جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ترس » در نشریات گروه « روانشناسی »

Modern scientific research relies heavily on scientific experiments to produce valid results. Scientists often claim that their work is based on empirical evidence. A common assumption in the scientific community is that many discoveries in each field are the direct result of quantitative methods and the mathematical modeling of the data collected by scientists. This study will focus on the theoretical assumptions and their implications for the outcomes of cognitive science. The main question is how and to what extent fMRI pictures can help scientists to justify their claims. So, the epistemic status of the fMRI pictures and their role in affirming theories in cognitive science should be addressed.

Using conceptual analysis and philosophical reasoning to examine the Theory-ladenness of observation in neuroimaging.

In this paper, I have shown that interpretation of fMRI pictures from other points of view is still possible and cannot be dismissed by mere experiments. The conclusions do not entail from their conceptual theories, essentially.

The fMRI pictures and observations in cognitive science are theory-laden. It can support many perspectives for looking at the fMRI pictures. It can have many profound impacts on the evolution of this discipline and help to use in different domains of human life. Thinking about the concepts used in cognitive science may open new horizons to this immature discipline.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment on children's behavioral adaptation, anxiety, and dental fear. This research was applied in terms of purpose and semi-experimental in terms of research design with pre-test-post-test design and control group. The statistical population of this research was made up of all children aged 11 to 7 years who were referred to Tabriz dental clinic in 2019 and were suffering from fear and anxiety. Among the referring children, 30 children were selected in an available way and were randomly placed in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. So that the experimental group received meta-diagnostic treatment for 10 sessions of 90 minutes, one session per week for 3 months; While the group did not receive a training certificate. To collect data from the Children's Fear of Dentistry Scale-Sub-Index (CFSSS) (Cathebert and Melamed, 1982), the Dental Anxiety Questionnaire (DAQ) and Vaniham et al., 1980) and the Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) (Frankel, 1962) ) used. Data analysis was done with the statistical method of multivariate covariance analysis. The results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.01). Transdiagnostic treatment reduces fear and anxiety and increases children's behavioral adaptation in dentistry.

Validation of the Maternity Fear Scale can help identify women with high fears of pregnancy. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the factor structure and validation of the electronic form of the CAQ fear of childbirth questionnaire in pregnant women.

This study is a psychometric tool that the statistical population included all pregnant women in Jiroft. The number of samples was determined based on psychometric criteria of 100 people for the predictive narrative section and 251 people for the convergence narrative section. The samples were selected by cluster sampling. The research information was collected electronically through two questionnaires of childbirth fear (CAQ) and fear of postpartum delivery by sending a questionnaire link to the participants' mobile phones. Content validation methods, convergence and factor analysis were used to evaluate the validity of the scale. The reliability of the scale was assessed by internal consistency and purity reliability methods.

The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the researcher-made questionnaire consists of three factors and has good validity and reliability. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the three-factor model. The questionnaire was implemented along with a short form of CAQ fear of childbirth, which had a good reliability and validity with 13 items.

A researcher-made questionnaire on the prevalence of CAQ scares in pregnant women can be used to assess the fear of childbirth in pregnant women.

The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological distress in the relationship between fear and the quality of marital relationships in parents of children with cancer. 

The present study was descriptive-correlational and had a structural equation modeling type, and its statistical population consisted of parents of all children with cancer who visited Bandar Abbas Children's Hospital in 2019. Among whom, 200 parents were selected as the sample group using the purposive sampling method. Data collection tools included the Quality of Couple Relationship Questionnaire by Khoshkam et al. (2007), the Fear Questionnaire by Marks & Mathews (1979), and the Psychological Distress Scale by Kessler et al. (2002). Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient, and path analysis according to AMOS. 

The results indicated that psychological fear and anxiety had a significant negative relationship with the quality of couples' relationships. Furthermore, the correlation coefficients between the quality of couples' relationships with psychological distress (r=-0.44) and fear (r=-0.30) were significant at a level of 0.01, and the correlation coefficient between fear and psychological distress (r= 0.34) was significant at a level of 0.01. 

Accordingly, programs can be developed to reduce fear and psychological distress in designing the necessary measures to improve the quality of couple relationships in parents of children with cancer.

The purpose of this study was to examine a developmental model based on variety and acceleration in formation of the processes and strategies of emotion regulation for sadness, anger, fear and pain. Participants were one hundred eight children (age, 4- 12). A directive content analysis was used to gather data through individually standard interviews. Data were collected with semi-structured interviews and observation of children after presentation of emotional scenarios or encountering real situations generating emotion. Data were analysed based on coding the behaviours, sub-strategies, and emotion regulation processes for four emotions of sadness, fear, anger, and pain. Findings showed variety of emotion regulation processes and strategies in formation four emotions. Development of emotion regulation did not show an age-related different pathway for different emotions.

Aim: The aim of the current study was the determination of the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in comparison with psycho-education, on the fear of childbirth and its related variables.
Method was quasi-experimental and the statistical population of nulliparous women from Ahvaz was 8000. Among them 54 women who had the entrance criteria for being considered in the research were selected. Selection was based on participants’ availability and they were randomly assigned to three groups of 18 women. Research tools were Wijma, Wijma and Zar’s Delivery Expectancy Questionnaire (1998) McCracken and Dhingra’s Pain Anxiety Symptoms (2002), Lowe’s Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (1993), also nine sessions of 90-minute of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Niminen (2016) and six sessions of 90-minute of psycho-education (Rouhi, Salmela‐Aro, Toivanen, Tokola, Halmesmäki & Saisto, 2013) for two times a week. After removing eight persons due to their absentees in two-thirds of sessions, the data of 46 persons were analyzed by the use of covariance method and comparison of two independent ratios.
Result revealed that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy decreases the fear of childbirth (F= 70.64, P= 0.001), fear of pain (F= 4.25, P= 0.02) and increases the tendency to natural childbirth (Z= 3.12, P= 0.002) and self-efficacy of childbirth (F=108.73, P= 0.001) and its effectiveness on these variables is more than psych education. Psych education only led to the increase of self-efficacy of childbirth (F=108.73, P= 0.001) and a decrease of fear of childbirth (F= 70.64, P= 0.01). The difference in the final frequency of natural childbirth in the experimental group with the control group (Z= 1.56, P= 0.1) and psych education (Z= 0.7, P= 0.4) group was not significant.
Since Cognitive Behavioural Therapy uses behavioural strategies and targets the irrational thoughts of women toward natural childbirth, it leads to the decrease of fear of childbirth and more effective than psychological training in the aforementioned fields.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of inductive fear on the systolic and diastolic of blood pressure levels in solving classified problems of the identification concept (simple,semi complex,complex). The method of present study was experimental with pretest-posttest design having control groups. The population was undergraduate students from 8 faculties at Azahra University. A sample of 200 students selected randomly and they were assessed by Eysenek personality Inventory (Introversion – extroversion).Then a sample of 60 students who scored moderate on this test drowned as statistical samples, randomly divided into 6 (3 experimental and 3 control) groups of ten people. Each group was under taken one of different levels of concept complexity tasks as well as blood pressures were measured. The experimental groups had inductive fear film between the two sessions. The instruments were 3 different levels of constructed concept cards and as well as personality test. Data were collected by pressure meter. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA test. The results showed that there were significant differences between groups to inereased systolic blood pressure in each 3 different of tasks.But there was no significant difference between groups to increased diastolic blood pressure in semi complex task.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prediction of social anxiety symptoms (fear, avoidance, psychological arousal) on the basis of early maladaptive schemas. The sample consisted of 200 Ilam university students who selected by multistage random sampling. Participants completed the young’s schema questionnaire- Short Form (YSQ-SF) and Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Results indicated that there is significant relationship between early maladaptive schema and fear, avoidance and psychological arousal. Social isolation/ alienation schema predict three symptoms significantly. Furthermore, part of each symptom variance was significantly predicted by specific schemas. Although part of obtained results with other researchers findings are attuned, but in the case of the results should be treated with caution and a greater cross-cultural and inter-cultural research can help to scrutinize the findings.

The aim of this research is to study memory bias in the Subclinical anxious individuals and comparison with normal individuals. In a semi experimental, design a sample consisting 80 students from Tabriz Islamic Azad University were chosen and investigated. After testing with Beck anxiety test the sample divided into two groups (40 individuals in anxious group and40 individuals in normal group) and Memory computer task was conducted. The data was analyzed by MANOVA method. The result showed that anxious individuals have significant bias in react to positive words meaningfully relative to normal individuals but in neutral words normal individuals shown significant bias. In general, Anxious individuals shown more bias to memory relative to normal individuals.

In this research, the main goal was to study the effect of stress on visual selective attention, by moderating role of to Neuroticism (N). The sample group was selected with respect to neuropsychological screening variables by multi-session random sampling from unmarried male students of the universities in Tehran (60 individuals in three equal groups (20 individuals in each group; two experimental groups and one control group). Individuals in experimental groups administered cognitive stressful tasks and subsequently their visual selective attention was assessed. The attention of visual selective control group member's was assessed without administrating cognitive stressful tasks. Sum of errors in counting and errors in classification designated as visual attention indexes. Data were analyzed by oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that stress significantly increased both counting and classification errors (p<0.0001). In addition, Neuroticism (N) aggravated the effect of stress on both counting error and classification error (p<0.0001) considerably. These results revealed that stress reduces the visual selective attention on neutral stimuli and Neuroticism (N) intensifies this negative effect.