جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "in" در نشریات گروه "کتابداری و مدیریت اطلاعات"

The Internet platform is a very powerful source of information that can be collected with the help of various tools and techniques and used after analysis in order to make better and more efficient decisions. According to previous researchers, when it comes to automatically extracting information from the web, Selenium is always the best option, however, this library has many challenges. One of the challenges of using the Selenium library is its asynchronous and the other is the slowness of the Selenium library, which we are trying to investigate and improve in this article.

Research Question(s):

 How to improve the challenge of slowness and asynchronous of the Selenium library?

Literature Review:

Selenium library, which is one of the best web scripting tools, has been used in different studies and with different purposes. This library is a free, open-source automated testing framework used to verify web applications across multiple platforms and browsers. Various programming languages ​​such as Java, C#, and Python can be used to create Selenium test scripts (Teotia et al., 2023). But despite its many advantages, selenium also has disadvantages, including: 1. Slowness, 2. Brittleness, 3. Flakiness, 4. Maintainability, 5. Asynchronous, 6. Time-consuming, 7. Cross-browser, 8. failure analysis, 9. Infrastructure, 10. Scalability, 11. Assertability, 12. Documentation and 13. Support (Leotta et al., 2023).

The first thing we examined in the Selenium library is the lack of time management. Time management actually refers to the fact that the waiting time for downloading information from the web platform in this library is not known. To solve the problem of slowness andasynchronous of the Selenium library, we have used a solution that includes three different steps:Step 1) According to the manual checks, first we define the variable t1:t1 = 0.5 where t1 is the value used in the sleep function (time required to open the main page in normal mode).Step 2) We use the while loop and try, except inside it. If the page does not open after 3 seconds, or after 6 attempts with different sleep times, the desired page and products do not appear, the error of the site not being available or the internet being slow will be printed:t1 = 0.5 try:while t1 <= 3:try:driver.get("""The Study site""") # to open the page time.sleep(t1) # Waiting for the page to open # Code related to page scrolling time.sleep(t1) # Waiting for information to be displayed after scrolling # Information collection codes except:t1 += 0.5 Except:print('The internet speed is very slow or the intended site is down')In this code, the program with time t1=0.5 first tries to display the page information in full and if it fails, it adds half a second to t1 and this repetition continues up to 6 times. If the page is displayed in full, we use the new value of t1 for the next pages.Step 3) If the page opens, we will enter the third step, which is related to collecting the basic information of the products and we must avoid the problem of asynchronous.At this stage, according to the existence of five different types of information (such as product name, price, amount of discount, price after discount, type of discount) of each product, we first define five different and empty lists for product information.Then, with the help of commands related to information collection, we take the information about each product and put it in the corresponding list. Then we run the following script to prevent wrong items in the list: check1 =  [[product_prices], [product_off], [product _prices2], [Product_off_type] ]for j in range(0,4):if len(product_name) < check1[len[j]]:  product_name.append(‘error’)elif len(product_name) > check1[len[j]]:check[j].append(‘error’) In other words, after taking the information of a product and adding them to the predefined main lists, the program calculates the number of items in the existing lists with the help of the len function and puts them in the checklist. Then, with the help of the for loop, the length of each list is compared with the rest of the lists, and if the number of items in a list is low, the word "error" is added to it.

In order to evaluate the solutions presented in this research, we have reviewed the information related to supplementary drugs on the DigiKala site, which was almost 3000 different medicines, 13 times on 13 different dates, from September 23, 2023, to March 15, 2024. In this study, the codes written in order to retrieve information from the mentioned site were executed the first time with the proposed solution and the second time without the proposed solution, and in each execution, both the time of information retrieval and the number of information related to each list or the same column was recorded and compared with each other, and the error rate and its percentage were calculated based on the difference in the time of information collection in the first and second execution and the difference in the number of information collected for each column in the first and second execution. After the implementation and use of the proposed solution, the investigations show that the accuracy and correctness of the collected information have increased compared to not using the proposed solution, and the time of information collection has also improved.

In this article, we studied and evaluated the challenges of being slow, time-consuming and asymmetric of the Selenium library. Our studies were conducted using the Python programming language. Studies show that it is very important to use the solution of checking the list and the same length of the list at the end of the collection of each product from the web platform, so that not using it in 12 out of 13 cases of information collection from the web platform makes us encountered an error. Also, using a constant value for the sleep function significantly increases the time to retrieve information compared to using a variable value for it. In general, the findings show that the use of the proposed solution when using the Selenium library in order to extract information from the web platform helps to increase the accuracy of the information and also improves the time of complete information retrieval from the web platform.

One of the challenges that emerged and is expanding with the emergence of social networks and the growth of rhizome spaces in modern epistemology is information anxiety (Brown & Duguid,2017). The fear and apprehension caused by the abundance of information and lack of logical order is known as information anxiety. Information anxiety is one of the effects of information overflow (Hartog, 2017). In information anxiety, the type of information is not important and only the amount of information is important (Schick, Gordon & Haka, 1990). Information anxiety is related to attitudes about finding, selecting, processing, interpreting, managing and using information (Conhaim, 2001). With the advent of the Internet, smartphones, and other digital devices, we can quickly and easily access vast amounts of data about any topic imaginable. While this abundance of information has many benefits, it can lead to a situation called "information anxiety" (Shi, 2022). More precisely, information anxiety is a state of worry and stress caused by a large and extensive amount of information that needs to be processed. According to the mentioned cases and also the numerous researches that have been done in the field of information anxiety, the present study aims to investigate and explain the concept of information anxiety, its limits and gaps, the dimensions and components of information anxiety, the consequences of information anxiety and the difference of information anxiety with similar concepts such as anxiety. Library, Internet anxiety, etc. have been systematically reviewed.

Literature Review:

The issue of information anxiety and its destructive effects on individuals and organizations has been discussed since 1605. Sir Francis Bacon probably used this term for the first time in 1915 in his book The Progress of Learning. Later, the term information anxiety was introduced in Richard Worman's best-selling book with the same title (Girard & Allison, 2008). The concept of information anxiety has gone through different stages, including library anxiety, computer anxiety, and internet anxiety. In the meantime, based on the studies, information anxiety has differences with other types of anxiety, including library anxiety, internet anxiety, etc. (Cadier, Ding & El Khazzar, 2021). Information anxiety can have different dimensions and components. In the information anxiety model, de Oliveira et al. (2023) mention information complexity or cognitive overload, fear of losing important information, concerns about the accuracy and quality of information, and limited time as dimensions of information anxiety.

This study is a systematic review that was conducted in 1402 and it was investigated to determine the conceptualization of the limits and gaps in the evolution of information anxiety and its dimensions and components. Databases, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct Cinahal, SID, and Magiran were examined. Persian and English languages ​​were used for searching. For this purpose, the keywords: information anxiety, dimensions of information anxiety, and consequences of information anxiety were used in Persian sources and the words Dimensions of information anxiety, and information anxiety, were used in English sources. MESH was also used to determine keywords. In order to determine the appropriateness of the articles with the research topic, first the title and then the abstract of the articles were examined, and after the approval of the article in terms of place of execution, year of implementation and topic, all the texts of the articles were studied by one of the researchers for further examination. Strobe checklist was used to check the quality of descriptive articles. This checklist has 22 parts, which were scored based on the importance of each part according to the present study. The final score of the checklist was 30 and the minimum acceptable score was 20. From the 170 articles found, according to the selection criteria, 24 studies were found to be eligible and included in the present study.

The findings of the research showed that the concept of information anxiety is ambiguous and its limits are not fully known. Information anxiety actually comes from the growing gap between the amount of available information and our ability to process and understand it, and this type of anxiety is fundamentally different from concepts such as library anxiety and internet anxiety. This type of anxiety has three basic dimensions of information overflow, inability to understand and process information, and inability to access and find available information. Information anxiety has many negative personal, psychological and social consequences such as feelings of disappointment and frustration, feelings of abandonment, loneliness and existential loneliness. There are many ways to overcome information anxiety. What is prominent in information anxiety are the challenges and stresses associated with the sheer volume of information available. In information anxiety, people must have the ability to control their information exposure and actively choose which information sources to interact with. This prevents people from being overwhelmed by irrelevant or unreliable information. By selectively accessing reliable sources and filtering out unnecessary information, people can reduce their information anxiety to some extent.

With the tendency of humans to virtual space, which is characterized by information bombardment, the feeling of being abandoned and thrown in the shadow of this information increases. In fact, information anxiety in the shadow of human confusion in organizing knowledge and information and immersing a person in it can fuel the feeling of existential loneliness. Information anxiety, which has arisen in the shadow and context of the rhizomatic growth of social networks and in the context of rhizomatic epistemology, is considered as a threat to human life and can have different physical, social, psychological and even educational consequences for a person. The failure to properly face these threats and failure to control this type of anxiety can affect the quality of a person's life in all its dimensions. Although information anxiety itself is a consequence of some factors, including immersion in virtual space, it can also cause other consequences. Although overcoming anxiety cannot happen in the short term and requires fundamental changes in the epistemological system, ontology and even the individual's value system, these obstacles can be overcome by adopting certain approaches.

Developing information literacy, practicing self-care and setting limits on information consumption and changing epistemological attitudes about information can help reduce feelings and severe stress associated with information anxiety.

The current research is different from these previous works in terms of volume, time period, method and analysis. First, the analysis is based on a meta-combination method, which allows rich data to be combined with fewer subjective or interpretive biases. Unlike the previous studies, concepts and dimensions, antecedents, consequences and strategies are examined. At the same time, a larger volume of articles has been examined. The current research completes the previous researches and provides a more objective report of the evolution of this research topic. Most of the researches have investigated some aspects and factors affecting knowledge hiding in organizations in a scattered manner. But clearly, a complete integration of existing researches in this field has not been done. Also, an integrated model that brings cause and effect relationships in the form of a conceptual model has not been edited. Therefore, taking into account the existing vacuum of research, an attempt has been made to provide coherence to the scattered researches in this field and provide researchers and managers with a summary of the studies conducted in this field. Considering the importance of knowledge concealment in organizations, this research seeks to provide a conceptual model of knowledge concealment in organizations through the metacombination method. Therefore, with all the factors mentioned above, the current study intends to answer the following questions: 1. What are the key components of knowledge concealment in organizations? 2. What is the conceptual model of knowledge concealment in organizations?

Literature Review:

Knowledge concealment is defined as "an individual's deliberate attempt to conceal knowledge requested by another". Hiding knowledge is not always deceptive (Bari et al., 2019), employees may avoid sharing knowledge due to confidentiality. Although the reasoning behind such a decision may seem logical, it still limits access to knowledge (Xiong et al., 2021, Yuan, Yang, Cheng, & Wei, 2021). However, most efforts to facilitate knowledge transfer end without success, because employees are unwilling to share their knowledge (Mahmoud & et al., 2021). Researches show that hiding knowledge weakens social relations, creativity and innovation of employees and thus reduces the performance and achievements of the organization (Cerne et al., 2017). Also, it suppresses the absorption capacity and creativity at the team level (Fong et al., 2018). It is obvious that hiding knowledge is likely to reduce the efficiency of knowledge exchange among members, prevent the generation of new ideas/thoughts, or even destroy trust (Connelly & Kelloway, 2012). Hiding knowledge increases the risk of knowledge loss and inhibits the creativity of individuals and teams in the organization (Cern et al., 2014; Bogilovich et al., 2017). The consequences of knowledge concealment are quite alarming. For example, knowledge concealment fosters negative attitudes and behaviors, creates interpersonal mistrust (Arain et al., 2020), damages relationships (Connelly and Zweig, 2015), knowledge concealment reciprocity (Cern et al., 2014), the desire to leave the job (Ofirgilt et al., 2018) and creating deviant behaviors in the workplace (Singh, 2019). Reduction of positive work attitudes and behaviors and reduction of job satisfaction (Ofirgilt et al., 2018), reduction of self-efficacy (Arain et al., 2019), reduction of organizational citizenship behavior (Arain et al., 2020), reduction of creativity and innovative work behavior (Bogilovi´ c et al., 2020), and reduced performance (Singh, 2019). In this regard, it is necessary to solve the problem of insufficient knowledge sharing by eliminating knowledge hiding and facilitating knowledge transformation in organizations.

The current research was conducted with a qualitative approach and due to the existence of many new documents in the field of knowledge concealment in organizations and the possibility of their combined analysis, a meta-composite qualitative research method was used. Metasynthesis is the combination of interpretations of the main data of selected studies. Data analysis in the current research was done based on the metacombination method based on the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso (2007). The mentioned method includes the stages of setting research questions, systematic review of texts, searching and selecting suitable texts, extracting information from texts, analyzing and combining qualitative findings, quality control and expression of findings.

The findings showed that 555 concepts, 155 subcategories and 25 main categories were extracted, which include causal conditions (organizational factors, individual factors, occupational factors, group factors and knowledge factors), background conditions (personality characteristics, work factors, technical and environmental factors), political factors and cultural factors), intervening conditions (emotional characteristics, emotional characteristics and social factors), strategies (leadership style, strengthening intelligence, strengthening interpersonal communication, strengthening organizational communication, strengthening performance, strengthening Islamic values, strengthening voluntary behaviors and implementation of knowledge management), consequences (occupational, group, organizational and individual).

The present study showed that hiding knowledge is driven by different reasons at multiple levels. Regarding the multi-level nature of the antecedents of knowledge concealment and determining different ways to manage hidden knowledge in organizations, it enhances the understanding in the field of organizational behavior. Since the researches about knowledge concealment were strongly focused on the interdependencies of the perpetrator and the target due to mistrust and mutual behavior until now. Also, the present research showed that not only the antecedents of knowledge concealment are multifaceted, but also the consequences of this behavior. By integrating this insight into the organizational and management literature, the current research is related to the researches (Xiao and Cook (2019), de Garcia et al. (2022), Rezvan and Takahashi, 2021; Chern et al., 2014; Connelly and Clovey, 2003; Connelly and Zweig, 2015; Conley et al., 2013; Webster et al., 2008).

The present study integrates separate pieces of literature to explain why employees engage in knowledge concealment, thereby connecting disparate pieces of the knowledge concealment puzzle to develop a broader understanding of why employees engage in knowledge concealment. The present study provides a systematic review of knowledge hiding. This was done to identify conceptual patterns about knowledge hiding in organizations between 2012 and 2020 AD and 1391 to 1401 AD. This research is not without limitations. Databases such as Iran Doc, Iran Mag, Normagz, Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences, Joishgar Alam Net, internal magazines, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Emerald were used as databases, and some other databases may not have been reviewed in this matter. As a result, this review may not cover the full spectrum of the scientific literature on knowledge hiding. In the future, to reduce publication bias, it would be interesting to include other databases to search for interesting texts, for example, work published in journals (ESCI). Second, research on knowledge concealment is emerging, and some researchers may argue that it is not yet mature enough to examine the research field.

Ontologies offer a structured framework for information sharing across various systems and fields. This framework facilitates data integration from diverse sources, enabling accurate searches based on semantic relationships between concepts. Additionally, ontologies allow for analysis and logical inference from datasets, improving information retrieval speed and accuracy in various scientific disciplines, including the humanities and Islamic studies. This research explores the creation of an ontology for weak narrators in the field of Hadith studies, specifically focusing on the book "Ma'refah al-Hadith" by Mohammad Bagher Behboodi, which examines the conditions of 150 weak narrators. By structuring and analyzing the information on these narrators, the ontology aims to facilitate faster and more efficient analysis of the "Causes of narrators' weakness."

Literature Review:

Several research efforts have explored the design and application of ontologies in various disciplines. These studies include:The necessity of creating an ontology of jurisprudence to manage jurisprudential information in the digital space (Hasanzadeh, 2018) 2.Basmaleh Ontology, a Window for Creating an Ontology of Qur'anic Studies (Hasanzadeh, 2021)A network approach in the interpretation of the Qur'an as an infrastructure to achieve the ontology of the Qur'an (Vaseti, 2023) Semantic Hadith: An ontology-driven knowledge graph for the hadith corpus(Binte Kamran. 2023) Creation of Arabic Ontology for Hadith Science(Abdelkader, 2021) Quran Intelligent Ontology Construction Approach Using Association Rules Mining(Harrag, 2013) Arabic Ontology for Hadith texts - A survey(Muhammed. 2024) Building Hadith Ontology to Support the Authenticity of Isnad (Baraka.2014) These studies demonstrate the benefits of ontologies in facilitating faster and more intelligent information retrieval across various fields.

The research method is content analysis using Protege software version 5.5.0. The steps of forming OWL ontologies according to the features of the Protégé software are as follows:Identify concepts, extract them, and document them to create terms.Place these terms in the form of main and sub-classes as well as examples or members in the respective views in the software. Create relationships (attributes) between classes and examples and between these terms and values. Evaluate the quality and effectiveness of the ontology and its ability to support knowledge representation.

The initial data collection involved identifying two main classes in the Protégé software: "Hadith Narrators" and "Invalidation words". Under the "Hadith Narrators" class, the names of the 150 weak narrators were included. The "Invalidation words" class encompasses terms used by Hadith scholars and various expressions indicating the weakness of narrators. Sample sentences from Hadith scholars were placed as examples under each subclass. Object properties were then employed to establish connections between these classes and the specific narrators exhibiting the identified weaknesses. These object properties linked the sayings of renowned Hadith scholars such as Sheikh Tusi, Ayyashi, Allameh Majlesi, and others, to the relevant narrators.

Analysis of the collected data revealed diverse reasons for the weakening of Hadith narrators. Some terms point to the "weakness of the narrator and their character," including instances of deviant beliefs, affiliation with questionable sects, or the presence of negative personality traits that could potentially compromise the reliability of their narrations. Additionally, other terms may signify the "weakness of the hadith itself" narrated by a particular individual. The ontology construction process identified 107 terms representing concepts related to the weaknesses of narrators. Subsequently, 645 examples were incorporated into the Protégé software, all derived from the text of the book and the statements of Hadith scholars.

Ontologies provide a valuable platform within the semantic web, enabling machines to understand and process information in a more intelligent and nuanced manner. Their role in facilitating data sharing and information retrieval across diverse systems is crucial. By creating a structured framework for integrating data from various sources, ontologies empower researchers to conduct more precise searches based on semantic relationships. Furthermore, they enable analysis and logical inference from datasets, ultimately enhancing knowledge sharing within a specific domain. This research contributes to the field of Hadith studies by proposing an ontology for weak narrators. The ontology explores the words of established scholars and analyzes their statements regarding the weaknesses of 150 narrators in "Ma'rifa al-Hadith" by Mohammad Bagher Behboodi. Through this analysis, as many as 107 words or concepts indicating the weakening of the narrators and the number of 645 samples were obtained and by creating an ontology through the two classes "Hadith Narrators" and "Invalidation words" in the Protégé software, a meaningful connection was established between them. This engineered knowledge base facilitates efficient access to information regarding narrator weaknesses and will lead to the collection of extensive information in the field of hadith and the investigation of the causes of the weakening of the narrators, which will provide the basis for wider and deeper research.

The present research attempts to identify standard metadata elements for organizing learning objects in the organizational repositories of Iranian medical sciences universities based on the learning object metadata standard. The present research aims to design an ontology model of electronic learning objects in the organizational repositories of Iranian medical sciences universities in order to better display the identification metadata elements. From the semantic point of view, showing semantic relationships between learning objects and better retrieval of learning objects in order to take an effective step towards managing and making information resources available for e-learning.

Literature Review:

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Learning Technology Standards Committee defines a learning object as a digital entity that can be used, reused, or referenced during learning (reusability). One of the electronic learning resources is online learning object repositories. Repositories of learning objects are basically the storage of research data and educational materials. To efficiently retrieve educational materials according to the needs of e-learners, educational materials are tagged with a set of metadata that describe educational works such as document topic, document type, etc. Metadata is an important component of learning object description resources. Metadata is also important for interoperability operations. This is because schema metadata is transferable in interoperability standards. The ontology of learning objects for the field of e-learning provides semantic connections between learning objects and provides high-level information and the development of e-learning. Therefore, the ontology of e-learning objects for organizational repositories of Iranian medical sciences universities provides accurate and meaningful learning objects for the e-learning community. The proposed ontology in this research is based on the metadata standard of the learning object and the characteristics of the learning objects to help the organizational repositories of Iranian medical sciences universities in organizing their information, quickly and accurately retrieving educational materials, facilitating the reuse of content and improving the quality of the electronic learning process and it even provides the use of objects to create a general context of learning environments using a concept map of e-learning. In fact, the ontology design of electronic learning objects for the organizational repositories of Iranian medical sciences universities based on the learning object metadata standard helps to describe the learning objects in a structured way, and this importantly improves the retrieval of learning content and better access to electronic learning content in the repositories.

The purpose of the research is applied research. In the current research, the observation and survey method was used and the matching of the standard metadata elements of the learning object with the metadata elements of the learning objects in the organizational repositories of the research community was discussed. Then, the researcher-made questionnaire was provided to the experts to perform the Delphi technique in order to modify and validate the identified elements. In the next step, a verified set of elements and entities for e-learning objects was obtained in the organizational repositories of Iranian universities of medical sciences. Finally, based on the identified entities, the ontological model of electronic learning objects was designed based on the learning object metadata standard in the organizational repositories of Iranian medical sciences universities.The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire and a standard metadata framework of the learning object. Version 5.6.1 of Protege software was used. During the ontology construction process, the software outputs were evaluated by experts in the field. After confirming the concepts and relationships, a conceptual structure was presented based on the findings.

 The findings showed that the designed ontological model consisting of 162 classes with a total of 189 types of relationships and 2220 samples located in the classes was illustrated.

 The results of the research showed that the learning object metadata standard is comprehensive as a combined standard that includes all types of metadata. Based on the identified entities based on the learning object metadata standard, the ontological model of electronic learning objects was designed in the organizational repositories of Iranian universities of medical sciences. The designed ontology has the overall accuracy as well as the accuracy of different components. The result of this ontology is to present a conceptual structure consisting of concepts in an explicit form in a formal format. By applying ontology based on the learning object metadata standard in the structure of organizational repositories of medical sciences universities of Iran, it is possible to fix possible errors in the semantic level of data, including improving retrieval, better access, and designing intelligent systems.

The purpose of the paper is to study the role of social media in journals and the impact of journals on social media in the six subject areas of OECD.

This applied research was conducted in 2023 with scientometric indicators and approaches. The research population includes 380 titles from world journals and 41 Iranian journals, which have quartile (Q) and belong to one of the six subject areas of OECD. The data were collected using Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC), InCite, and altmetrics, which were analyzed using Access, Excel, SPSS, and Data wrapper.

The findings showed that medical and natural sciences journals have a higher rank regarding the variety of social media and the frequency of social citations. Twitter, patents, and news agencies are the most important social media. In world journals, there is a strong correlation between the number of received citations and the number of social citations of natural sciences, engineering, medical sciences, agricultural sciences, and humanities journals, and a moderate correlation with social science journals. In Iranian journals, there was a strong correlation between the number of standard and social citations of Iranian journals in engineering and medical sciences. The variety of media used in Iranian journals is lower than that of world journals, and the gap between the social citations of Iranian journals and the world is vast. The United States and Great Britain users are the most social citers on Twitter and Facebook.

The results highlight the necessity of familiarizing the country's researchers and research policymakers with the advantage of social media in promoting and highlighting research outputs and improving the country's scientific status in the long term.

Digital storytelling is an innovative tool and works as a promising activity to facilitate and develop learning in the postmodern society. Digital storytelling emphasizes the group process and people's experience in sharing stories, visual and verbal functions that are necessary for understanding language and thinking from the perspective of cognitive neuroscience. It also provides an interactive approach to create a learning group, engage learners in digital literacy and create educational opportunities for global interaction with audiences and can play an important role in expanding people's digital literacy. Therefore, as a modern tool, it can play an important role in the development of people's information literacy. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the use of digital storytelling in expanding information literacy.

The current research was done with a qualitative approach and through content analysis. In order to obtain comprehensive information, all valid domestic and foreign scientific articles related to the research topic in the period of 2000-2024 were selected as the research community, and 53 articles were selected using targeted sampling. The search was performed in Google Scholar and specialized databases such as Medline, SID, Magiran, Pubmed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Key terms such as digital storytelling, information literacy, storytelling education, impact of digital storytelling, e-learning, new learning alone and combined were used to find articles. The entry criteria included the validity of the sources, their accessibility and the year of their publication in the desired time period. Data collection was done through reading articles until saturation was reached.

First, 53 basic themes were extracted from the texts. Then, the themes were divided into larger groups and identified as constructive themes. In the following, 14 constructive themes (verbal-linguistic skills, social skills, expansion of digital literacy, expansion of traditional literacy, collaborative learning, remembering content, organizing information, psychological capital, excitement, adaptability, intercultural communication, factors affecting the use of storytelling, attractiveness, Expansion of creativity) and finally 7 main themes (learning-remembering, verbal-social, psychological skills, individual-cultural adaptability, creativity, expanding literacy and causal factors) were identified.

From this research, it can be concluded that digital storytelling has different advantages that can affect people's literacy in digital and non-digital fields. Digital storytelling as an educational and communication tool can have a great impact on expanding people's information literacy. Digital stories usually contain various information and knowledge conveyed to people through storytelling. This information can be transferred through stories in an attractive and understandable way for people and increase their knowledge and awareness.

This research aims to understand the 'Iconclass' method and highlight how to utilize it for classifying artistic works.

The research method employed in this study is a bibliographic referencing method. After introducing the Iconclass method, the current article elaborates on the efficiency aspects of this method in documenting and classifying artistic works.

The findings of this research indicate that the mentioned method has three main capabilities: firstly, unlike methods focusing on the formal and visual classification of artworks, this method enables understanding the content of artworks beyond their visual form. One of the contents found in the artistic work resulting from this method is symbolic and mythological themes hidden in the images. This provides the audience with the opportunity to go beyond the superficial and obvious aspects and delve into the literary, historical, mythological, and other dimensions related to the artistic work. As mentioned earlier, this is also observed at the second level of Erwin Panofsky's method (iconographic analysis). At this level, the image is linked to other texts using the Iconclass method, enabling a more extensive understanding and analysis of the work. Additionally, it is worth mentioning that with this method, it is possible to somewhat identify the personalities, symbols, allegories, and signs present in the images. Furthermore, it should be noted that the content-based classification (iconographic) has mostly been prepared and made available to date in specific subjects with special needs in limited countries (mostly Western) and centered around Western art. The Iconclass method provides an opportunity to classify artistic works beyond national boundaries and the dual classifications of East and West. Secondly, using this method, documentation and classification of artworks are also based on the content of the works, allowing for the introduction and analysis of complex patterns, themes, and their interrelationships for the documenter. This enables the documentarian to provide a precise and reliable analysis and interpretation of artistic works by selecting vocabulary, symbols, notes, signs, and organizing them in a hierarchical structure. With the hierarchical structure of the mentioned method, the documentarian can easily filter and separate the necessary data, as the subsets of each class are classified as alphanumeric data. Thirdly, the researcher gains access to a set of resources related to the subject, enhancing the research study`s speed and depth. In other words, this method simplifies the search process for young researchers, making it easy and transparent for them to move from the data and initial description of the work to a deeper level and grasp the relationship between text and image. Furthermore, the use of controlled vocabulary provides an opportunity for a consistent and unbiased description of artistic works. In other words, it can be said that this method enables researchers to uncover hidden themes in artistic works.

The method mentioned here eliminates the challenges of accessing resources related to artistic works and assists researchers in retrieving images more easily. By utilizing this approach, museums and art collections can classify items in their collections. It also contributes to producing lists and catalogs for museums. This, in turn, will help advancing art history research.

The main objective of the research is to study and analyze the function and role of libraries during the Safavid dinasty.

According to the nature of the research, a library method based on books, manuscripts, and first-hand (primary) documents, has been used.

The present study shows that in general, two distinct periods can be considered in the life and function of Safavid libraries. The first period, which is related to the 16th century and the reign of Shah Ismail and part of the time of Shah Tahmasb, is a continuation of the role and function of the 15th century libraries, especially the Timurid libraries in Khurasan, where the main task of libraries is to produce and create exquisite manuscripts using the highest level of book design arts. The second approach was to pay attention to libraries in the position of preserving and maintaining the written works of Shiite scholars and jurists, which is considered a significant change in the role and function of important libraries of this period. In this regard, a fundamental change took place in Shia jurisprudential-theological texts, most of which were written by scholars who had migrated to Iran from the Jabal Amel region of Lebanon. The transfer of the personal libraries of this group of immigrant scholars caused many Arabic works to be transferred to Iran. In addition to this kind of texts, attention to Persian language as the language of writing jurisprudential-religious works and used by the public is one of the other features of this period. In addition to the necessity of the time and the need of the Safavid government to gain legitimacy and explain the jurisprudence principles of the Shia religion by using the books and treatises that appeared, including authoring, translating, summarizing and rewriting, another factor was also raised, which was: the negative view from some jurisprudential thoughts to the category of painting, which specifically caused Shah Tahmasb to close the art workshop of his royal library in Qazvin. The change of the capital from Qazvin to Isfahan was also formed in a context affected by these developments. In Isfahan, Shah Abbas committed himself to the establishment of the royal library, which was located in the building complex known as Dowlatkhaneh. In addition, he and his great contemporary scholar, Sheikh Bahai, by taking advantage of the tradition of endowment, gave increasing prosperity to the libraries of the holy shrines, which in particular should be the important collections dedicated to the mausoleum of Sheikh Safi in Ardabil and the library of Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad (Astan-e Quds-e Razavi). Despite the variety of works that later influenced the collection of the Astan-e Quds library, most of the works available in that place and in other libraries of the second Safavid period, were dedicated to religious and jurisprudential texts, which are generally found in the libraries of schools, mosques, and holy shrines or personal collections were kept.

The function and position of libraries during Safavid period can be seen in two different ways. In the first, the continuation of the function of the libraries was like the previous period, in which the main task of the libraries was to create exquisite manuscripts by using the well-known painters, calligraphers, and book designers. In the second stage, more attention was paid to libraries as a place to preserve the written works of Shiite scholars and jurists, which is considered a significant change in the role and performance of important libraries of this period.

Libraries are information centers that are considered as essential elements of sustainable development and in this direction, they are evolving to respond to information needs and create a dynamic and sustainable society. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the components of the green library in the libraries of Astan Quds Razavi.

The current research is of an applied type using a survey-descriptive method. The statistical population of 201 officials and experts of the Astan Quds Razavi Libraries, Museums and Documentation Center includes the central library and 59 affiliated libraries, and the data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. SPSS software was used to analyze the findings.

It showed that the condition of the library building and equipment is at an average level with an average of 2.75 and is not in a good condition. The status of green management and planning in Astan Quds library is at a favorable level with an average of 3.48 and the status of education, awareness and culturalization of environmental issues to the community and employees in Astan Quds library is at a favorable level with an average of 3.49 and 3.45 respectively.

The results of the current research make libraries aware of the current situation. Libraries can achieve sustainability by adopting green building designs, green practices, literacy programs, and the use of green technologies. Considering that libraries are an important platform for achieving sustainable development and creating green culture and thinking in the society, they should be the focus of the green movement. Hence, libraries can continuously expand their programs and serve as role models for an environmentally friendly and sustainable environment. Libraries should move towards offering their information resources as green goods; that is, resources that take care of the environment and nature by saving energy, resources, or reducing and eliminating the use of toxic agents, pollution, and waste, or improving its condition, and are green consumers themselves. And, those who support businesses are using environmentally friendly practices. The library should form a green committee and take steps to increase green practices. This committee can also convey green awareness to other library staff and users. To create an environmentally friendly library, staff and users must be aware of the necessity of a balanced environment. In this regard, considering the important role and mission of libraries in educating the society, librarians should participate in preserving the environment with creativity and innovation.

The purpose of this research was to provide possible and desirable scenarios for the future of the book publishing industry in Iran, so that all efforts can be mobilized to avoid the unfavorable position and scenario and to realize the favorable and ideal scenario as quickly as possible.

The governing paradigm of this research is the qualitative paradigm. In terms of the type of research, it is an applied research and in terms of the type of data, it is qualitative too and the data collection tool is the interview. The statistical population of this research is the book publishing industry experts. The sampling method in this research is the snowball method. Following the theoretical saturation rule, 10 prominent countrywide publishers who are mainly active in Tehran have been interviewed. The Global Business Network (GBN) method, which is the most practical scenario writing method was used to analyze the data.

The findings of this research provide four scenarios for the future of the country's book publishing industry. These four scenarios are development (transformational policies and culture building), waste (transformational policies and lack of culture building), book desert (policies of the past and lack of culture building), and impasse (policies of the past and culture building). These four scenarios were based on the opinions of experts, which were identified and explained for the future of the country's book publishing industry. As it is evident, the development scenario is the desired scenario. It is a scenario in which policies have been transformative and culture building has been carried out at its highest level and this industry has been in its best imagined situation, and the book desert scenario with the most unfavorable situations due to the lack of culture building and the domination of past policies is pessimistic one.

Originality/value: 

Despite the value and importance of book market, both culturally and economically and profitably, the low per capita position of reading in Iran among the countries of the world and the existence of many challenges and problems in the country's publishing industry necessitate the need to examine this index that is culturally important. Since the research carried out in the field of publishing industry was only an analysis of the current situation at the national or provincial level or they provided some solutions to get out of the challenges, no research has investigated the future and possible scenarios for Iran's book publishing industry. Futures study has been and is one of the most important challenges of researchers and leaders of the country in recent years. Therefore, considering the increasing importance of the mentioned categories, it was decided to investigate the futures study of the market and book publishing in Iran. Of course, there are various methods and tools for futures study and in this research, the scenario-writing method was used, because the best response to deep uncertainty is a type of strategy that is predicted for a future instead of being optimal. It is clear that this method is responsive to many different futures and evolves along with the emergence of new information over time. Today, expert managers know that using the scenario method works much better than the traditional schools of strategic planning. Therefore, the results of this research can greatly help managers and trustees of the field of culture and science in their decisions. Based on the desired scenario (development scenario), some suggestions were made for the formation of this desirable future in clarifying the path and strengthening this industry in the future of publishing in the country.

The aim of this research was to analyze the spatial distribution of current libraries and the optimal distribution of libraries in the future in Rasht city.

In this research, the data of Rasht's existing libraries, statistical blocks of the 2015 census of the Rasht, and Rasht's spatial data were used in shape file format. This research was conducted based on the instructions of the Iran Public Libraries Foundation, 2017. Spatial statistics analysis has been used to investigate the spatial distribution of existing libraries and network analysis has also been used to determine the service range of libraries. Finally, VIKOR decision-making model was used to prioritize future service areas.

The values ​​of the tests show the significance of cluster distribution of libraries in Rasht city, which indicates heterogeneous distribution based on population or distance from population centers. In fact, the distribution of libraries in Rasht is not suitable and they are mostly concentrated in the city center. There are few libraries in the south, west and north of Rasht city. Based on the criteria of distance and population for existing libraries, 4 service areas were determined (due to the proximity of some libraries to each other, their service areas were merged with each other). Considering the population of Rasht city, there is 14,991 square meters lack of library infrastructure to reach the access standard in this city. The existing libraries cover only 163,633 people (equivalent to 24.2%) of Rasht’s population, and with the development of about 3500 square meters of library space at the available libraries, 32.4% of Rasht's population will be covered by library services. By conducting network analysis and applying distance and population filters, twenty future service areas in Rasht city were proposed to cover the population of Rasht city in the most equitable way. These twenty areas will cover 442,575 people of the population of Rasht city, which includes 65.3% of the population of Rasht, and if they are realized and the infrastructure level of the current libraries is increased, a total of 661,943 people (97.7%) of the population of Rasht city will be covered by public libraries services. In determining the priority of the future service areas, the population is more important than the distance, and respectively, the areas with the largest population in the south, west, north and northeast of Rasht city are in the first six priorities for the construction of new libraries, and marginal areas in the north of Rasht is the last priority due to its lower population and proximity to existing libraries. 2.3% of the population of Rasht, including 15,322 people do not have the necessary population and distance criteria, and currently it is not possible to propose the establishment of a new library for them, who are mainly located in the south of Rasht city.

Originality/value: 

Conducting land use planning researches is the basis of future planning. Lack of this type of studies and lack of foresight will lead to waste of resources and duplication in different projects. According to the basic criteria, this research has determined the amount of library infrastructure based on the population, the amount needed to increase the infrastructure of existing libraries and also the number and area of ​​new libraries in order to cover the needs of the population of Rasht city. By doing it, libraries can be expanded in principle in Rasht and new libraries can be established at the right areas of the city.

Despite being mostly small institutions, rural public libraries provide a wide range of services and programs in very different areas of life, including personal education, development of individual and civic skills of all citizens and filling their free times. Rural public libraries are of the factors of development in rural communities and they are also an ideal place to support the development of society and help intellectual and social growth at the individual and social levels. In this regard, the present research identified the role of rural public libraries in the empowerment and development of rural communities in Kermanshah province, Iran.

The current research was conducted with a qualitative approach and the research method was the qualitative content analysis. The participants included the officials of rural public libraries under the general administration of the General Administration of the Public libraries of Kermanshah province in the fall of 2023. The purposive sampling was used to select participants and data collection process was continued until data saturation. A total of 14 interviews were conducted and their duration varied between 40 and 75 minutes. The qualitative content analysis method was used to analyze data. In order to validate the research, the criteria of credibility and reliability were used.

The analysis of the interview data led to the formation of two categories including the actions of rural public libraries in empowering villagers and village development and the challenges of rural public libraries in empowering villagers and village development. In the former category, 4 concepts including cultural development, economic development, social development and sustainable development and environmental protection were identified, which show the different aspects of role-playing of rural public libraries of Kermanshah province in empowering villagers and developing their villages. In the latter, i.e. the category of challenges, there are 8 concepts including human resources, information resources, facilities, the quality level of programs and services, measuring the effectiveness of programs and services, factors related to villagers, the level of cooperation and participation and how to inform and advertisement were detected. In general, the rural public libraries of Kermanshah province empowered their local communities and contributed to the development of their villages through their services, activities and programs. By implementing their various programs and services, which mostly continued throughout the week, the aforementioned libraries have been able to raise the cultural, social and economic awareness and insight of the village, showing the colorful and influential role of the book compared to the Internet and establishing the role of the library as a socio-cultural base of the village and taking an effective step.

Originality/Value: 

There has been no research on the role of rural public libraries in the development of their communities in Iran. The findings of this research can be used as a roadmap for rural public libraries in the comprehensive development of their services and programs and their greater impact on the development of their villages.

The measurement of public library services in the area of social entrepreneurship can be significantly impacted by the use of the standard tool for measuring social entrepreneurship. This study aimed to develop and validate a social entrepreneurship scale for its use in Iranian public libraries.

In terms of purpose, the present research is applied, and in terms of data collection it is a descriptive correlation. The statistical population of this research includes all the librarians of Iran's public libraries, amounting to 7000 and of them, 300 librarians were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data and the instrument's validity was calculated using content validity and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the tool was also higher than .60 using Cronbach's alpha for each index and was obtained by the binomial method. In this method, a value of .82 was obtained for odd items and.78 for even items, which showed that the questionnaire has the necessary reliability. The online questionnaire was provided to the librarians of public libraries in the country through the internal network of public libraries. The total number of collected questionnaires was 289.

Based on the findings of this research, all factor loadings of social entrepreneurship indicators in public libraries (lifelong learning, emergency response, civic engagement, economic development, health, and diversity and inclusion) were obtained above .5, and the results of factor analysis, exploratory and confirmatory validity and appropriate reliability of the tool confirmed this. Considering the appropriateness of the social entrepreneurship measuring tool in Iran's public libraries, it can be identified as a valid tool in related research. The results of this research are useful for target groups such as library and information science students to evaluate social entrepreneurship services. It also could be useful for public library librarians and managers to provide social entrepreneurship services and policy-making in this direction. Finally, it can be said that the construction of this tool leads to a better understanding of the needs of society, better use of financial resources, improved coordination between public library managers and human forces, more freedom in choosing resources to satisfy the needs of society, and making more effective and efficient activities in public libraries.

Originality/Value: 

Public libraries, using social entrepreneurship, deal with challenges such as unequal economic access and unequal capacities of society in benefiting from public services. According to the review of the research background, the lack of research in the field of social entrepreneurship in public libraries was evident and most of the research in the field of entrepreneurship was done in general. On the other hand, a standard tool that can evaluate the state of social entrepreneurship in public libraries was not found in previous research. Therefore, the current research is innovative from the thematic and methodological aspects. The present study is helpful because it designed and validated the social entrepreneurship measurement tool in the context of public libraries in Iran.