J. (2012) Social-Emotional Competence Questionnaire was used for data collection. Also, emotion-focused therapy (Greenberg, 2015) was implemented in eight sessions in the first experimental group and metacognitive therapy (Jelinek et al., 2020) was implemented in eight sessions in the second experimental group. Still, the members of the control group did not receive any treatment intervention. Analysis of variance with repeated measures, Bonferroni post hoc test, and SPSS-26 software were used to analyze the data.

The research findings showed that the effectiveness of Metacognitive Therapy and Emotion-Focused Therapy on the components of “self-awareness, social awareness, and self-management” of the dependent variable was significant (p<0.01). Also, statistically, there was no significant difference in terms of effectiveness between the two treatment methods.

According to the research findings, it can be concluded that Emotion-focused Therapy and Metacognitive Therapy both improve the social-emotional competence of adolescent boys aged 13 to 18.

Numerous studies have examined the interaction methods of parents with the psychological functioning of adolescents and have reported positive outcomes from these relationships. However, no study was found that directly investigated the impact of educational programs on parents’ interaction styles in reducing harmful factors.

The present research was conducted to examine the impact of educational interaction style training for parents on reducing harmful factors in parent-adolescent relationships.

The research method was semi-experimental of the pre-test, and post-test type with a control group. The statistical population included all high school female and male students from districts one and two of Shiraz city in the academic year of 2021-2022. A simple random sampling method selected 60 individuals (30 parents and 30 students) as the sample. The questionnaire on harmful factors in parent-adolescent relationships (Malahi et al., 2023) was used for data collection in the present study.

The findings indicate that there is a significant difference between the groups in terms of variables related to harmful factors in parent-adolescent relationships. This means that the developed protocol has been able to reduce harmful factors in the experimental group compared to the control group, such as the generational gap (0.117); parental perfectionism (0.136); lack of independence for adolescents (0.198); comparison of children (0.237); improper communication with adolescents (0.117); lack of trust in adolescents (0.396); blaming adolescents (0.203); parental unawareness (0.167); unsafe conditions (0.071).

Understanding the effectiveness of interactive style training can guide policymakers in allocating resources and developing targeted programs to support parents and improve family dynamics. Research findings can contribute to the reform and enhancement of interactive-style educational programs, ensuring that they are tailored to the specific needs of parents and adolescents. This evidence-based approach can inform the creation and modification of interventions that aim to strengthen family relationships, potentially leading to more cohesive and supportive home environments for parents and adolescents.

The intersection of artificial intelligence (AI), psychology and applied linguistics particularly in the realm of language learning, has opened up a fascinating avenue for exploring the intricate processes and mechanisms underlying human cognition. Machine learning algorithms have the potential to shed light on the fundamental principles of learning language specially on reading comprehension as the core language learning variable.

In this research, we used supervised machine learning techniques in order to discover the most important syntactic and lexical features affecting the reading comprehension of English language learners.

The design of present study is causal comparative type (ex post facto). the population includes all second secondary level students who learn English in language training institutions. To select the participants, language training institutes in Tehran were referred. The participants (n=360) answered BALA exam (Young, 2022) questions in written and spoken form.

260 features were extracted from the computer texts prepared from the speech and writing learners responses by natural language processing (NLP) algorithms. We used learning models of decision tree, nearest neighbor, support vector method, neural network and regularized linear method to predict reading comprehension using extracted linguistic features.

The results showed that the variance of language learners' reading comprehension can be well modeled using the extracted grammatical and lexical features, and in addition, twenty features that play the most important role in explaining the variance were identified. This study shows that ML methods can determine the detailed investigation of language processes related to reading comprehension.

Increasing resilience in children helps them experience less anxiety during childhood and subsequently in adulthood. Anxiety can reduce cognitive abilities, deteriorate health, and even alter children's lifestyles. Various therapeutic programs have been developed to enhance, prevent, and treat children's behavioral, emotional, and social problems. Among these are the FRIENDS program and solution-focused kids’ skills method training. There are few studies examining the effectiveness of the FRIENDS program on improving resilience, and no research was found assessing the impact of solution-focused kids’ skills method on anxiety and resilience.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the Solution-Focused Kids’ Skills method and the FRIENDS program on anxiety and resilience in children.

The research design was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population consisted of all female students in the second grade of elementary schools in District 2 of Tehran during the 2022-2023 academic year that with Using purposive sampling, 45 students were selected based on inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (with 15 students in each group). Data collection tools included the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (Spence, 1997) and the Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scales (Merrell, 2010). The FRIENDS program (Barrett, 1991) and the Solution-Focused Kids’ Skills method (Furman, 1990) were implemented separately in 10 sessions of 60 minutes each for the experimental groups, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests with SPSS21 software.

Data analysis showed that both the Solution-Focused Kids’ Skills method and the FRIENDS program had significant effects on reducing anxiety and increasing resilience in students. The FRIENDS program was significantly more effective in reducing anxiety (P< 0.05) and the results have continued after two months of follow-up (P< 0.05).

Based on the obtained results, it appears that teaching the Solution-Focused Kids’ Skills method and the FRIENDS program at the elementary school level can sustainably reduce anxiety and increase resilience in children.

Children with autism disorder with high performance in the neuropsychological profile have deficits. Meanwhile, a comprehensive program that covers sensory, motor, and cognitive aspects can improve their neuropsychological profile, which has not been designed so far.

The present study aimed to design a sensory, motor, and cognitive intervention program and its effectiveness on the neuropsychological profile of children with high-functioning autism.

This research employed a mixed-methods approach, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative components. The qualitative phase involved the design and validation of the intervention program, incorporating a content analysis of published works and the involvement of 10 experts who were purposefully selected to validate the program. For the quantitative segment, a semi-experimental design of the non-equivalent control group type was employed. The statistical population comprised all children diagnosed with autism, particularly those with high-functioning autism, attending rehabilitation centers in Tehran during the academic year 2022-2023.
In the qualitative phase, data were collected from published works, and content analysis was conducted based on relevant keywords. The quantitative phase involved the random selection of 20 subjects through available sampling, with participants allocated equally to control and experimental groups. The research utilized the neuropsychological questionnaire developed by Connors (2004) as the primary instrument for data collection. The experimental group underwent a 12-session, 40-minute intervention program.

Sensory, motor, and cognitive intervention programs have demonstrated efficacy in enhancing the neuropsychological profile of children diagnosed with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Specifically, improvements have been observed in the processing speed component (P< 0.01), executive functions (P< 0.05), and memory (P< 0.05). These findings underscore the positive impact of the intervention, suggesting significant enhancements in crucial cognitive domains among children exhibiting high-functioning autism.

The intervention designed in this research as a multidimensional intervention that simultaneously includes sensory, motor, and cognitive aspects can improve the neuropsychological profile of children with high-functioning autism disorder.

Despite the addition of a new diagnostic criterion indicating the degree of involvement in reckless or self-destructive behaviors for PTSD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - Fifth Edition, research evidence indicates that a reliable and valid tool for assessing and diagnosing it has not been found to exist in Persian.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the posttrauma risky behaviors questionnaire.

The current research was an applied survey study based on a test construction methodology, following the common principles and techniques of psychometrics in a correlational research design. The statistical population for this research included all people with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in 2023 living in shiraz. A total of 520 participants (365 female and 155 male) were selected using the International Trauma Questionnaire (Cloitre et al., 2018) through convenience sampling Methods They then completed the Posttrauma Risky Behaviors Questionnaire (Contractor et al., 2020), the Self-Harm Inventory (Sanson et al., 1998), and the self-destructive behaviors questionnaire (Aghamohammadian Shearbaf et al., 2013). Data analysis was done using SPSS26 and AMOS26 software at a significance level of 0.05.

The confirmatory factorial analysis supported a one-factor model with desirable fit indices (X2/df= 3.239, GFI= 0.930, IFI= 0.924, CFI= 0.924, RMSEA= 0.066). Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Posttrauma Risky Behaviors Questionnaire was 0.85. The self-destructive behaviors questionnaire (31 items; r= 0.01, p< 0.660) and the Self-Harm Inventory (22 items; r= 0.01,
p< 0.532) showed a positive and significant correlation with the Posttrauma Risky Behaviors Questionnaire.

Overall, the results of the present study provided evidence for the validity and reliability of the posttrauma risky behaviors questionnaire as a tool for comprehensive, brief, and one-dimensional assessment of reckless or self-destructive behaviors. Therefore, it can be used by researchers, therapists, and psychologists as a reliable and valid tool.

Integrating the approach based on acceptance and commitment with the approach of schema therapy to be more effective and respond to a wider range of couple problems has attracted the attention of researchers.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the combined approach of couple therapy based on acceptance and commitment with schema formulation (ACT/SF) on psychological flexibility and marital satisfaction.

The research method used was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design, and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all couples referred to counseling centers in Qom in 2022. From this population, 16 couples (32 people) were selected using available sampling and divided into two groups: control and experimental. Both groups completed the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) in the pre-test and post-test. The experimental group received therapeutic intervention for twelve 120-minute sessions. Data analysis was performed using covariance analysis at a significant level (P<0.05).

The results indicated that, by controlling the pre-test as a covariate variable, the experimental group experienced a significant increase in marital satisfaction with a strong effect size (η2= 0.62) and in psychological flexibility with a medium effect size (η2= 0.32).

The combined approach of couple therapy based on acceptance and commitment with schema formulation significantly improves psychological flexibility and marital satisfaction. This is achieved through formulating problems, recognizing schemas, and becoming aware of cognitive distortions, which helps people understand and be more aware of their own and their spouse's psychological processes. Techniques based on acceptance and commitment are then used to encourage couples to improve their relationships based on their values.

The phenomenon of child and youth labor is a multifaceted challenge encompassing biological, psychological, and social dimensions, and it has emerged as a significant concern in various countries, including Iran. However, the predominant research has often approached this issue from a social work perspective, focusing on description and pathology. There has been a notable absence of studies addressing the empowerment of this demographic to navigate and overcome challenging environmental circumstances. Given the expanding population and the substantial personal and social challenges faced by working children and adolescents, it becomes apparent that conducting research in this area could contribute to the empowerment of these individuals.

The present study aimed to present the model of human as an agent based on the lived experiences of youth labore.

This study employed a qualitative approach, specifically utilizing the grounded theory method. The research focused on purposefully selecting 15 successful youth laborers residing in Tehran in 2023. Participants were chosen through referrals from Toloe Bi neshanha Center, Mehr and Mah Institute, and Al Yassin Assistance Clinic. After obtaining their consent and willingness to participate in the research, they became part of the study. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin method.

The analysis of the interview data was generally categorized into seven axes: internal strength, chaotic environmental conditions, support system, learning experiences, humanistic strategies, positive and active design of life, and comprehensive and integrated growth, and finally, the conceptual model of the human as an agent based on the codes was drawn.

The obtained results, in addition to increasing insight into the components of the human as an agent model and the factors behind its creation, can be used as a basis for further research and the design of educational and therapeutic programs aimed at improving the psychological capabilities of youth laborers.

Psychological analysis of the behavior of war commanders in the mythological and heroic period of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.

In this article, the psychological analysis of war commanders' behavior in the mythological and heroic period of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey is discussed.

The research method is library-based and based on document research and its type is analytical-descriptive. Examining the confrontation among commanders shows that the element of confrontation in these stories is very prominent and bold, and in fact, the plot of each of these historical stories is based on confrontation.

The type of confrontations in these stories, due to their historical nature, is mainly the type of confrontation between human characters and especially war commanders, and the motivations of the confrontation between the characters are often things such as power struggle, desire to conquer the country, trying to Establishing justice and fighting against oppression, seeking revenge, fighting against Enirani and other races, etc. From the point of view of Adler's personality theory, the war commanders in these two works sometimes have an inferiority complex and in order to cover their weaknesses, they have turned to showing power and opening up the country.

In general, although the selected stories are historical stories, the components of Lévi-Strauss's approach and theory can be seen in them, and the motivation of these characters is not only the motivations mentioned in historical books, but ideals and goals. Also, their personality type and psychological characteristics have a direct impact on these confrontations, which have been examined by Alfred Adler.

The investigations conducted in the field of education and the studies published in this area have revealed the absence of a participatory guidance model based on psychological concepts in the education system.

The purpose of this research was to present a distributed leadership model in the education system of Mashhad.

The current research was conducted using an exploratory qualitative method and a qualitative content analysis method. Also, this research was a descriptive type that was applied. The statistical population of the research was the vice presidents and principals of Razavi Khorasan schools, who were sampled by purposive sampling. Using a semi-structured interview, the information needed to identify the dimensions and components of distributive leadership to the point of saturation, 27 samples were selected from among the researched population, and the information was collected and then using the Atlas TI software and the method.

Coding, data will be analyzed. Both library, field and interview methods have been used to collect data. The data collection tool was an in-depth interview. The results showed that five categories of factors are involved as important factors in distributed leadership in the education system of Mashhad. According to the identification of the factors, suggestions were presented, which hopefully, by doing them, the educational system of Mashhad and other provinces will expand their dynamics and achieve their goals and vision in line with the goals of the educational organization.

The current research was investigated with the aim of providing a distributed leadership model in the education system and it was found that five important categories of factors were identified in the model, which will be mentioned in the following.
The first category of factors was named as vision and mission, which included two subcategories titled as goals, method and acceptance of goals. The purpose of method objectives; Determining and setting clear and transparent goals; Determining goals appropriate to the conditions; setting challenging goals; setting achievable goals; Dividing macro goals into small and attainable goals; It was to prioritize goals.

Binge-eating disorder (BED) is a serious mental health condition characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large quantities of food in a short period, accompanied by feelings of loss of control. Individuals with BED often experience negative emotional states such as self-blame and mental rumination, which can exacerbate their binge-eating behaviors. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment approach that focuses on developing skills to manage emotions, improve interpersonal relationships, and regulate behaviors and in this population has not been studied.

The aim of the present study was investigate of the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on self-blame and mental rumination of patients with binge-eating disorder.

The current research was a semi-experimental with a pretest, posttest, and 3-month follow-up design and a control group. The statistical population include all obese and overweight women aged 18 to 45 suffering from overeating in Karaj, who had regular visits to Overeaters Anonymous Association in Karaj between July 2022 and May 2023. A convenience method was used to select the sample (n=40) from among the statistical population, who volunteered to participate in the intervention and met the inclustion criteria. The subjects were assigned equally in two experimental (20 patients) and one wait-list control (20 patients). After the pretest, the subjects of the experimental group received the dialectical behavior therapy intevention in 2-hour weekly sessions for 9 sessions. Then the posttest stage and three months later follow-up was carried out. The tools used in this research were the levels of self-criticism scale (Thompson & Zuroff, 2004), the mental rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema and Maro, 1991) and the overeating questionnaire (Gormali et al., 1982). The data obtained from this research were analyzed using SPSS-27 software using mixed ANOVA.

The results showed that dialectical behavior therapy has a significant effect in reducing self-blame and mental rumination in binge eating patients and this effect has been stable after three months.

In conclusion, this study adds to the evidence supporting Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for treating binge-eating disorder. It shows that DBT reduces self-blame and mental rumination, and these improvements last at least three months. DBT's focus on addressing cognitive distortions and improving emotion regulation skills offers hope for long-term recovery.

Psychological capital is one of the new concepts that has been introduced in positive psychology and can play an important role in increasing people's ability in various aspects of life, especially in the field of resilience and various dimensions of resilience.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a psychological capital training program based on positive psychology on students' academic resilience.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and 2-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all first and second-grade high school students in Kermanshah in the academic year 2023-2024. The research sample consisted of 26 high school students in Kermanshah who were selected by random sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (13 people in each group). The students answered the Academic Resilience Questionnaire in three situations: pre-test, post-test, and 2-month intervals (Samuels, 2004). The experimental group received psychological capital training based on the educational model of Luthans and Yousef (2004) in 12 sessions of 90 minutes and the control group did not receive any intervention during the training period. To analyze the data, repeated measure analysis of variance using SPSS software. 25.

The results of repeated measure analysis of variance showed that there is a difference between the scores of Pre-test and post-test (intervention effect) and pre-test and follow-up (time effect) in the variable of academic resilience and its components (P< 0.05). There is no significant difference between the mean scores of the post-test and follow-up (stability of the intervention) in the variable of academic resilience and its components. In other words, the stability of the intervention has been maintained over time.

Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the psychological capital education program based on positive psychology has been effective in increasing academic resilience and this treatment can be used to increase student academic resilience.

Several factors may be associated with the severity of COVID-19. Lifestyle, social relations, and socio-economic status can also influence how external stressors, including health crises, are perceived. However, limited research has addressed their role as risk factors in the severity of COVID-19 in both hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients.

The present study was conducted with the aim of In the investigation of the role of lifestyle, social relations and socio-economic status of the family in the severity of Covid-19.

This cross-sectional (analytical) research included all individuals aged 18 years and older in Kerman city who had experienced COVID-19 between March 2020 and April 2021. The statistical sample, selected through stratified random sampling, comprised 180 hospitalized patients and 220 non-hospitalized patients out of a total of 146,000 patients. Data were collected using lifestyle questionnaires (Laali, 2013), quality of relationships (Pierce, 1991), and demographic questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using the logistic regression method with SPSS26 software.

Logistic regression revealed that lifestyle, social relations, and socio-economic status significantly contribute to the severity of COVID-19 infection in both hospitalized and non-hospitalized adults. The likelihood of hospitalization is higher in COVID-19 patients with an inappropriate lifestyle, low socio-economic status, and weak social relations (p> 0.05).

Recognizing the role of these factors in the severity of COVID-19 enhances officials' understanding of their impact and strengthens preparedness for responding to potential future outbreaks or other infectious epidemics.

Legal behavior in the education of elementary school students is of paramount importance. Upon reviewing the literature related to citizenship education, it became apparent that there is no suitable native model for a curriculum on psychological skills in this domain.

The present study aimed to design a curriculum model for psychological skills in the citizenship domain for elementary school students.

The present research employed a data-driven approach. The population consisted of all experts in the field of elementary education, among whom 21 individuals were selected using purposive sampling method. The main data collection tool was interviews, and the data obtained from them were analyzed through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Data analysis was conducted using MAXQDA software version 12.

The results of this study are presented in the form of a model consisting of 11 main components, including primary conditions, performance-oriented planning, contextual conditions, performance-oriented planning in contextual domains (educational and psychological contextualization, economic, cultural, and behavioral differences in citizenship), interveners (teacher and learner characteristics), strategies (initial, instructional, and feedback), and outcomes (enhanced student performance and the establishment of a sustainable curriculum).

Given the importance of the subject, it is imperative to approve and develop a strategic program for citizenship education curriculum at the level of educational institutions and schools. This program must necessarily align with the objectives and components of the national educational system, encompassing legal, civil, political, cultural, social, and ethical aspects, as well as upper-level documents, including the comprehensive scientific roadmap of the country.